Use of multiple indicators to assess the environmental quality of urbanized aquatic surroundings in San Luis,Argentina

Urbanization can cause significant changes in the integrity of fluvial ecosystems, which makes it necessary to assess environmental conditions of areas where population growth rates are high. A study of the environmental quality of Chorrillos River (San Luis-Argentina) and its tributaries was carried out in order to evaluate the potential effect of an urbanization gradient. Six sites were sampled along the main course and tributaries of the river. Urbanization variables were measured and included to calculate an Urbanization Index. Physical–chemical analyses were performed in water samples to evaluate water quality through the use of a simplified index of water quality (SIWQ). Plants, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians metrics were used to assess the biological state of the studied sites. The Urbanization Index varied significantly between sites and was significantly correlated to the SIWQ. However, no significant correlations were found between SIWQ and macroinvertebrates and amphibians variables. Water quality of Chorrillos River and its tributaries is good, but it is affected by anthropic influences as reflected by the declining of SIWQ values. Although biological sampling constitutes an important tool in the assessment of water quality of rivers, in this report biological results were not conclusive.     

城市空气质量的管理

根据“城市空气质量管理,欧盟和中国的实践与经验”国际会专家的发言,整理出有关中国城市空气质量管理的１０条建议,城市空气质量管理工作要加强其有生的评估,环保立法 和标准工作要体现先进性,发挥引导作用,城市空气质量管理要有科学研究的支持增强科学性;城市空气质量管理要有区域性的观点,城市质量管理要有前瞻性;城市质量要贯彻可持续发展战略,环保部门负责做好;空气质量管理,积极参与空气的污染治理,深化空气质量     

《伦敦市长空气质量战略》与可持续改善城市空气质量

简单介绍伦敦市长空气质量战略的内容,从中借鉴出我国城市空气质量可持续改善的经验与措施:推行清洁汽车行动与清洁能源行动,大力发展城市公共交通。     

Assessment of Air Quality, Emissions and Management in a Local Urban Environment

This paper describes one example of how the UK National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS) is implemented in a local urban environment. The paper reviews the beginning of this process, by examining the review and assessment procedures of the NAQS in the London Borough of Barnet. By the application of available UK tools of local air quality management (LAQM), the process began through analysis of the levels of local emissions and progressed onto modelling of current and future air quality. A map showing combined emission hotspot areas for the Borough indicated and higher emission rates occur in the south of the Borough and along the major transport corridors, as road sources dominate emissions. Dispersion modelling studies were also conducted for this purpose, using the screening models GRAM, PGRAM and ADMS Urban for an in-depth assessment. These analyses found that some local point sources and the majority of Borough roads with over 20,000 vehicles per day produced exceedances of the future objectives for air quality for some pollutants.Recommendations for the progression of LAQM in the Borough are made and include the update and expansion of the emissions information held for use in future modelling studies. The paper demonstrates the experience of implementing the Strategy, using the tools and procedures available for this purpose, in a local urban environment that is similar to many in the UK.     

柳州市大气环境质量及其环境容量测算初探

在研究近年柳州市大气环境质量状况的基础上,结合气象资料确定容量控制系数为3．5,应用宏观总量控制A值法对理想大气容量进行测算,得出SO2排放严重超出理想排放总量的结论,并结合节能减排、能源结构优化、机动车尾气污染防治等提出了相关建议。     

Urban Air Quality Assessment Model: UAQAM

The Urban Air Quality Assessment Model (UAQAM) calculates urban concentrations caused by city emissions themselves, the so-called city background concentration. Three versions of the model for describing the dispersion were studied: Box, Gifford Hanna (GH) and a combined form of these two (Box–GH model). Regional background emissions contributing to the urban background concentration were accounted for by using measurements and calculations from a dispersion model on the continental scale. The results of the three UAQAM versions for a number of European cities were compared to measurements of SO₂ and NO _X . The Box–GH model shows better results when compared to the Box model and slightly better results in comparison to the GH model. The Box–GH model has been taken as a starting point for the assessment of urban air quality with UAQAM.     

