四川西部山区土壤和大气有机氯污染物的区域分布

为研究持久性有机污染物（POPs）的长距离传输和边远山区POPs的区域分布与来源,于2005年10月—2008年4月在四川西部山区的卧龙自然保护区内沿巴朗山迎风坡1个海拔梯度（1 242～4 475 m）采集表层土壤和大气被动采样样品.对色谱-高分辨质谱（GC-HRMS）的数据分析表明,在卧龙山区2 800 m以上的高海拔地区,土壤和大气中HCB,HCHs和DDTs具有浓度低、分布均匀的特点,这可归因于大气长距离传输的贡献;在有人居住和活动的地区,也观测到HCHs和DDTs的浓度异常和污染情况.通过对有机氯污染物浓度水平、相对化学组成、浓度空间分布特征和季节变化等情况的综合分析,可以区分大气长距离传输和局地污染源排放2种源贡献.大气被动采样技术能够提供边远山区有机氯污染物大气浓度水平和时空分布的信息. 结合大气和土壤的现场数据,可以综合观测和表征山区环境有机氯污染物的浓度异常现象.      

亚洲大陆2000～2002年春季大气沙尘时空特征的数值模拟

将矿物沙尘释放与沉降模式和全球大气化学传输模式相耦合,建立了一个能够完整描述沙尘的扬起、输送和沉降动态过程的模式系统,并利用实时气象资料强迫该模式,对2000、2001和2002年春季(3～5月)亚洲大气沙尘时空特征进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,模拟的3年春季平均大气柱沙尘浓度分布与地面观测的3年春季平均沙尘暴频率分布范围基本吻合,模拟的沙尘气溶胶光学厚度与卫星观测的气溶胶指数具有显著的相关性,验证了该模式对亚洲沙尘的扬起、传输和沉降过程及大气沙尘载荷时空特征有较好的模拟能力,并基于模拟的沙尘释放通量与沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的相关分析,探讨了亚洲沙尘可能的传输路径.     

社论

<正>大气环境保护事关人民群众根本利益,事关社会经济持续健康发展,事关实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦。为切实改善空气质量,我国科学家经过几十年集体攻关,在大气污染特征、区域传输和化学转化方面的科学认识取得了重要进展,基本回答了污染物从哪里来的问题,为大气污染防治提供了科学依据。但从全生命周期的角度来看,还没有完整回答大气污染物最终到哪里去了的问题。干湿沉降是大气清除污染物的主要途径,也是地表生态系统营养元素和有害物质的重要来源,在生物地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。该领域的科学研究起源于最早发现于欧洲的酸雨,随后扩展到了对气体和颗粒物的干沉降研究。随着研究的深入,研究内容也逐渐从酸沉降（硫和氮）扩展到了其他大气成分,例如臭氧、重金属和有机物等。相应地,研究方法也不断进步,从最初的单站点被动采样,发展到区域联网观测和数值模拟并重。     

森林生态系统对大气氮沉降降低的响应

大气氮沉降是全球变化的重要影响因素之一,而过量氮沉降导致森林出现氮饱和,引起土壤酸化、硝酸根淋溶、氧化亚氮排放增加、植物物种多样性和植被生产力下降.在欧洲、北美和我国大气氮沉降降低的背景下,总结森林生态系统对氮输入降低的响应,不仅能够完善氮沉降对森林生态系统影响的知识体系,也能评估各国已开展的减排行动的成效,为我国制定进一步的减排政策提供科学依据.回顾了欧洲和北美的温带森林以及我国亚热带森林的土壤、地表水、氮循环和植被对大气含氮污染气体和氮沉降降低的响应.土壤溶液中硝酸根浓度对氮沉降的减少响应迅速,但具体响应规律未出现统一趋势.土壤酸化和氮循环过程从高氮沉降中的恢复过程出现滞后现象.森林氮矿化和固持、土壤碳储量和净初级生产力可能需要几十年的时间对氮沉降的减少作出响应.相对而言,虽然有一两年的延迟,土壤无机氮库和氮淋溶量会随着氮沉降的下降而下降.地表水氮浓度与森林生态系统氮状态密切相关.当氮沉降降低时,在历史高氮沉降地区,森林生态系统的氮淋溶下降,因此地表水氮浓度的响应较明显.而在氮缺乏的森林中,普遍较低的地表水氮浓度受到氮沉降变化的影响不显著.地表水酸化的恢复受到土壤硫解吸-矿化和硝化...     

