Role of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Watershed Simulation By Winvast Model

The uncertainty of modeling input will increase the simulation error, and this situation always happens in a model without user-friendly interface. WinVAST model, developed by the University of Virginia in 2003, treats an entire multi-catchment by a tree-view structure. Its extra computer programs can connect geographic information system (GIS). Model users can prepare all the necessary information in ArcGIS. Extracting information from GIS interface can not only decrease the inconvenience of data input, but also lower the uncertainty due to data preparation. The Daiyuku Creek and Qupoliao Creek in the Fei-tsui reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan provided the setting for the case study reported herein. The required information, including slope, stream length, subbasin area, soil type and land-use condition, for WinVAST model should be prepared in a Microsoft Access database, which is the project file of WinVAST with extension mdb. In ArcGIS interface, when the soil layer, land-use layer, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map are prepared, all the watershed information can be created as well. This study compared the simulation results from automatically generated input and manual input. The results show that the relative simulation error resulting from the rough process of data input can be around 30% in runoff simulation, and even reach 70% in non-point source pollution (NPSP) simulation. It could conclude that GIS technology is significant for predicting watershed responses by WinVAST model, because it can efficiently reduce the uncertainty induced by input errors.     

Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals and trace elements in sediments of Lake Uluabat

To examine the status and risk of heavy metal pollution, the distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb in the sediment of Lake Uluabat was characterized. The present study used a four-stage method to assess the ecotoxicological effects of the heavy metal and trace elements fractions in the sediment of Lake Uluabat. Total Cr and Ni concentrations in the sediment were determined to have exceeded the severe effect level (SEL) limit values. The percentages of the variable fractions of Cr and Ni were below 10%. Because of this reason, they were not defined to have a high risk. The relationships among the physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and trace elements in water and sediment were determined statistically. Pb, Cd, and As in the water were found in relation with some of the fractions. Moreover, it was thought that the amounts of the elements of As releasing into the water might be increased due to their relations with the physicochemical parameters.     

Advancing Energy Access Modelling with Geographic Information System Data

One of the main goals in pursuing sustainable development is to provide universal access to modern energy services, notably through the use of off-grid renewable energy technologies. To date, integrated assessment models (IAMs) poorly address energy access targets. In the context of research dedicated to energy scenarios and climate change mitigation in Africa, we attempt to advance the representation of energy access in one such IAM by using GIS data. In a case study for Ethiopia with the TIAM-ECN model, we demonstrate that by enriching an IAM with information derived from GIS databases, insights are obtained that better capture the dynamics of energy access developments, in comparison to conventional IAM analysis of energy technology deployment pathways. When duly accounting for the geographical spread in demography and technology costs in a developing country, we find that many people may gain access to electricity in remote areas thanks to the availability of affordable off-grid power production options that render expensive grid extensions unnecessary. This effect is not explicitly accounted for in most traditional IAMs. By the middle of the century, off-grid technologies could provide affordable electricity to 70% of the Ethiopian population, based almost entirely on renewable sources such as wind, solar and hydropower.     

The Contamination Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water and Sediment Samples in Uluabat Lake, Turkey

The Uluabat Lake is a reservoir of 125 km² surface area, in the boundaries of Bursa province, Turkey. The results showed that Uluabat Lake was still contaminated by organochlorine pesticides and their residues despite the existence of bans over a long time. Considerable amounts of organochlorine pesticides (HCB, p.p^′-DDT, p.p^′- DDE, α -, β- and γ-BHC, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, Endosulfan I and II) were detected in water and sediment samples during one-year study in this lake. Samples of water and sediment were collected in different regions, (6 sampling point) of the lake between February 2002 and November 2002.The mean levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments were determined. According to results, it was found that various environs in Uluabat Lake were contaminated by 11 different organochlorine pesticides. Residue analyses showed that higher organochlorine pesticides and their residues were generally more accumulated in the sediment samples.     

Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the assessment of surface water quality in Uluabat Lake, Turkey

The application of different multivariate statistical approaches for the interpretation of a complex data matrix obtained during the period 2004-2005 from Uluabat Lake surface water is presented in this study. The dataset consists of the analytical results of a 1 year-survey conducted in 12 sampling stations in the Lake. Twelve parameters (T, pH, DO, [Formula: see text], NH(4)-N, NO(2)-N, NO(3)-N, [Formula: see text], BOD, COD, TC, FC) were monitored in the sampling sites on a monthly basis (except December 2004, January and February 2005, a total of 1,296 observations). The dataset was treated using cluster analysis, principle component analysis and factor analysis on principle components. Cluster analysis revealed two different groups of similarities between the sampling sites, reflecting different physicochemical properties and pollution levels in the studied water system. Three latent factors were identified as responsible for the data structure, explaining 77.35% of total variance in the dataset. The first factor called the microbiological factor explained 32.34% of the total variance. The second factor named the organic-nutrient factors explained 25.46% and the third factor called physicochemical factors explained 19.54% of the variances, respectively.     

Evaluating Change in Rangeland Condition using Multitemporal AVHRR Data and Geographic Information System Analysis

Coarse-scale, multitemporal satellite image data were evaluated as a tool for detecting variation in vegetation productivity, as a potential indicator of change in rangeland condition in the western U.S. The conterminous U.S. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) biweekly composite data set was employed using the six-year time series 1989–1994. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image bands for the state of New Mexico were imported into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysis with other spatial data sets. Averaged NDVI was calculated for each year, and a series of regression analyses were performed using one year as the baseline. Residuals from the regression line indicated 14 significant areas of NDVI change: two with lower NDVI, and 11 with higher NDVI. Rangeland management changes, cross-country military training activities, and increases in irrigated cropland were among the identified causes of change.     

GIS技术在东昌湖水质评价中的应用

利用GPS定位对东昌湖进行水样采集,把水质数据和坐标联系在一起,测定的结果利用GIS技术进行克里格插值.在用一部分数据验证其准确性之后,把全部水质数据以图的形式呈现出来,进行分析评价,通过与湖泊营养类型标准对比得出东昌湖大部分湖区出现富营养化现象,污染严重.证明GIS技术可以很好地应用于湖泊水质研究.     

Autochthonous clams monitoring of Ganzirri Lake (Sicily)

Two autochthonous clams, Venerupis aurea laeta and Cerastoderma edule/glaucum, collected for a period of 1 year, from May 2007 to January 2008, were studied in the Cape Peloro lagoon. On the samples, it was evaluated the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and proteins, lipids and yield edible part were determined. It was evaluated the concentration of mineral elements (Cd, Cu, Mn, Se, Pb, Zn) and organic contaminants (∑DDT and PCBs). Salmonella is never present in any sample. Total and faecal coliform values have always been under law limits for alive bivalves mussels production and sale. Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb levels were found in clams where they are slightly lower too. Both species do not show significant changes for Mn and Se. DDT and PCBs traces were discovered in Ganzirri Lake’ samples, but in all observed cases, they were below law limits. As a result of all these observations, it is clear that, in recent years, the bivalve’s use of Ganzirri Lake does not denote toxicological risk to human health.     

Impact of intensive agricultural practices on drinking water quality in the EVROS Region (NE GREECE) by GIS analysis

