Risk assessment of heavy metals in road and soil dusts within PM2.5, PM10 and PM100 fractions in Dongying city, Shandong Province, China

15 road and 14 soil dust samples were collected from an oilfield city, Dongying, from 11/2009-4/2010 and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb within PM(2.5), PM(10) and PM(100) fractions synchronously. Metal concentrations, sources and human health risk were studied. Results showed that both soil and road dust exhibited higher values for Mn and Zn and lower values for Co and Cd for the three fractions. Mass concentration ratios of PM(2.5)/PM(10) and PM(10)/PM(100) for metals in road and soil dust indicate that most of the heavy metals tend to concentrate in fine particles. Geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors analysis showed that Cu, Zn and Cd exhibited moderate or heavy contamination and significant enrichment, indicating the influence of anthropogenic sources. Vanadium, Cr, Mn and Co were mostly not enriched and were mainly influenced by crustal sources. For Ni, As and Pb, they ranged from not enriched to moderately enriched and were influenced by both crustal materials and anthropogenic sources. The conclusions were confirmed by multivariate analysis methods. Principle component analysis revealed that the major sources were vehicle emission, industrial activities, coal combustion, agricultural activities and crustal materials. The risk assessment results indicated that metal ingestion appeared to be the main exposure route followed by dermal contact. The most likely cause for cancer and other health risks are both the fine particles of soil and road dusts.     

Chemical Composition and Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China

Aerosol samples of PM10 and PM2.5 are collected in summertime at four monitoring sites in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC), inorganic ions, and elements in PM10 and PM2.5 are also quantified. Our study aims to: (1) characterize the particulate concentrations and associated chemical species in urban atmosphere (2) identify the potential sources and estimate their apportionment. The results show that average concentration of PM2.5 (97.54 μg m⁻³) in Guangzhou significantly exceeds the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg m⁻³. OC, EC, Sulfate, ammonium, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Se are mainly in PM2.5 fraction of particles, while chloride, nitrate, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn are mainly in PM2.5-10 fraction. The major components such as sulfate, OC and EC account for about 70–90% of the particulate mass. Enrichment factors (EF) for elements are calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, Pb, As, Se, V, Ni, Cu and Cd) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn). Ambient and source data are used in the multi-variable linearly regression analysis for source identification and apportionment, indicating that major sources and their apportionments of ambient particulate aerosols in Guangzhou are vehicle exhaust by 38.4% and coal combustion by 26.0%, respetively.     

苏州工业园区大气PM_(2.5)中主要重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

通过2015年1月、4月、8月、11月对苏州工业园区大气中PM_(2.5)及Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Ni 5种元素质量浓度的监测,并采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3—2014)中推荐模型对该5种元素通过呼吸途径引起的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Ni 5种元素平均质量浓度分别为76.2 ng/m3、6.92 ng/m3、1.45 ng/m3、4.14 ng/m3和5.71 ng/m3,平均质量浓度从高到低依次为PbCrNiCdAs;5种元素的致癌风险与危害熵分别为6.89×10-15~6.84×10~(-12)和2.57×10~(-9)~4.80×10~(-7),分别低于可接受致癌风险水平(10-6)与可接受危害熵(1)。整体而言,苏州工业园区大气重金属污染程度相对较低。     

PAHs in PM2.5 in Zhengzhou: concentration,carcinogenic risk analysis,and source apportionment

