平板膜在污泥浓缩消化处理中的应用研究

采用中试规模的反应器对平板膜-污泥浓缩消化(MSTD)工艺的污泥消化机制和膜污染机理进行了研究.结果表明,经过15d的运行,MSTD工艺的污泥浓度(MLSS)从最初的3.6g/L上升到约34.2g/L,MLVSS和MLSS的消解率分别达到52%和47%,实现了同步浓缩和消化.由于溶解氧的变化,MSTD工艺的消化机制分为好氧消化和类似的厌氧消化2个阶段,分别降解二价金属离子和铁离子连接的2类生物聚合物.在MSTD过程中,平板膜的截留和污泥消化导致污泥性质剧烈变化,从而造成膜过滤性能剧烈下降.MLSS、胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)均对膜污染有显著的影响.     

接种单一/混合污泥对厌氧氨氧化反应器快速启动的影响

在两组SBR反应器R0、R1中分别接种单一类型反硝化颗粒污泥和反硝化颗粒污泥与好氧硝化污泥的混合污泥(体积比为2∶1)来启动厌氧氨氧化,旨在探求不同接种污泥对厌氧氨氧化反应器快速启动的影响.结果表明,R0用时64 d成功启动厌氧氨氧化,总氮去除负荷为0.26 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),R1用时47 d,总氮去除负荷为0.30 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),比R0缩短了17 d;在富集培养阶段,R1中红色污泥大量出现,系统厌氧氨氧化特征比R0更加明显;反应器启动成功后,R0的化学计量比为1.20和0.34,R1的化学计量比为1.26和0.21,比R0更接近理论值1.32和0.26,R0中污泥的MLSS和MLVSS分别恢复到初始种泥的51%(4.2 g·L~(-1))和38%(2.3 g·L~(-1)),R1中污泥的MLSS和MLVSS分别恢复到初始种泥的54%(4.4 g·L~(-1))和42%(2.6 g·L~(-1)),高于R0,可以推测,R1驯化过程中厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)增殖速率比R0更快.采用混合污泥作为接种污泥能够加速厌氧氨氧化的启动进程,且启动成功之后系统的脱氮性能更加稳定.     

Simulation and assessment of sludge concentration and rheology in the process of waste activated sludge treatment

The process of using flat-sheet membrane for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was employed. The variations of sludge concentration and rheology were characterized and simulated. Based on mass balance analysis, mathematical models were developed and successfully used to predict and evaluate the variations of sludge concentration and the digestion e ciency in the MSTD process. The apparent viscosity of sludge could be modeled as functions of mixed liquor suspended solids and shear rates. The sludge in the MSTD process showed both shear-thinning and viscoplastic behaviour, and under various shear rates di erent rheological models could be chosen to predict their flow behaviour. It was also found that sludge concentration and viscosity had significant correlations with membrane fouling in the MSTD process.     

Al3+对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)和胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响

通过向序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中投加氯化铝,研究了化学协同生物除磷过程中Al~(3+)对污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,氯化铝投加量少于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,Al~(3+)对微生物的活性有促进作用,多于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的Al~(3+)对其活性有明显的抑制作用.氯化铝投加量少于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,Al~(3+)能够促进EPS中多糖(PS)和蛋白质(PN)的分泌,多于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的Al~(3+)则只促进多糖的分泌,但对EPS的分泌总量没有影响.Al~(3+)会使污泥的SVI值显著降低,大大改善其沉降性能.MLSS、MLVSS基本上是随着Al~(3+)投加量的增加而增大,MLVSS/MLSS随着投药量的增加先减小后增大再减小.Al~(3+)对COD和TN的去除具有轻微抑制作用,但对TP的去除具有显著的改善作用.当Al~(3+)的投加为0.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,TP的去除效果最好,出水浓度仅为0.44 mg·L~(-1),满足一级A排放标准.此时,TP的去除率为92.7%,比不加药时提升了10.2%.     