Chemical fertilizers are used extensively in modern agriculture, in order to improve yield and productivity of agricultural products. However, nutrient leaching from agricultural soil into groundwater resources poses a major environmental and public health concern. The Evros region is one of the largest agricultural areas in Northern Greece, extending over 1.5 million acres of cultivated land. Many of its drinking water resources are of groundwater origin and lie within agricultural areas. In order to assess the impact of agricultural fertilizers on drinking water quality in this region, tap-water samples from 64 different locations were collected and analyzed for the presence of nitrates [Formula: see text], nitrites [Formula: see text], ammonium [Formula: see text], sulfate [Formula: see text] and phosphate [Formula: see text]. These chemicals were selected based on the information that ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and inorganic phosphate were the primary fertilizers used in local crop production. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] levels exceeding accepted values were recorded in 6.25, 4.70 and 9.38% of all sampling points, respectively. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] concentrations, on the other hand, were inside the permitted range. The data generated were introduced into a geographic information system (GIS) program for computer analysis and projection maps representing afflicted areas were created. Our results indicate a profound geographic correlation in the surface distribution of primary contaminants in areas of intensified agricultural production. Thus, drinking water pollution in these areas can be attributed to excessive fertilizer use from agricultural sources.     

"3S"技术在生态环境动态监测中的应用研究

针对传统生态环境动态监测方法的不足,论述了"3S"技术的特点与优势,并结合"四川省岷江中上游生态环境遥感综合调查与评价"项目,介绍了应用"3S"技术进行生态环境动态监测的方法和流程.     

基于GIS的农业气象灾害监测系统

利用气象地面观测资料和气象卫星遥感监测资料与GIS技术结合,以地理信息系统软件ArcGIS8.3为依托,建立农业气象灾害监测系统。在监测不同灾害时，能根据监测区的特性将监测区设置成不同的分区，并针对每一分区确定监测指标,快速、准确地实现监测区内的农业气象灾害监测及等级划分。     

Assessment of water quality of Manchar Lake in Sindh (Pakistan)

Manchar Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake in Pakistan. The Lake has received less fresh water in past few years. In addition, drainage water is being discharged in the Lake through Main Nara Valley Drain (MNVD) since many years. Consequently, concern has grown regarding the water quality of the Lake. The aim of this study was to assess the water quality of Manchar Lake and MNVD and the objectives were to determine physiochemical properties and the concentrations of common cations and anions as well as seven trace metals i.e. Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Fe, Pb and Cd. The concentration of the trace metals were determined by simultaneous preconcentration and solvent extraction using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results of physicochemical parameters of Manchar Lake water samples showed mean pH 8.4 (±0.2), conductivity 2,310.3 (±581.3) μS cm⁻¹ and hardness (as CaCO₃) 213.1 (±62.3) mg l⁻¹. Mean concentrations of cations and anions were Na 521.5 (±49.7), Cl⁻ 413.6 (±225.7), Ca 70.7 (±12.9), Mg 56.2 (±28.9), K 17.6 (±6.5), 0.34 (±0.2) and 0.02 (±0.01) mg l⁻¹. Mean concentrations of trace metals were Zn 15.7 (±1), Fe 12 (±3.5), Pb 9 (±2.7), Cu 8.9 (±7.7), Ni 4.3 (±3.4), Co 4 (±3.4) and Cd 1.1 (±1) μg l⁻¹. MNVD water samples showed mean pH 8.9 (±0.8), conductivity 1,735.7 (±567.8) μS cm⁻¹ and hardness (as CaCO₃) 184.8 (±32.4) mg l⁻¹. In MNWD, the mean concentrations of cations and anions were Na 482.7 (±11.7), Cl⁻ 395.7 (±271.5), Ca 79.1 (±23.5), Mg 54.2 (±28.1), K 26.2 (±21.3), NO⁻³ 0.5 (±0.3) and 0.1 (±0.1) mg l⁻¹. Mean concentrations of trace metals observed in MNWD water were Fe 14.9(±3.5), Cd 8.3 (±9.4), Pb 6.9 (±2.4), Cu 6.6 (±3.1), Zn 6.2 (±1.8), Co 4.5 (±2.7), and Ni 3.5 (±2.9) μg l⁻¹. The pH of both Manchar Lake and MNVD waters and concentration of Pb in Manchar Lake and concentration of Cd in MNVD water were higher than the World Health Organisation’s guideline values for the drinking water quality. The water quality of Manchar Lake was found degraded.     

