臭氧催化氧化降解硝基苯的实验研究

文章采用催化臭氧氧化技术处理抽出的浓度较高的硝基苯等难降解有机物进行了研究。实验结果表明:在前期实验得出催化剂制备最佳条件下,即采用锰和铁的硝酸盐溶液(金属元素质量10%)浸渍二氧化硅,Mn:Fe浓度比3∶1,在450℃焙烧6小时,在50℃老化5小时,考察了臭氧/Mn-Fe/载体二氧化硅体系中,空气曝气、催化剂的吸附、初始浓度的增加、pH值等的影响。在Mn-Fe负载二氧化硅催化剂的催化臭氧氧化降解硝基苯过程可能遵循羟基自由基机理。     

Fe-Ce/GAC催化臭氧降解高浓度腐殖酸废水

采用浸渍焙烧法制备了Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂,并用于催化臭氧降解模拟高浓度腐殖酸废水.以废水COD、腐殖酸浓度为考察指标,研究了Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂的前驱体无机铁盐种类、焙烧温度、铁盐浓度、助剂稀土元素种类及浓度、分散剂硝酸钾浓度等不同制备条件对催化臭氧降解腐殖酸的效果.试验表明,在腐殖酸浓度为3.00 g·L~(-1)、pH值约8.0、温度为25℃、臭氧投量为1.24 g·h~(-1),反应40 min后COD、腐殖酸去除率仅为17.1%、43.0%;添加以2.0%硝酸铁、1.5%硝酸铈、1.0%硝酸钾溶液浸渍,经350℃焙烧3 h后制备的Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂,可使COD、腐殖酸去除率分别提高40.3%、31.8%.且Fe-Ce/GAC催化剂具有较好的稳定性,重复使用5次后,COD、腐殖酸去除率仅小幅降低了4.2%、9.1%.SEM图象显示活性炭经改性后,比表面积明显增大,有利于活性物质的负载;EDS分析表明催化剂负载了大量的Fe、Ce等金属物质;XRD图谱显示催化剂含有Fe_2O_3、CeO_2等多种活性物质.Fe-Ce/GAC催化臭氧的机理可解释为:活性成分氧化铁在催化过程中生成的羟基氧化铁会促进羟基自由基的生成,而铈元素在催化过程中不仅会提高催化剂的活性,而且生成的化学吸附氧可促进对有机物的吸附及氧化.     

天然沸石负载WO_3-TiO_2复合半导体的光催化臭氧氧化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍-焙烧法制备了负载型纳米复合半导体WO3-Ti O2/Zeolite催化剂。以偶氮染料亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,通过光催化臭氧氧化法讨论了污染物初始浓度,溶液的pH,催化剂用量等因素对催化剂光催化臭氧氧化的影响。结果表明,当亚甲基蓝初始浓度为1 400 mg/L,溶液pH=5,通氧量为2 L/min,催化剂用量为5 g/L时催化剂氧化污染物活性最好,1 h后亚甲基蓝的降解率可达99.81%。     

二氧化钛的制备及光催化降解阳离子艳红染料

以Ti(OC4H9) 4为原料 ,采用沉淀法制备出光催化剂TiO2 微粒 ,并用所制得的样品对阳离子艳红染料进行了光催化降解实验。讨论了催化剂的制备条件对催化剂TiO2 降解性能的影响。结果表明 :沉淀pH为 8 0、粒径 <2 0 0目、经蒸馏水和无水乙醇洗涤、焙烧温度为 5 0 0℃所得的微粒催化降解效果最好。在此催化剂的作用下 ,经 3 0min的照射 ,阳离子艳红染料的降解率大于 87%     

Fe_2O_3-TiO_2-MnO_2/Al_2O_3催化臭氧化催化剂的制备及表征

以Al_2O_3为载体,采用浸渍-焙烧法制备了Fe_2O_3-TiO_2-MnO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂,使用SEM、EDX、BET和XRD方法对其进行了表征.以化工园区污水处理厂二级出水为目标降解物,考察了该催化剂在臭氧催化氧化过程中的催化活性.结果表明,浸渍液中Ti~(4+)、Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)的摩尔比为2:2:1、焙烧时间为4h和焙烧温度为500℃下制备出的催化剂对化工园区废水有较好的催化性能,在臭氧投加量为50mg/L,催化剂填充率为50%的条件下,反应60min后废水COD的去除率达到52.2%.三维荧光谱图显示,废水经臭氧催化氧化后,水中可见腐殖质类和UV腐殖质类物质可完全降解,同时有少量类富里酸生成.     