膜生物反应器处理工业废水中膜污染及膜过滤特性研究

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)中试试验装置处理制革、印染工业园区混合废水,考察了悬浮污泥浓度(MLSS)、溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和松散型胞外聚合物(EPS)表征总量、胶体粒子等因素对膜污染发生的影响程度.结果表明,试验装置启动后的120 d内,发生轻度膜污染现象,过滤膜阻力R20从1.5×1012m-1增加至1.8×1012m-1.MBR池内胶体粒子浓度与膜过滤阻力变化呈现明显的线性相关,而MLSS、SMP和EPS表征总量等因素的变化与膜过滤阻力的变化不存在相关性.分析认为胶体粒子是引起该试验装置发生膜污染现象的主要因素,其成因可能是胶体粒子通过附着在膜表面,沉积堵塞膜孔,从而造成膜污染.     

生化池中不同粒径细微沙的悬浮特性

进入生化池的沙粒受粒径影响,或沉积或悬浮在生化池,粒径≤73 μm的细微沙容易悬浮在污泥混合液中,导致活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)(生物有机质所占的比例)下降. 以粒径≤73 μm的沙粒为对象,研究生化池中不同粒径细微沙对活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)的影响,探讨细微沙的可悬浮性和悬浮态势,揭示细微沙对污泥活性的影响,以期为污水厂的运行管理提供理论基础. 通过显微观察发现,粒径>33 μm的细微沙不易被活性污泥卷捕,呈自由悬浮态势;粒径≤33 μm的细微沙容易被活性污泥絮体卷捕,呈卷捕附着态势. 细微沙粒径越小,悬浮比(悬浮在污泥混合液中的细微沙占生化池进水中细微沙总量的比例)越大,活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)越低,悬浮比与细微沙粒径呈显著线性相关(y=0.996-0.010x),活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)与悬浮比相关性显著〔y=2.84/(12.27x+3.06)〕. 研究显示,细微沙不影响污泥中微生物的活性,污水厂可结合活性污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)调控ρ(MLSS),保证ρ(MLVSS)的稳定,有利于实现污水处理系统的稳定运行.      

膜生物反应器PVDF膜和尼龙膜污染特性

分别采用PVDF膜（第1~219d）和尼龙（Nylon）膜（第220~360d）长期运行膜生物反应器（MBR）,分析MBR系统的脱氮性能和膜污染特性.结果表明,反应器最终在进水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度分别为400~740mg/L和460~790mg/L的条件下稳定运行112d,总氮去除率（TNRE）维持在86%左右,总氮去除负荷（NRR）为0.61~1.08kg N/（m³·d）.经过263d的运行,反应器中混合液悬浮固体浓度（MLSS）从4918mg/L增至7230mg/L,混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度（MLVSS）从2585mg/L增加至4455mg/L,比厌氧氨氧化活性（SAA）最高达0.46g N/（d·gVSS）.无论是PVDF膜还是尼龙膜,Anammox-MBR系统在一个膜污染周期结束时,都是泥饼层阻力占主导,但二者的膜污染机制不同.与相同水力停留时间（HRT）下运行的PVDF膜相比,尼龙膜的膜污染发展速度显著减小.结合脱氮性能和膜污染情况,本实验条件下,MBR系统优先采用尼龙膜在HRT=1.5d运行.     

外源Ca2+对SBR启动期活性污泥胞外多聚物的动态影响

利用无机物如Ca~(2+),加快活性污泥反应器启动,强化活性污泥絮体性能和结构稳定性,受到越来越多的重视.采用序批式反应器,研究进水中添加Ca~(2+)对反应器启动期活性污泥沉降性能和胞外多聚物的影响.结果表明运行至28 d,与进水中不添加Ca~(2+)的反应器(对照反应器)相比,进水中添加150 mg·L~(-1)外源Ca~(2+)的反应器中活性污泥MLSS和MLVSS值分别高出了89.6%和75.6%,SVI值则降低了47.9%;活性污泥胞外多聚物总量增加了76.4%,多糖增加了28.8%,蛋白质减少了31.6%,添加150 mg·L~(-1)外源Ca~(2+)的反应器中污泥胞外多聚物中多糖/蛋白质值为68.8,对照反应器的活性污泥胞外多聚物多糖/蛋白质值仅为36.6.三维荧光光谱和红外光谱分析表明外源Ca~(2+)导致活性污泥胞外多聚物组分发生了变化.实验结果为进水中添加外源Ca~(2+)改善活性污泥沉降性能提供了基础数据.     