Ambient air samples were collected at two different locations between 2011 and 2012 in Zhengzhou, China in order to assess the concentration level, health risks, as well as the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM_2.5). The mean annual levels of PM_2.5 observed at industry site and residential site were 172?±?121 and 160?±?72 μg m^?3, respectively, which were about five times the annual value of proposed PM_2.5 standard (35 μg m^?3) in China. The PM_2.5 in all daily samples (n?=?47) exceeds the proposed PM_2.5 standard in China (75 μg m^?3) at both industrial and residential sites. Seasonal variations of PM_2.5 showed a clear trend of winter?>?autumn?>?spring?>?summer at both sites. The total concentrations of 16 PM_2.5-associated PAHs ranged from 61?±?51 to 431?±?281 and 38?±?25 to 254?±?189 ng m^?3, with mean value of 176?±?233 and 111?±?146 ng m^?3 at industry and residential sites, respectively. The major species were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene, and the concentration levels of PAHs in PM_2.5 were higher in winter than those of other seasons at both sites. The annual mean values of toxicity equivalency concentrations of ∑₁₆PAHs in PM_2.5 were 22.8 and 13.5 ng m^?3 in industry and residential area, respectively. In this study, the risk level of adult citizens through inhalation exposure to PAHs was calculated. The average estimates of lifetime inhalation cancer risks were approximately 8.9?×?10^?7 and 6.3?×?10^?7 for industry and residential sites, respectively. The main sources of 16 PAHs from both diagnostic ratios and principle component analysis identified as vehicular emissions and coal combustion.     

桂林市冬季大气PM2.5中重金属污染物健康风险评估

通过监测桂林市2014年冬季大气PM_(2.5)中11种元素的质量浓度,运用富集因子解析其来源,并开展重金属潜在生态风险、人体暴露和健康风险评价。结果表明:Cd富集因子10,表明Cd的来源主要是人为源;其他元素富集因子均10,主要来源为自然源。生态危害程度Cd和Hg为极强,Pb为强,As为较强,其他元素均为轻微。总的潜在生态风险指数(RI)为19 385.3,远高于600,生态风险为极强。各元素经呼吸摄入的非致癌风险由高到低为AsCdCrPbHg,致癌风险由高到低为CrAsCdPb;儿童和成人的总致癌风险分别为1.68×10~(-7) a~(-1)和3.84×10~(-7) a~(-1),风险甚微。     

PM1 and PM2.5 ionic composition and VOCs measurements in two typical apartments in Athens, Greece: investigation of smoking contribution to indoor air concentrations

During the last decades, the air quality of the city of Athens has been quite aggravated. Scientific interest has been focused on health effects caused by both outdoor and indoor air pollution. The purpose of this study was the presentation of results from air quality measurements in two similar typical Athenian apartments in the same suburban area. In addition, smoking contribution is investigated, as it is the main factor which differentiates the two apartments. The results showed that it is the outdoor environment that mainly contributes to the air quality of the non-smokers’ house. In the second apartment, PM_2.5, PM₁, and benzene concentrations were found significantly higher due to smoking activity. In contrast, no clear difference in particulate matter ionic composition between the two areas was observed, although in the smoker’s house, ion concentrations were found elevated. This observation amplifies the assumption that in the smoker’s apartment, significant outdoor sources’ contribution cannot be excluded.     

Dynamics and origin of PM2.5 during a three-year sampling period in Beijing, China

Systematic sampling and analysis were performed to investigate the dynamics and the origin of suspended particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)), in Beijing, China from 2005 to 2008. Identifying the source of PM(2.5) was the main goal of this project, which was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The concentrations of 19 elements, black carbon (BC) and the total mass in 158 weekly PM(2.5) samples were measured. The statistical evaluation of the data from factor analysis (FA) identifies four main sources responsible for PM(2.5) in Beijing: (1) a combination of long-range transport geogenic soil particles, geogenic-like particles from construction sites and the anthropogenic emissions from steel factories; (2) road traffic, industry emissions and domestic heating; (3) local re-suspended soil particles; (4) re-suspended particles from refuse disposal/landfills and uncontrolled dumped waste. Special attention has been paid to seven high concentration "episodes", which were further analyzed by FA, enrichment factor analysis (EF), elemental signatures and backward-trajectory analysis. These results suggest that long-range transport soil particles contribute much to the high concentration of PM(2.5) during dust days. This is supported by mineral analysis which showed a clear imprint of component in PM(2.5). Furthermore, the ratios of Mg/Al have been proved to be a good signature to trace back different source areas. The Pb/Ti ratio allows the distinction between periods of predominant anthropogenic and geogenic sources during high concentration episodes. Backward-trajectory analysis clearly shows the origins of these episodes, which partly corroborate the FA and EF results. This study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the meteorological and source driven dynamics of PM(2.5) concentrations.     