重庆铜梁县空气质量历时演变与评价

以重庆市铜梁县为例,分析了西部小城镇空气质量的历时演变规律,并对小城镇空气质量进行了评价。结果表明,小城镇空气质量夏季优于冬季,NO2和O3年均浓度(分别为29~33、18~34μg/m3)有所增加,但均在《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)标准值内,PM10和SO2的年均浓度则逐年下降,2012年年均浓度比2010年分别下降了34%和19%;PM10、SO2、NO2浓度与温度、风速呈显著负相关关系,与大气压、相对湿度呈显著正相关关系,O3浓度与温度、风速、气压、相对湿度的相关性则刚好与此相反。对铜梁县近3年空气质量状况的评价结果表明,铜梁县空气质量稳步提升,相对于2010年的空气质量状况来说,2012年空气质量等级为优和良的天数分别提高了5%和9%,空气质量等级为轻微污染的天数则降低了9%。研究结果可为小城镇空气质量的宏观调控提供参考。     

达州市城区环境空气质量变化趋势及CMAQ模型预报分析

利用Spearman秩相关系数法、污染日历图、浓度分析法和CMAQ预测模型研究了达州市城区2015-2019年空气质量状况.结果表明:2015-2019年,达州市城区O3浓度变化趋势为显著上升(P＜0.05),季度变化明显,8月易发生因O3超标导致的轻度污染状况;CO年均值变化趋势为显著降低(P＜0.05);NO2年均...     

基于OPAQ的城市空气质量预报系统研究

空气质量预测在国内的关注度日益提高,传统的空气质量预测系统通常运用数值化学传输模型,利用物理方程来计算污染物的扩散、沉降和化学反应。而化学传输模型的预测准确性很大程度上需要依赖详细的污染源排放信息和气象模型的输出结果。基于统计模型的OPAQ空气质量预报业务系统,采用人工神经网络算法,可预测各污染物的日均值或日最大值。并对北京空气质量预报的结果进行了评价,OPAQ空气质量预报业务系统对空气质量预测的准确性较高,能够利用较低的计算资源得到较为准确的预测结果。与数值预报相比,OPAQ空气质量预报业务系统不需要大量的基础数据作为输入,可弥补数值预报的不足,并成为数值预报的有力补充。     

石河子市环境空气质量变化趋势浅析

根据石河子市1982-2001年空气中SO2、NOx、TSP和降尘等大气污染物浓度的变化情况,分析其空气质量变化的原因和条件,并用Spearman秩相关系数法对其变化趋势进行了分析,得出石河子市环境空气质量有所好转,SO2、NOx、TSP、降尘浓度均有不同程度的下降。并对干旱地区的城市化建设、污染控制及改善环境质量作了有益的探讨。     

高精度船舶排放清单在城市空气质量管理中的应用

上海港船舶大气污染物排放对城市空气质量的影响不容小觑。基于船舶AIS数据,高精度船舶大气污染物排放清单得以建立并应用。2018年11月5—10日召开的第一届中国国际进口博览会期间,在气象条件不利的情况下,通过提前实施船舶排放控制区政策等措施,使船舶单日SO_x排放量下降28.5%,一次PM_2.5排放量下降25.5%,全市空气质量达到了保障要求。     

Development and Use of Integrated Air Quality Management Tools in Urban Areas with the Aid of Environmental Telematics

Contemporary urban air quality management requires the use of appropriate systems which include air quality models, a Geographical Information System (GIS) and a combination of expert systems and decision support tools, while at the same time possessing the capability to receive information from in situ measurements. Until recently, the relation between Information Technology capabilities and the system's design and architecture were poorly addressed, mainly due to technological limitations posed. Moreover, air quality management scenario design issues were partially considered, because of the difficulty in aggregating complex, air quality related issues, in a comprehensive and effective manner, from the end users point of view. In the present paper the use of Environmental Telematics is discussed as a framework for the development of urban air quality management systems, while a comprehensive approach for the application and evaluation of relevant scenarios is presented.     

漯河市城市生态环境质量定量评价

从自然生态环境质量、社会生态环境质量和经济生态环境质量3个方面构建了漯河市城市生态环境质量评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定了各评价指标的权重值,借助综合评价模型计算了评价指标体系的综合指标值.并对城市生态环境质量现状进行了评价.结果显示,漯河市综合生态环境质量中等,其中,自然生态环境质量较好,社会生态环境质量中等,经济生态环境质量差.评价结果与定性评价结果相符,表明评价指标体系具有较强的科学性和实用性.依据评价结果,提出改善城市生态环境的对策和建议.     