小回流比条件下污泥浓度分区试验研究

用次毫米过滤（sub-milliFiltration,SMF）组件将生物处理系统内的污泥分为高浓度区和低浓度区,使高浓度区保持大量污泥,强化对有机物的去除,使低浓度区污泥浓度满足膜分离的要求.主要验证了小回流比（R为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0）条件下污泥浓度分区的效果,考察了采用SMF组件后,系统对COD的去除效果,并将各小回流比条件下A、B两区污泥浓度的理论值和实测值做比较.结果表明,在小回流比条件下可实现污泥浓度分区,低浓度区的MLSS在9 g.L-1以下,高浓度区的MLSS在20 g.L-1以上;系统的COD平均去除率超过90%;A、B两区MLVSS的理论值与实测值具有相关性.     

An investigation of the fate and behaviour of a mixture of WO_3 and TiO_2 nanoparticles in a wastewater treatment plant

The fate and behaviour of WO_3 and TiO_2 mixture were investigated following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 303 A guidelines. The nanoparticles were found not to influence the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency which was maintained 80%hence the activated sludge process was on affected. The nanoparticles were eliminated from the wastewater with a greater percentage of 99.8% for TiO_2 and 95.5% for WO_3 found in the sludge.The activated sludge process also had no effect of the polymorphs of the nanoparticles as X-ray diffraction revealed presence of monoclinic WO_3 and anatase TiO_2 which were spiked into the influent. The nanoparticles were mainly removed by bio-adsorption on the activated sludge surface. The total plate count revealed that the bacterial colonies present in the control and the test units were comparable during the gradual introduction of nanoparticles in the chambers.The biomass was 0.75 MLVSS/MLSS(mixed liquor volatile suspended solids/mixed liquor suspended solids) in both the aeration vessels thus a greater proportion of the sludge were the microorganisms. A greater percentage of the Ti and W found in the effluent was mainly due to the nanoparticles adsorbed on the suspended solids with only 3.6% Ti and 28.6% W due to dissolution of nanoparticles.     

连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统处理低COD/N实际生活污水的工艺优化

在连续流合建式反应器中接种成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理低碳氮比(COD/N)的实际生活污水,研究了曝气量和水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对连续流好氧颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷和颗粒污泥稳定性的影响.结果表明,当曝气量为300 m L·min-1(表观气速为1.2 cm·s-1)、HRT为7.5 h时,反应器对化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除率达到最高,分别为76.34%、51.23%和53.70%.整个系统在此条件下能够稳定运行,污泥浓度(mixed liquor suspended solids,MLSS)为2 000 mg·L-1左右,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)保持在50 m L·g-1以下,好氧颗粒污泥形态完整,沉降性能良好.低COD/N的实际生活污水促进了好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的增长,蛋白质(protein,PN)和多聚糖(polysaccharide,PS)的比值高达17.9,相对于PS,PN对颗粒污泥的稳定性有更大的促进作用.     

污泥浓缩过程下膜生物反应器的生物特性与膜渗透性评估

采用中试规模的好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺处理城市污水,考查了在浓缩过程下膜生物反应器的生物特性对膜渗透性及渗透性恢复的的影响.在试验中通过投加蔗糖溶液使系统维持恒定污泥负荷(food to microorganisms, F/M)在0.13,测定了活性污泥的一系列的生化与理化参数,并通过SPSS软件对污泥性质与动态变化的膜渗透性及渗透性恢复水平的相关性做了进一步的评估.结果表明,混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)浓度对膜渗透性的影响最大(rp=-0.958,P=0.000);溶解性微生物产物(SMP)浓度、溶解性化学需氧量(sCOD)浓度、污泥粒径(PSD)及毛细吸水时间(CST)对膜渗透性的影响属于同一个水平(|rp|=0.82~0.85,P=0.000);而污泥沉降性能与丝状菌指数对膜渗透性的影响不大.并且发现随着MLSS浓度的增大,膜丝廊道内积累的堵塞固体(ACS)的质量以及膜渗透性的绝对恢复量(ΔL)也有增加的趋势,表明MLSS浓度直接影响着膜生物反应器的堵塞性能,也进一步证明了膜堵塞是除膜污染之外影响膜渗透性的另一个重要因素.在低通量[5~6L/(m2·h)] 的操作条件下离线清堵联合强化化学反洗(CEB)的方式可以保证膜生物反应器工艺在高MLSS浓度运行下实现膜渗透性的可持续恢复.     