PM2.5中金属元素在线监测与滤膜采集-实验室检测比对

在2017年2月、5月、8月、11月期间各选取20 d连续采样,采用在线监测和滤膜采集-实验室检测2种方法分析南京市大气PM_(2.5)中多种金属元素,并将两方法的测定结果作比对分析。结果表明,K、Fe、Zn、Cu、Pb、Se、V、Ni元素日均值总体相近,其余元素略有差异;Pb、As、V元素相关系数R~2均在0.70及以上,Cu、K、Mn元素相关性略差,均具可比性。Fe、Zn、Ca、Al、Ba、Cr、Ni元素测定更偏向采用滤膜采集-实验室检测法,K、Mn、Pb、Cu、As、V、Se元素测定2种监测方法均可,若要快速且长期监测数据,则在线监测法更好。     

克拉玛依市大气PM2.5、PM10污染水平浅析

根据从2012年1月1日至2012年3月30日在同一个监测点取得的PM2.5和PM10监测数据,分析采暖期颗粒物污染水平特征。结果表明,PM2.5浓度和PM10浓度之间高度线性相关;克拉玛依市冬季空气环境中PM2.5是PM10中的主要组成成分;PM2.5浓度在一天内基本保持稳定,而PM10浓度在一天之中的变化幅度较大,峰值出现在中午上下班高峰期。     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM2.5和PM10样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM2.5和PM10的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM2.5和PM10污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m3和111.0μg/m3;各主要源类对PM2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM10贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

宁波市PM10、PM2.5中水溶性无机阴离子浓度水平及分布特征

研究了宁波市PM10、PM2.5中无机阴离子浓度水平及分布特征。结果表明,PM10中Cl-为1.00μg/m3,具有较明显的海洋特征,SO24-、NO3-离子浓度为9.90、3.70μg/m3;Cl-主要存在于粒径为2.5-10μm的颗粒物中,而NO3-、SO42-主要存在于PM2.5中,成为PM2.5的重要组成部分。PM10中水溶性无机阴离子季节变化明显,呈冬天高,夏天低的趋势。     

Distribution of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 in PM10 Fraction in Ambient Air Due to Vehicular Pollution in Kolkata Megacity

This research paper aims at establishing baseline PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentration levels, which could be effectively used to develop and upgrade the standards in air pollution in developing countries. The relative contribution of fine fractions (PM_2.5) and coarser fractions (PM_10-2.5) to PM₁₀ fractions were investigates in a megacity which is overcrowded and congested due to lack of road network and deteriorated air quality because of vehicular pollution. The present study was carried out during the winter of 2002. The average 24h PM₁₀ concentration was 304 μg/m³, which is 3 times more than the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and higher PM₁₀ concentration was due to fine fraction (PM_2.5) released by vehicular exhaust. The 24h average PM_2.5 concentration was found 179 μg/m³, which is exceeded USEPA and EU standards of 65 and 50 μg/m³ respectively for the winter. India does not have any PM_2.5 standards. The 24 h average PM_10-2.5 concentrations were found 126 μg/m³. The PM_2.5 constituted more than 59% of PM₁₀ and whereas PM₁₀-PM_2.5 fractions constituted 41% of PM₁₀. The correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was found higher as PM_2.5 comprised major proportion of PM₁₀ fractions contributed by vehicular emissions.     

