蒸气云爆炸后果预测模型的比较研究

介绍了3种蒸气云爆炸后果预测模型,分别是TNT当量模型、多能法、Baker-Strehlow模型。阐述了这些模型的基本原理,将3种模型进行了对比研究,并将3种模型的无量纲距离和超压关系绘制在了同一图中。对某一蒸气云的爆炸后果进行了预测,并对结果进行了分析,指出了不同模型的优缺点。     

天然气管道泄漏爆炸实验分析

天然气管道失效造成泄漏爆炸给周围人员带来非常严重的危害,对其危害范围的研究对输气管道设计和运行具有重要的意义。常见的天然气管道泄漏爆炸伤害半径计算方法有蒸气云爆炸(VCE)定量评价模型、TNO多能法评价模型、API pub 581定量后果评价模型和炸药爆炸经验公式。为验证不同评价模型在受限空间的预测效果,利用天然气爆炸试验台进行了受限空间爆炸实验,得到最大压强与距离经验关系,计算出天然气浓度为7%、9%和11%情况下爆炸死亡半径。计算结果与不同经验模型预测结果比较,表明当天然气浓度为7%~11%时,蒸气云爆炸(VCE)定量评价模型和炸药爆炸经验模型与实验结果最为接近,误差分别为-113%和189%,TNO多能法评价模型和API pub 581定量后果评价模型预测结果偏小。结论对有限空间天然气管道爆炸研究具有实际意义。     

液体火箭共底破裂爆炸安全设防距离

针对航天发射场一旦发生低温推进剂泄漏而导致火箭爆炸,会对人员和财产造成重大损失的问题,采用TNT当量模型和TNO(The Netherlands Organization)多能模型计算不同摩尔百分比的氢氧推进剂混合反应时产生爆炸冲击波的危害性,并模拟爆炸冲击波造成的事故影响范围,然后对两种模型的仿真结果加以对比分析,根据最不利原则选取出最终需要的结果,最后划分出安全设防距离。由仿真结果可知,不同的氢氧混合摩尔百分比造成的爆炸后果不同,同时TNT当量模型在爆炸近场处高估了爆炸超压值,在爆炸远场处低估了爆炸超压值,而TNO多能模型在理论上有效地对这一缺陷进行了弥补。对航天发射场的安全布局起到了一定的参考价值。     

蒸气云爆炸荷载计算方法比选研究

通过比较计算爆炸荷载的4种常用方法：三硝基甲苯(Trinitrotoluene, TNT)当量法、贝克-斯特洛-唐(Baker-Strehlow-Tang, BST)法、荷兰应用科学研究组织(Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO)多能法和计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)方法，得出对于石油化工行业易发的蒸气云爆炸，推荐采用TNO多能法或CFD方法的结论。通过构建蒸气云爆炸场景，定量评估TNO多能法或CFD方法在单爆炸场景计算中的准确度和适用性。研究结果显示，在爆炸冲击波近场，CFD方法在计算中考虑了障碍物对爆炸冲击波的遮挡效应，其近场的计算结果更为可信，但是在爆炸冲击波远场通常会高估爆炸冲击波衰减速度。TNO多能法在爆炸冲击波远场的计算中更有优势，但在爆炸冲击波近场的计算结果受使用者主观影响较大。研究成果可为学者科学地选择计算方法，并准确评估爆炸荷载提供参考和依据。     

蒸气云爆炸模型在原油储罐火灾事故中的应用研究

本文分析了原油储罐的火灾爆炸事故特点,介绍了蒸气云爆炸模型中热辐射伤害模型以及TNT模型和TNO模型。选取蒸气云爆炸TNT模型以及热辐射伤害模型对10×104m3原油储罐泄漏事故形成的蒸气云爆炸进行后果定量分析,对事故产生的热辐射和冲击波对人员造成的伤害程度进行了对比分析,得出目标到爆炸源距离较近时热辐射对人员造成的伤害较大,目标到爆炸源距离较远时冲击波对人员造成的伤害较大。     

LNG储罐组泄漏爆炸事故后果模拟

文章以某城镇天然气气化站10个100m3液化天然气(LNG)储罐组为例,利用TNT当量法和超压准则模拟预测单个储罐泄漏后引发蒸气云爆炸(VCE)的事故后果,并采用国际劳工组织(ILO)提出的模型和瞬间火灾作用下的热通量准则模拟预测其余9个储罐连锁发生沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸(BLEVE)的事故后果,定量计算爆炸事故的伤害半径范围,为火灾预防和消防抢险救援战斗提供现实的指导意义.     