Virus Type-Specific Removal in a Full-Scale Membrane Bioreactor Treatment Process

We investigated removal of noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant by monitoring virus concentrations in wastewater samples during two gastroenteritis seasons and evaluating the adsorption of viruses to mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Sapoviruses and rotaviruses were detected in 25% of MBR effluent samples with log reduction values of 3- and 2-logs in geometric mean concentrations, respectively, while noroviruses were detected in only 6% of the samples. We found that norovirus and sapovirus concentrations in the solid phase of mixed liquor samples were significantly higher than in the liquid phase (P < 0.01, t test), while the concentration of rotaviruses was similar in both phases. The efficiency of adsorption of the rotavirus G1P[8] strain to MLSS was significantly less than norovirus GI.1 and GII.4 and sapovirus GI.2 strains (P < 0.01, t test). Differences in the adsorption of viruses to MLSS may cause virus type-specific removal during the MBR treatment process as shown by this study.     

不同污泥浓度下缺氧FNA对硝化菌活性的影响

为了考察不同污泥浓度(MLSS)下缺氧游离亚硝酸(FNA)对氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性的抑制影响,采用序批式反应器(SBR),基于4种MLSS(8 398、11 254、15 998和19 637 mg·L~(-1))的全程硝化污泥条件下,通过批次试验深入研究4种MLSS下的全程硝化活性污泥经过缺氧FNA(初始浓度为1. 3 mg·L~(-1))处理48 h后,AOB和NOB活性的变化情况.结果表明,缺氧FNA处理活性污泥48 h后,p H值升高0. 9左右,NO2--N浓度并未明显下降;过曝气下,NH4+-N浓度逐渐降解至0 mg·L~(-1),NH4+-N去除速率逐渐升高至4. 4～6. 8 mg·(L·h)-1,并随着抑制MLSS的升高,其所用时越短;抑制MLSS为8 398、11 254、15 998和19 637 mg·L~(-1)时,分别过曝气0～396、0～396、0～372和0～168 h内,亚硝酸盐累积率(NAR)均大于92%,当分别曝气至468、468、444和264 h时,NO2--N浓度和NAR分别降为0 mg·L~(-1)和0%,NO3--N浓度均升高至最高,其值分别为42. 6、49. 9、42. 9和47. 9 mg·L~(-1).     

小分子物质双(3-氨基丙基)胺对废水混合菌落生物膜形成抑制效应

研究了小分子物质双(3-氨基丙基)胺对混合菌落生物膜形成抑制及解体效应机制,并探讨了利用双(3-氨基丙基)胺减缓膜表面生物污染的可行性.结果表明,双(3-氨基丙基)胺能有效抑制混合菌群微生物附着和生物膜形成,抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强.经过双(3-氨基丙基)胺处理(131 mg·L~(-1))24 h,生物膜形成抑制率达到74.61%.这种抑制效果不是通过杀菌方式产生而是通过抑制微生物中胞外多糖和e DNA含量产生.经双(3-氨基丙基)胺处理后,胞外多糖和eDNA分别下降了39.37%±2.68%和70.05%±2.93%.双(3-氨基丙基)胺对已经形成的生物膜也有一定解离作用.对于预培养12 h的生物膜,双(3-氨基丙基)胺(131 mg·L~(-1))处理10 h,解体率为23.59%.另外双(3-氨基丙基)胺可减缓膜过滤过程中膜孔堵塞速度,降低膜压,缓解由微生物引起的膜污染问题,在环境膜污染控制方面具有潜在应用价值.     

Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations: Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics(such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)and microbial communities)and operating conditions(such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations). Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model(determined using different air flow rate(Q′_(air))and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)values),theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.     