Statistical analysis of heavy metals in Cerastoderma edule glaucum and Venerupis aurea laeta from Ganzirri Lake, Messina (Italy)

Our study was carried out on two species of clams, Venerupis aurea laeta and Cerastoderma edule glaucum, from Ganzirri Lake considered as “environmental biomarkers” for their changes in physiology, morphology or distribution under the influence of substances in the environment. The aim of the present study was to conduct a statistical analysis on Venerupis and Cerastoderma to investigate the difference between the two autochthonous clams according to the presence of metals, and to link metal concentrations to the reproductive cycle of clam during 2009–2010. Metal analysis was carried out with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were assessed by analyzing the certified standard matrix: mussel tissue NIST SRM 2976. The multivariate analysis was made using the SPSS 13.0 software package for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In this study, the concentrations of some metals found in clam tissues showed seasonal cycles with higher values in summer than in winter. The significances of metal concentrations differences between Venerupis and Cerastoderma samples were estimated with Mann–Whitney U-test. The concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Mn, Se and Zn show a significant p-level that suggests a difference between the two group samples. Statistical analysis showed that the link of metal concentrations to the reproductive cycles of Venerupis and Cerastoderma was not evident.     

发挥电子信箱系统(E-mail)在环境信息传输中的作用

本文对目前环境信息的传播现状作了回顾,指出了实现办公自动化,利用电子信箱进行环境信息传输的必要性和紧迫性,进而对电子信箱的强大功能及在环境保护的有关领域的信息传输方面所能起到的较大作用进行了阐述,最后对电子信箱传输系统的建立即如何实现电子信箱的信息传输以及软、硬件的配置等作了介绍。     

Metal Levels in Tissues of Florida Gar (Lepisosteus Platyrhincus) from Lake Okeechobee

There is considerable concern about the effects of contaminants on organisms at higher trophic levels, as well as interest in developing bioindicators of ecological health. In this article we examine the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the gonads, liver and muscle of Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus) from Lake Okeechobee in south-central Florida. Gar are top-level predators in freshwater ecosystems. We expected that there would be differences in metal levels as a function of tissue, and predicted differences as a function of sex, size, and location around the lake. There were significant differences among tissues for all metals, but there were few differences as a function of size and gender, which may relate to the generally low levels of metals. Mercury levels were significantly higher in gar collected from the north, and arsenic levels were significantly higher in the gar collected from the south. All metal levels in the muscle of gar collected from Lake Okeechobee were similar to, or lower than those generally reported from other areas of the United States. Thus, although the levels of mercury from the Everglades to the south of Lake Okeechobee are sufficiently high to result in human fish consumption advisories, there are none for Lake Okeechobee. The mercury levels in fish muscle from Lake Okeechobee are lower than from many waters in the U.S. and do not pose a problem for humans. However, liver levels average over the 0.5 microg g(-1) level considered safe for human consumption, and might pose a problem for non-human consumers that eat the fish whole.     

地理3G系统应用于城市固体废物管理的新模式

基于GPS、GPRS、GIS地理3G综合技术,设计城市固体废物综合监管系统,实现对固体废物从收集到再利用全过程的监督管理。该系统由申报信息系统、地面控制系统、处置保障系统、综合分析系统、应急指挥系统和线上“淘宝”系统组成,在固体废物收集站点采集的数据上传至综合分析系统,经分析与匹配后相关信息发布在线上“淘宝”交易平台,平台为买卖双方提供资源配置方案,也为管理部门的宏观调控提供数据支撑。     

太湖饮用水源地金墅港、渔洋山水质综合评价

采用BP神经网络、内梅罗指数和综合营养状态指数评价了太湖金墅港、渔洋山饮用水源地水质及综合营养状态。结果表明,2012年金墅港和渔洋山的水质基本达到国家Ⅱ类水要求,其水质均处于中营养状态(31.43~47.66),不同水期对水源地营养状态影响较大,丰水期水质综合营养状态指数最低,且变化较小。渔洋山的年均富营养化状况(42.08)比金墅港(40.62)略重。     