火灾爆炸事故后果模型研究

为提高火灾爆炸事故后果模拟的准确性,利用Matlab对比池火灾模型和沸腾液体拓展蒸气云爆炸(BLEVE)模型中热辐射通量与目标至热源的距离的函数关系;分析沸腾液体拓展蒸气云爆炸(VCE)模型计算结果的误差;修正模型存在的错误,建立新的Sachs无量纲超压拟合模型,并进行实例应用。结果表明:用点源辐射模型得到的池火灾事故后果模拟伤害程度远大于用固体烟羽辐射模型得到的模拟结果,美国化学工程师协会(AICh E)模型和不考虑目标阻挡作用模型对BLEVE事故后果模拟在目标距离较远处基本吻合;VCE模型对Sachs无量纲超压拟合的最大误差达4个数量级。用建立的新模型得到的计算结果与Sachs超压吻合较好。     

苯储罐区消防安全设计评价研究

依据苯储罐区危险特性及超压引起火灾爆炸模式的特点,通过实例,对苯储罐区的危险特性及事故后果进行了分析,得出在外界环境温度不同的条件下所对应的火灾爆炸模式;依据规范,对其消防安全设计现状进行了分析和评价。针对苯储罐区在不同温度条件下引发的火灾爆炸灾害模式,利用冲击波超压伤害准则、TNT当量法、蒸气云爆炸模型、池火灾事故后果模型和碎片抛射模型,定量分析评估了储罐内部空间爆炸性混合物超压爆炸和因爆炸引发的蒸气云爆炸、池火灾的事故后果及碎片抛射事故后果。结果表明:苯储罐区发生蒸气云爆炸产生的危害最大,死亡半径、重伤半径及轻伤半径分别为90.72 m、159.16 m、308.38 m;其次是池火灾,死亡半径、重伤半径及轻伤半径分别为74.25 m、103.12 m、132.16 m;当储罐碎片抛射概率为0.001时,3种充装水平事故罐对应的距离分别为60 m、30 m、40m;给出了设置大流量固定式消防冷却水系统、点火源最小能量控制、提高储罐减压泄爆的能力、增加防火堤内固定灭火设施和拦网等应进一步加强的消防安全措施。     

苯的蒸气云爆炸伤害分析

介绍了蒸气云爆炸事故机理以及4种方法研究蒸气云爆炸破坏力的影响范围,并根据TNT当量法和TNO建议,计算苯蒸气云燃烧爆炸冲击波的影响范围,即确定死亡半径、重伤半径、轻伤半径及财产损失半径,为企业和政府的应急救援提供帮助。     

障碍物排列方式对海洋平台蒸气云爆炸的影响

为了了解障碍物排列方式对海洋平台蒸气云爆炸的影响,基于CFD方法建立蒸气云爆炸计算模型,选用国外MERGE项目的系列爆炸实验进行模型验证,提出用于衡量障碍物排列不均匀度的量化参数,针对海洋平台典型结构形式,分析障碍物排列方式对爆炸强度的影响。研究结果表明:蒸气云爆炸后果对于结构排列方式比较敏感,结构障碍物间隔均匀排列的形式造成的爆炸冲击作用最大;在爆炸发展初期阶段,障碍物阻塞程度对超压产生和发展影响更加显著。最后,基于研究结果,给出在海洋平台油气泄漏危险区将管线沿甲板非均匀排列布置等防控建议,为海洋平台蒸气云爆炸安全防控提供理论指导。     

基于超压值地铁上覆管道爆炸对隧道及人员安全影响研究

为分析地铁上覆管道爆炸对乘客安全影响,采用基于超压冲击波阀值数值模拟,通过将泄漏气体能量等效为TNT当量,分析不同泄漏模式爆炸冲击波对地铁隧道及人员安全影响.结果表明:爆炸产生的超压冲击波对隧道及人员影响小于限值,不会造成人员伤亡,研究结果可为地下工程下穿油气管线安全影响分析提供理论支撑.     

A quantitative correlation of evaluating the flame speed for the BST method in vapor cloud explosions

In recent decades, vapor cloud explosions (VCEs) have occurred frequently and resulted in numerous personnel injuries and large property losses. As a main concern in the petrochemical industry, it is of great importance to assess the consequence of VCEs. Currently, the TNT equivalency method (TNT EM), the TNO multi-energy method (TNO MEM), and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang (BST) method are widely used to estimate the blast load from VCEs. The TNO MEM and BST method determine the blast load from blast curves based on the class number and the flame speed, respectively. To quantitatively evaluate the flame speed for the BST method, the experimental data is adopted to validate the confinement specific correlation (CSC) for the determination of the class number in the TNO MEM. As a bridge, a quantitative evaluation correlation (QEC) between CSC correlation and the flame speed is established and the blast wave shapes corresponding to different flame speeds are proposed. CFD software FLACS was used to verify the quantitative correlation with the numerical models of three geometrical scales. It is found that the calculated flame speeds by the QEC are in good agreement with the simulated ones. A petrochemical plant is selected as a realistic scenario to analyze the TNT EM, TNO MEM, BST method and FLACS simulations in terms of the positive-phase side-on overpressure and impulse at different distances. Compared with the flame speed table, the predicted overpressure from BST curves determined by the proposed QEC is closer to that from FLACS and more conservative. Furthermore, the predicted results of different methods are compared with each other. It is found that the estimated positive-phase side-on overpressure and impulse by the TNO MEM are the largest, and the estimated impulse by the TNT EM is the smallest. Moreover, the estimated overpressure and impulse are larger in the higher reactivity gas.     