污泥龄及pH值对反硝化除磷工艺效能的影响

以SBR成功富集后的反硝化聚磷菌（DPBs）为研究对象,分别考察了污泥龄（SRT,35、25、15 d）及pH值（7.5、8.0、8.5）对反硝化除磷过程的影响.结果表明,SRT从35d缩短至25d,使活性污泥浓度（MLVSS）从2821 mg·L^-1降低为2301 mg·L^-1,而污泥负荷（F/M,以COD/MLVSS计）从0.256kg·（kg·d）^-1增加至0.312 kg·（kg·d）^-1,虽然净释磷量及净吸磷量有所下降,但是由于污泥活性的增加,此阶段厌氧释磷、缺氧吸磷及比反硝化速率均达到最高,分别为25.07、15.92及9.45 mg·（g·h）^-1,污泥含磷率从4.78%升为5.33%,出水PO₄^3--P浓度保持在0.5 mg·L^-1以下,即PO₄^3--P去除率稳定在95%以上;当SRT进一步缩短为15d时,MLVSS低至1448 mg·L^-1,污泥中DPBs占聚磷菌（PAOs）的比例从82.4%骤降为65.7%,表明过短的SRT使得DPBs逐渐从系统中流失,此阶段污泥含磷率降至3.43%,释磷、吸磷及比反硝化速率亦出现不同程度的降低.随着pH值的升高（7.5~8.0）,厌氧释磷及缺氧吸磷速率也升高,pH值为8.0时分别达到25.86mg·（g·h）^-1和16.62 mg·（g·h）^-1;当pH超过8.0后,除磷效率快速下降,推测为磷化学沉淀导致.     

Impact of solids on biphasic biodegradation of phenanthrene in the presence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD)

The consequence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment is of great concern. The hydrophobic properties of PAHs significantly impact phase distribution causing limited bioavailability. Enhanced biodegradation has been extensively carried out by surfactants and the redeployment effect was recognized. However, the quantitative relationship concerning the impact of solids was rarely reported. A batch of biphasic tests were carried out by introducing Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) into a mixture of phenanthrene solution and various glass beads (GB37-63, GB105-125, and GB350-500). The comparative results demonstrated that HPCD had little effect on microbial growth and was not degradable by bacterium. A model was proposed to describe the biodegradation process. The regression results indicated that the partition coefficient k _d (1.234, 0.726 and 0.448 L·g⁻¹) and the degradation rate k (0 mmol·L⁻¹: 0.055, 0.094, and 0.112; 20 mmol·L⁻¹: 0.126, 0.141, and 0.156; 40 mmol·L⁻¹: 0.141, 0.156 and 0.184 d⁻¹) were positively and negatively correlated with the calculated total surface area (TSA) of solids, respectively. Degradation enhanced in the presence of HPCD, and the enhancing factor f was calculated (20 mmol·L⁻¹: 15.16, 40.01, and 145.5; 40 mmol·L⁻¹: 13.29, 37.97, and 138.4), indicating that the impact of solids was significant for the enhancement of biodegradation.     

投加FeSO4对序批式生物膜反应器中DHA、EPS和处理效果的影响

针对化学协同生物除磷过程,研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中FeSO_4对悬浮相活性污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,少量FeSO_4对DHA和EPS的分泌具有促进作用,但最佳投加量不一致,分别为0.10 mmol·L-1和0.20 mmol·L-1;大量的FeSO_4则会引发抑制.FeSO_4投加量少于0.30 mmol·L-1时会使污泥MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS增加,超过0.30 mmol·L-1时则使MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS下降,但MLSS和SVI随着FeSO_4投加量的增加分别持续增加和下降.FeSO_4对COD和TN的去除具有抑制作用,但并不显著,去除率分别在77%和72%左右;TP的去除效果明显改善,在投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1时效果最好.投加FeSO_4协同生物除磷时建议最佳投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1,此时污泥DHA被轻微抑制,但污泥浓度、EPS、TP去除率均已达到最大,出水水质满足一级A排放标准.     

分置式厌氧陶瓷膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水试验研究

为强化厌氧系统的处理效能,延缓厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染速率,采用分置式厌氧陶瓷膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水.结果表明:厌氧反应器UASB经过60 d的启动,可实现对模拟生活污水的良好处理,COD去除率超过90%;耦合膜组件运行后,膜出水COD在22.58 mg·L~(-1)左右,COD总去除率平均为95.53%,甲烷日均产量为352 mL·d~(-1),产率最高达到0.11 m~3·kg~(-1);跨膜压差(TMP)达到26.81 kPa时膜污染严重,周期为14 d,反冲洗能够去除膜表面的泥饼层,有效地延长膜污染周期;对混合液及滤饼层中的多糖和蛋白质浓度进行了分析,结果表明,蛋白质是引起膜污染的主要物质.