我国居住建筑室内PM_(2.5)研究现状及进展

分析了我国居住建筑室内PM_(2.5)污染水平,总结了现阶段PM_(2.5)的研究方法,主要包括理论分析法、数值模拟法和实验测试法。指出室外源是室内PM_(2.5)的主要污染来源,而室内烟草烟雾、烹饪及人员活动也会严重影响室内PM_(2.5)浓度。针对目前研究中存在的问题,提出了标定典型建筑在不同影响因素下的I/O比范围、研究家具和家电的颗粒物释放状况、加强农村室内外空气颗粒物污染调查等建议。     

长沙市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度的变化特征

为检验PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)新监测标准实施近3年长沙大气颗粒物污染状况,利用近3年每日监测数据,对长沙10个国控自动监测点PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)达标情况、首要污染物及变化特征进行研究分析。结果表明,近3年长沙市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度均超过了新标准规定的年均值二级标准限值;2013年污染最严重。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)月均值峰值出现在1月和11月,谷值在8月,各月PM_(2.5)超标天数和首要污染物为PM_(2.5)天数都大于PM_(10);PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)冬季日均值浓度明显高于其他季节,呈双峰型,峰值在上午10:00和20:00~21:00,夜晚浓度高于白天;PM_(2.5)春、夏、秋三季日变化呈单峰型,峰值在20:00~21:00;PM_(10)四季日变化呈双峰型。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的比值(P)1月和2月最高,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)日均值有着显著的线性相关性。     

Personal and indoor exposure to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the southern highlands of Tanzania: a pilot-scale study

Sediment-dwelling macrofauna, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and abiotic parameters were monitored annually in benthic marine sediments from 1989-2007 in Port Valdez, a period of declining routine discharge of treated marine ballast water containing residual PAH from a major crude oil loading facility. The resulting dataset was used to evaluate associations between macrofauna and environmental characteristics including PAH concentrations. The influences of natural abiotic gradients on macrofauna were stronger than associations between macrofauna and sediment PAH. Though overall associations of PAH with macrofaunal community structure were weak, effects were greater for the tube-dwelling polychaete worms Galathowenia oculata and Melinna cristata which responded negatively to low PAH values near sediment quality criteria (threshold effects concentration: TEC and field-based sediment quality criterion: fb-SQG: ～300 ng g(?-1)). Effects of PAH on benthic fauna may be strongest through poor survival of juveniles and failed recruitment over multiple years. Comparison of measured PAH concentrations to the TEC and field-based fb-SQG suggest that the observed levels of change in Port Valdez are minor and the criteria are ecologically appropriate for environmental monitoring. By demonstrating positive responses of sensitive fauna to reduction of PAH concentration, this study contributes to understanding the temporal change, ecological importance, and size of effects expected on benthic fauna in the presence of continuous exposure to low levels of hydrocarbons.     

郑州市 PM2．5和 PM10质量浓度变化特征分析

根据郑州市2013年PM2．5和PM10颗粒物连续自动监测数据,对郑州市各国控站点的PM2．5和PM10的达标情况、变化趋势等进行探讨分析。结果表明：2013年郑州市PM10和PM2．5的年均质量浓度均超过了新标准规定的年均值二级标准限值。 PM10和PM2．5月均值峰值出现在1月和10月,谷值出现在8月,各月PM2．5的超标天数都大于PM10。PM10和PM2．5冬季的日均值浓度明显高于其他季节,呈双峰型,夜晚浓度整体高于白天;PM2．5春、夏、秋三季日变化呈单峰型,PM10夏季和秋季呈单峰型,春季呈双峰型。 PM2．5和PM10日均值有着非常显著的线性相关关系,PM2．5和PM10浓度的比值（p）10月最高。     

Levels, sources, and health risks of carbonyls in residential indoor air in Hangzhou, China

Concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, i-pentanal, and butyraldehyde in residential indoor air in Hangzhou were determined. The mean concentration of the total carbonyl compounds in summer was 222.6 μg/m³, higher than that in winter (68.5 μg/m³). The concentration of a specific carbonyl in indoor air was higher than the outdoor air measurement, indicating the release of carbonyls from the indoor sources. Formaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls detected in summer and winter, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that carbonyl concentrations in residential indoor air depended on the age of decoration and furniture, as well as their concentrations in outdoor air. In addition, a primary estimation showed that the health risks of carbonyls in summer were higher than those in winter.     