双氧水敏化二氧化钛的制备及表征

利用超声分散法,以钛酸丁酯为主要原料,以双氧水为敏化剂,无水乙醇作为溶剂,冰醋酸作为抑制剂,制备双氧水敏化的二氧化钛粉体。并通过X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对产品进行表征。同时研究不同影响因素对甲基橙去除率的影响。实验结果显示,当焙烧温度为550℃,H2O2浓度为0.3%,催化剂投加量为0.5 g/L时,可制备出降解甲基橙溶液效果较好的二氧化钛。     

化学工业废物处理与综合利用

X780.31200603018Al2O3催化臭氧化处理邻苯二甲酸二甲酯/周云瑞…(清华大学环境科学与工程系)∥环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2006,27(1).-51~56环图X-5Al2O3催化剂对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)溶液臭氧化过程的影响结果表明:Al2O3可以显著提高臭氧氧化的效果,反应120min后,TOC的去除率从单独臭氧氧化的23.9%提高到55.1%。实验中还考察了制备条件对Al2O3催化剂活性的影响并确定了反应的最佳工艺条件。在实验考察的范围内:焙烧温度600℃,Al2O3粒径为0.5~1.0mm时催化活性最高;最佳反应工艺条件为:催化剂投加量20g/L,混和气体流速200m…     

非均相膨润土@Fe3O4活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

该文采用共沉淀法成功制备了非均相催化剂膨润土@Fe_3O_4,用于活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解罗丹明B(RhB)染料废水。使用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、X射线单晶衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱对该催化剂进行了表征。对比了不同体系下对RhB的降解效果,结果表明,膨润土@Fe_3O_4/PS体系具有最好的处理效果。探究了膨润土@Fe_3O_4投加量、PS浓度、初始pH对RhB降解的影响,得到了最佳反应条件为:初始pH为3.3,膨润土@Fe_3O_4的投加量为1.5 g/L,PS的浓度为1 g/L。在该最佳反应条件下反应60 min后RhB的去除率为85.11%,总有机碳去除率达77.67%。最后,对反应过程进行了综合分析,提出了膨润土@Fe_3O_4活化PS降解RhB的可能机理。     

Er~(3+)-TiO_2催化剂的制备及光催化性能的研究

本实验使用溶胶-凝胶法制得Er~(3+)-TiO_2(铒掺杂二氧化钛)催化剂,以罗丹明B为目标污染物,采用太阳光作为光源,探究在不相同制备条件和降解条件下催化剂的光催化性能。实验结果证明:最佳制备条件为铒钛比(摩尔百分比)1.00%、焙烧温度600℃;当催化剂投加量为0.2 g、降解100 m L、20 mg/L的罗丹明B、p H=7时,降解效果最好。最佳条件下光催化反应2.5 h后降解效果可达到95%以上,其降解效果是纯TiO_2催化剂降解效果的5倍,是N-TiO_2(氮掺杂二氧化钛)催化剂降解效果的3.5倍,且Er~(3+)-TiO_2催化剂的催化性能稳定,重复利用性好。     

氧化亚铜类Fenton氧化降解染料活性艳蓝KN-R的研究

氧化亚铜(Cu2O)与H2O2组成的类Fenton体系能很好的氧化降解印染废水中的有机物.实验用Cu2O类Fenton氧化降解染料活性艳蓝KN-R,研究表明,Cu2O类Fenton能很好的氧化降解染料活性艳蓝KN-R.在KN-R的溶液初始pH值为2,水浴温度为50℃的条件下,用0.429 g Cu2O(0.3 mmol)和0.1 mL、质量分数为30%的H2O2处理50 mL、质量浓度为100mg/L的KN-R溶液1 h,其脱色率为95.09%,TOC去除率为56.38%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.