南通市区静态管理期间空气质量分析

对南通市区2022年4月初因疫情防控采取全区域静态管理期间的空气质量进行分析,以气象参数、臭氧前体物VOCs和NO_x作为分析对象。结果表明:此次污染过程的主导因素是高温、强辐射、低湿和偏南风的气象条件。南通市区处于VOCs控制区,高温、强辐射使得VOCs挥发性增强,浓度升高。偏南方向的苏通园区和能达公园VOCs浓度较高且升幅较大,源解析结果表明这2个点位涂料溶剂使用占比升幅更高,既容易受附近石化和储油库影响,也容易受偏南风向的污染输送影响。据初步统计,静态管理期间南通市区停工数量为80%左右,污染期间NO₂浓度高值区主要分布在沿江一带,长江南岸的张家港和常熟地区存在多家高排放企业,在偏南风下,张家港和常熟的污染物极易输送至南通市区。基于空气质量模型WRF-CAMx的O₃和PM_2.5来源解析结果显示,静态管理期间外来输送明显,占比为68.7%~84.7%。污染期间的船舶排放和二次转化贡献也不容忽视。建议南通市应重点加强工业、油气挥发和涂料溶剂源减排,同时加强区域联防联控,以便进一步改善空气质量。     

基于神经网络方法的城市空气质量日报技术

运用神经网络方法,将城市空气质量状况与大气污染物对空气质量的损害程度相关联,采用了"基于大气污染损害率的API法"评价概念,模拟发布长春市空气质量日报,同时公布次要污染物,并与API法进行同时段比对实验与综合分析。     

阿图什市空气质量变化趋势分析

分析了阿图什市“八五”至“九五”期间空气质量监测数据不同年度、不同季节及不同污染因子的动态变化趋势．结合当地能源结构、气候特征、城市环境综合发展水平，指出影响阿图什市空气质量的主要因素，为防治和减轻阿图什市的空气污染提供了科学依据。     

气象因素对杭州城市空气质量的影响

利用杭州城市环境空气中污染物浓度与气象观测数据的相关性，分析气象因素对环境空气质量的影响情况，提出在杭州市区大气污染防治中必须首先予以考虑并着力解决的几个问题。     

伊宁市空气质量动态变化趋势分析

分析了伊宁市空气质量长期监测数据不同月份、不同年度、不同污染因子的动态变化趋势，结合当地能源结构、气候特征、城市环境综合发展水平，指出影响伊宁市空气质量的主要因素，为防治或减轻伊宁市的空气污染提供了科学依据。     

Modeling the Effects of Air Quality Policy Changes on Water Quality in Urban Areas

This paper describes the development and application of an integrated modeling framework composed of an urban air chemistry model, an urban runoff model, and a water-quality model. The models were linked to simulate the fate and transport of air emissions of nitrogen compounds in the air, urban watershed, surface water runoff, and in a coastal receiving-water body. The model linkage is demonstrated by evaluating the potential water quality implications of reducing NO _x emissions by 32%, volatile organic compound emissions by 51%, and ammonia emissions by 30%, representing changes from 1987 levels to proposed 2000 target levels in Los Angeles, California, USA. Simulations of the Los Angeles dry season during the summer of 1987 (June 1 to August 31) indicated that by reducing emissions from 1987 to proposed year 2000 levels, the dry deposition nitrogen loads to Santa Monica Bay and the Ballona Creek watershed were reduced 21.4% and 15.0%, respectively. Water quality modeling results indicated that dry season atmospheric load reductions to the Ballona Creek Estuary did not reduce chlorophyll-a levels or significantly raise nighttime dissolved oxygen levels because the magnitude of the reductions was negligible compared to non-atmospheric inputs of nitrogen compounds. Simulations of the time period from November 18, 1987 to December 4, 1987 during the Los Angeles wet season indicated that air emissions reductions produced an 18.6% reduction in the dry deposition nitrogen load to Santa Monica Bay, a 15.5% reduction in the dry deposition nitrogen load to the Ballona Creek watershed, a 16.8% reduction in the wet deposition nitrogen load to the Ballona Creek watershed, and a 16.1% reduction in the stormwater discharge load from the Ballona Creek watershed. Although the wet season load reductions are significant, modeling results of the ultimate effect on the Ballona Creek Estuary water quality were inconclusive.     

Assessment of Urban Air Quality in South Estonia by Simple Measures

In countries having limited resources, it is difficult to assess urban air quality on contemporaneously, due to the absence of on-line information about air pollution levels and emission rates. An alternative approach is recommended for smaller cities with lower demands of resources. The applied scheme consists of a database of air pollution sources (NO _x and CO from industry, traffic, and domestic heating), the simple Gaussian-plume model AEROPOL and a series of measurements by passive monitors. This method was used in Tartu, a small city situated in the valley of the river Emajõgi, within a landscape with noteworthy topographical variations. Simulations of annual average and maximal concentrations were performed, and a fair agreement obtained with NO₂ monitoring results from passive Palmes monitors. Inventories of pollution sources in 1998 revealed that official statistics of stationary sources covered 64% of SO₂,36% of CO, 37% of NO _x and 32% of total particulate matter emissions. Recommendations for measures for reducing air pollution levels and for further investigations towards improving air quality assessment and management, are given.