Including the temporal change in PM2.5 concentration in the assessment of human health impact: Illustration with renewable energy scenarios to 2050

This article proposes a new method to assess the health impact of populations exposed to fine particles (PM_2.5) during their whole lifetime, which is suitable for comparative analysis of energy scenarios. The method takes into account the variation of particle concentrations over time as well as the evolution of population cohorts. Its capabilities are demonstrated for two pathways of European energy system development up to 2050: the Baseline (BL) and the Low Carbon, Maximum Renewable Power (LC-MRP). These pathways were combined with three sets of assumptions about emission control measures: Current Legislation (CLE), Fixed Emission Factors (FEFs), and the Maximum Technically Feasible Reductions (MTFRs). Analysis was carried out for 45 European countries. Average PM_2.5 concentration over Europe in the LC-MRP/CLE scenario is reduced by 58% compared with the BL/FEF case. Health impacts (expressed in days of loss of life expectancy) decrease by 21%. For the LC-MRP/MTFR scenario the average PM_2.5 concentration is reduced by 85% and the health impact by 34%. The methodology was developed within the framework of the EU's FP7 EnerGEO project and was implemented in the Platform of Integrated Assessment (PIA). The Platform enables performing health impact assessments for various energy scenarios.     

Indoor air quality modeling for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 in naturally ventilated classrooms of an urban Indian school building

Assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) in classrooms of school buildings is of prime concern due to its potential effects on student??s health and performance as they spend a substantial amount of their time (6?C7 h per day) in schools. A number of airborne contaminants may be present in urban school environment. However, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) is of great significance as they may significantly affect occupants?? health. The objectives of the present study are twofold, one, to measure the concentrations of PM₁₀ (<10  $\upmu $ m), PM_2.5 (<2.5  $\upmu $ m), and PM_1.0 (<1.0  $\upmu $ m) in naturally ventilated classrooms of a school building located near a heavy-traffic roadway (9,755 and 4,296 vehicles/hour during weekdays and weekends, respectively); and second, to develop single compartment mass balance-based IAQ models for PM₁₀ (NVIAQM_pm10), PM_2.5 (NVIAQM_pm2.5), and PM_1.0 (NVIAQM_pm1.0) for predicting their indoor concentrations. Outdoor RSPM levels and classroom characteristics, such as size, occupancy level, temperature, relative humidity, and CO₂ concentrations have also been monitored during school hours. Predicted indoor PM₁₀ concentrations show poor correlations with observed indoor PM₁₀ concentrations (R ² = 0.028 for weekdays, and 0.47 for weekends). However, a fair degree of agreement (d) has been found between observed and predicted concentrations, i.e., 0.42 for weekdays and 0.59 for weekends. Furthermore, NVIAQM_pm2.5 and NVIAQM_pm1.0 results show good correlations with observed concentrations of PM_2.5 (R ² = 0.87 for weekdays and 0.9 for weekends) and PM_1.0 (R ² = 0.86 for weekdays and 0.87 for weekends). NVIAQM_pm10 shows the tendency to underpredict indoor PM₁₀ concentrations during weekdays as it does not take into account the occupant??s activities and its effects on the indoor concentrations during the class hours. Intense occupant??s activities cause resuspension or delayed deposition of PM₁₀. The model results further suggests conductance of experimental and physical simulation studies on dispersion of particulates indoors to investigate their resuspension and settling behavior due to occupant??s activities/movements. The models have been validated at three different classroom locations of the school site. Sensitivity analysis of the models has been performed by varying the values of mixing factor (k) and newly introduced parameter R _c. The results indicate that the change in values of k (0.33 to 1.00) does not significantly affect the model performance. However, change in value of R _c (0.001 to 0.500) significantly affects the model performance.