偏远地区大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在偏远地区大气中的分布与迁移已经成为大气POPs研究的热点.基于被动采样技术的大尺度POPs监测网络已经应用于偏远地区大气POPs的研究之中.其研究成果显示,最近50～60年以来,大气中POPs浓度的最大峰值出现在80年代左右,而80年代之后大气中POPs的浓度日趋减小.这说明各国陆续禁用POPs之后,大气中POPs的浓度有显著降低的趋势.受温度和季节性使用的影响,大气POPs的浓度呈现明显的季节性变化特点:有机氯农药的浓度主要表现为夏季高而冬季低;多环芳烃的浓度则主要表现为冬季高而夏季低.基于POPs高挥发性和长距离大气传输的特点,POPs可以在全球范围内广泛分布,而高海拔地区由于气温较低,使其相对于低海拔地区成为了POPs的"接收器".大气POPs分布和迁移受温度、降水、气候事件的影响.而且POPs在大气与不同下垫面之间的界面交换的方向、速度和通量也主要受环境温度和POPs的挥发能力的制约.综合大气POPs迁移与气候因素、界面特点之间的关系建立了多介质、大尺度的大气POPs归趋模型.模型的建立和POPs来源的明确使大气POPs传输机制的研究逐渐深入.此外还讨论了目前大气POPs研究中存在着的一些亟待解决的问题,并提出该领域未来可能的发展趋势.     

我国半干旱区工业化城镇PCBs干沉降及归趋

采用大气被动干沉降采样器,观测了我国半干旱区城市皋兰2018年非取暖季和取暖季18种多氯联苯（PCBs）的大气干沉降通量和污染特征,并利用主成分分析、环境多介质模型对其污染来源、环境归趋行为等进行了分析和研究.研究区∑₁₈PCBs干沉降通量为13.0~158.8ng/（m²·d）,呈现园区点较高、取暖季高于非取暖季的特征.干沉降中PCBs以四氯联苯和五氯联苯为主,并且四氯联苯干沉降通量在取暖季明显上升.研究区PCBs污染主要源于含PCBs的产品以及燃烧和工业热过程带来的排放,但燃烧和工业热过程无意产生的PCBs可能对研究区产生更大影响.土壤相是研究区PCB81主要的汇,相间迁移以大气相向土壤相的沉降为主;大气平流输出是研究区PCB81的主要清除途径;污染物排放速率、平流停留时间和平流输入污染物浓度是影响大气相、土壤相PCB81浓度的主要因素.     

广西大石围天坑中多环芳烃的大气传输与分异

选择典型的岩溶地区广西乐业大石围天坑群为研究对象,利用聚氨酯泡沫被动采样器（PUF-PAS）采集大石围天坑口部至地下河剖面空气样品,并进行了气象参数的观测.利用气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）测定16种多环芳烃（PAHs）优先控制污染物.结果表明,大石围天坑至地下河空气中ΣPAHs浓度范围为33.76～150.86 ng·d-1,平均值80.36 ng·d-1,其中绝壁、底部和地下河浓度分别为67.17、85.36和101.67 ng·d-1;空气中PAHs以2～3环的菲、蒽、萘、芴4种为主,占87.97%.PHAs的源来自于大气传输的化石燃料的燃烧.大石围天坑空气中PAHs的富集与传输过程为：地表-绝壁-底部-地下河,且浓度随深度/长度的增加有明显的增加趋势,在西峰脚、天坑底部和地下河处,低分子量的PAHs菲、蒽、芴和荧蒽发生了分异作用.温度是影响天坑中PAHs大气传输、富集的主要因子,其次为风向、风速和相对湿度;相对湿度和温度都是PAHs分异作用的主要因子,风速和风向为次要因子.总体上,天坑明显地展现了持久性有机污染物（POPs）的＂冷陷阱效应＂。     