开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压及灾害动力响应研究评述

为了进一步梳理和分析开敞空间可燃云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应方面的各项研究成果,推进可燃气体爆炸安全防控,减少人员伤亡和经济损失。在分析现有研究的基础上,总结开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应研究等方面存在的不足,提出开敞空间多元混合气体爆炸冲击波超压传播规律研究、多影响参数下可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律定量分析、基于可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压作用下的承载体动力响应等未来研究的关键技术问题。     

Experimental study on unconfined methane explosion: Explosion characteristics and overpressure prediction method

Explosion accidents have become the main threat for the high-efficiency use of cleaner gas energy sources, such as natural gas. During an explosion, obstacle causing flame acceleration is the main reason for the increase of the explosion overpressure, which still remains to be fully understood. In this research, field experiments were conducted in a 1 m³ cubic frame apparatus to investigate the effect of built-in obstacles on unconfined methane explosion. Cage-like obstacles were constructed using square steel rods with different cross section size. The results demonstrated that the flame could get accelerated due to the hydrodynamic instability and obstacle-induced turbulence, which enhanced the explosion overpressure. In the near field, the overpressure wave travelled slower and the maximum overpressure could almost keep constant. Reducing the cross section size, or increasing the obstacle height or the obstacle number per layer could determine the rise of the maximum overpressure, the maximum pressure rising rate and the overpressure impulse. For uniformly constructed obstacles, self-similar theory was chosen to measure the influence of the hydrodynamic instability, and a parameter β was adopted to measure the flame acceleration caused by obstacle-induced turbulence, the value of which was 2 in this research. Based on the acoustic theory, an overpressure prediction model was proposed and the predicted results agreed with the measured values better than previous models, such as TNT equivalency model and TNO multi-energy model.     

Measurement of gas detonation blast loads in semiconfined geometry

The ignition and explosion of combustible vapor clouds represents a significant hazard across a range of industries. In this work, a new set of gas detonations experiments were performed to provide benchmark blast loading data for non-trivial geometry and explosion cases. The experiments were designed to represent two different accident scenarios: one where ignition of the vapor cloud occurs shortly after release and another where ignition is delayed and a fuel concentration gradient is allowed to develop. The experiments focused on hydrogen-air and methane-oxygen detonations in a semiconfined enclosure with TNT equivalencies ranging from 9 g to 1.81 kg. High-rate pressure transducers were used to record the blast loads imparted on the interior walls of a 1.8 m × 1.8 m × 1.8 m test fixture. Measurements included detonation wave velocity, peak overpressure, impulse, and positive phase duration. A comparison of the pressure and impulse measurements with several VCE models is provided. Results show that even for the most simplified experimental configuration, the simplified VCE models fail to provide predictions of the blast loading on the internal walls of the test fixture. It is shown that the confinement geometry of the experiment resulted in multiple blast wave reflections during the initial positive phase duration portion of the blast loading, and thus, significantly larger blast impulse values were measured than those predicted by analytical models. For the pressure sensors that experienced normally-reflect blast waves for the initial blast impulse, the Baker-Strehlow and TNT equivalency models still struggled to accurately capture the peak overpressure and reflected impulse. The TNO multi-energy model, however, performed better for the case of simple normally-reflected blast waves. The results presented here may be used as validation data for future model or simulation development.     

石化行业控制室承爆风险评估方法研究

针对传统的气体爆炸风险评估方法的不足之处,提出采用一种基于CFD技术的气体爆炸风险评估方法,对某煤气化厂区氢气爆炸对控制室造成的风险进行模拟计算与预测分析。并把研究结果与传统的TNT当量法、Multi-Energy方法预测结果进行比较。结果表明,该方法能考虑到密集管道与复杂装置布局、气云大小等因素对爆炸超压的影响,且能用于超压波的近场预测,以及确定空间不同位置处的爆炸超压,更适用于石化行业控制室的承爆风险评估。     

空间阻塞对室内燃气泄漏爆炸影响研究

以餐饮企业的熟食操作间为例建立物理模型,通过CFD方法模拟不同空间阻塞度下天然气泄漏爆炸情形。研究结果表明:阻塞率在99.95%~100%时,燃气浓度呈现反抛物线式上升。空间阻塞率在99.982%时（开敞面积1 m2）,泄漏1 200 s,熟食操作间燃气浓度值可达6%;空间阻塞率在99.955%（开敞面积2.5 m2）~100%时,燃气爆炸后熟食操作间内产生的超压最大值均大于30 kPa;当空间阻塞率在99.991%（开敞面积0.5 m2）~100%时,设定工况下爆炸超压随空间阻塞率呈指数式增加。研究认为,空间阻塞率在99.95%以上,燃气泄漏极易形成可燃蒸汽云,发生爆炸产生冲击波超压能够毁坏建筑物,在生产和生活中,对于有燃气使用的空间,应尽可能降低空间阻塞率,以避免可能的燃气泄漏形成危险域和爆炸形成过高冲击波超压。