Integrating classification and regression tree (CART) with GIS for assessment of heavy metals pollution

The classification and regression tree (CART) model integrated with geographical information systems and the assessment of heavy-metals pollution system was developed to assess the heavy metals pollution in Fuyang, Zhejiang, China. The integration of the decision tree model with ArcGIS Engine 9 using a COM implementation in Microsoft® Visual Basic 6.0 provided an approach for assessing the spatial distribution of soil Zn content with high predictive accuracy. The Zn concentration classes estimated by CART assigned the right classes with an accuracy of near 90%. This is a great improvement compared to the ordinary Kriging method for the spatial autocorrelation of the study area severely destroyed by human activities. Also, it can be used to investigate the inter-relationships between the heavy metals pollution and environmental and anthropogenic variables. Moreover, the research presents model predictions over space for further applications and investigations.     

Analysis of terrains suitable for tourism and recreation by using geographic information system (GIS)

The use and utilization areas of geographic information system (GIS) increase every day due to both enabling easiness in storing, updating, grouping, analyzing, correlating, and mapping of data about evaluation factors in planning studies and having quite low error margin depending on the accuracy of data stored. In fact, GIS is also used both in visualization and in various analyses in planning tourism terrains. In this study, the effectiveness of GIS on holistic evaluation of natural and cultural resources in planning tourism terrains was analyzed. Natural and cultural resources in Kayseri Yahyal? were quantified by using ArcGIS 9.3 software from GIS software; data were analyzed and potential tourism and recreation terrains, level of suitability, and rate of coverage were determined. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that 11.847 ha area (6,53 %) was quite suitable for such kind of activities, 103.010 ha (56,77 %) was suitable, 39.278 ha (21,65 %) was less suitable, and 27.314 ha area (15,05 %) was not suitable. In the next stage, landscape properties which are suitable for tourism and recreation were evaluated and landscape types were classified in the sense of their tourist attraction. It was determined that the water resources and valley landscapes were the basic sources of the tourism and recreation activities of Yahyal?, and it was determined that the landscape of the forest and mountain was important for variety of the tourism and recreation activities of Yahyal?.     

Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Lake Maggiore (Italy and Switzerland)

Samples of air (gas and particulate phases), bulk deposition, aquatic settling material and sediments were collected in Lake Maggiore (LM) in order to determine their content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Air (gas and particulate phases) concentrations were 0.5 pg m(-3), 80 pg m(-3), 13 pg m(-3) and 106 pg m(-3) for SigmaPCDD/Fs, SigmaPCBs, Sigma dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and SigmaPBDEs, respectively. Deposition fluxes ranged from 0.7 ng m(-2) d(-1) for SigmaPCDD/Fs to 32 ng m(-2) d(-1) for SigmaPCBs. Aquatic settling material presented concentrations of 0.4 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for SigmaPCDD/Fs, 13 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCB, 3.4 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaDL-PCBs and 5.7 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPBDEs. Mean sediment concentrations were 0.4 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCDD/Fs, 11 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCB, 3 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaDL-PCBs and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPBDEs. Similar PCDD/F and DL-PCB congener patterns in all the environmental compartments of LM point to an important, if not dominant, contribution of atmospheric deposition as source of these pollutants into LM. In contrast, PBDE congener distribution was not similar in the different environmental compartments. BDE 47 dominated air and settling material, while BDE 209 was the predominant congener in the bulk atmospheric deposition. Moreover, sediments showed two distinct PBDE congener profiles. Lower PBDE concentrated sediments were dominated by congeners 47 and 99, while BDE 209 dominated in higher PBDE concentrated samples. This suggests the influence of local sources as well as atmospheric input of PBDEs into LM.