广州市南沙区高新沙水库大气干湿沉降重金属含量、沉降通量特征分析及其对水库水质的影响

大气干湿沉降是地表水某些元素的主要输入途径,其中的重金属元素可能对水体质量产生影响.本研究于2020年8月—2021年8月在广州市南沙区高新沙水库采集了大气干湿沉降样品,测定了8种重金属（铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、汞、铅）的浓度,探讨了其含量特征,对大气干湿沉降重金属来源进行了解析,估算了重金属的月、季度和年沉降通量,并研究了大气干湿沉降对水库水质的影响.结果表明：大气干湿沉降中铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、汞、铅的平均含量分别为68.44、18.41、39.56、244.02、9.98、0.39、0.91、38.6 mg?kg^-1,其中铬、镍、铜、锌、镉、汞、铅的平均含量均高于广东省土壤背景值.Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、As、Pb可能有相同的物源,来自燃煤、垃圾燃烧和交通活动,贡献率为45.05%;Cr、As可能有相同的物源,来自工地粉尘、道路尘,贡献率为22.52%.大气干湿沉降重金属的月沉降通量在3、4月达到最大值.Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb的大气干湿沉降季度通量随季度变化逐渐减少,即第I季（春季）>第II季（夏季）>第III季（秋季）>第IV季（冬季）.大气干湿沉降中锌的年沉降通量最高（均值94.96 mg·m^-2·a^-1）,镉的年沉降通量最低（均值0.13 mg·m^-2·a^-1）.大气干沉降年通量均大于湿沉降年通量.考虑大气干湿沉降落入库区的重金属（无论重金属在水中的溶解效率高低）,水库中重金属的浓度低于地表水环境质量标准II类标准.研究成果对于制订高新沙水库的污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用.     

系留气球垂直观测平台的构建与应用

利用1 600 m~3车载系留气球,构建大气复合型污染垂直观测平台。利用该平台对近地大气边界层的多种气象要素、多种污染物浓度水平及其物理化学特性进行高分辨的垂直测量,用以研究大气边界层的形成和演变及大气污染物垂直分布和变化特征、大气光化学过程的垂直变化以及污染物的区域输送。该平台以0.5 m/s的速度进行升降,于2013年12月在上海成功应用于大气污染垂直观测,观测中共获取大气污染物有效廓线50余组。利用观测数据,初步探索上海近地层复合型大气污染的生消机制及大气污染物垂直分布特征,为上海市空气污染预警和防控对策机制的制定提供技术支撑。     

天津-长岛区域有机氯污染物的相对化学组成与大气传输

为了研究持久性有机污染物(POPs)的区域分布、大气传输与来源,采用被动采样技术于2006年7月—2008年6月在山东长岛与天津同步采集大气样品.色谱/高分辨质谱(GC/HRMS)分析数据表明,有机氯污染物化学组成季节变化明显.天津-长岛区域的大气样品主要按照季节聚类,表现出有机氯污染的区域性特征.天津和长岛相距约400 km,两地化学组成的相似性归因于有效的大气扩散和长距离传输.同时,天津点位的源区特征,长岛渔港和船厂含DDTs船舶防污漆的使用作为一种重要的DDTs排放,在化学组成和聚类结果中,均得到了客观的反映.有机氯污染物相对化学组成可以作为一种“指纹”和“探针”技术,研究大气污染物的传输和区域分布.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.