潜流湿地植物优选及对总磷日均去除负荷研究

以5种人工湿地常用植物芦苇、香蒲、菖蒲、水葱和黄花鸢尾为研究对象,利用静态污水水培试验,通过对比每种植物3 d内对氮、磷的去除率,确定适宜的潜流湿地品种为芦苇和香蒲,芦苇对氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为30.2%、18.4%和29.2%,香蒲对氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为25.1%、15.4%和29.2%。并且分析每种植物的总磷日均去除负荷量,芦苇和香蒲的总磷日均去除负荷量为70 mg/(d·m2),试验结果对工程设计具有参考价值。     

潮汐流-潜流组合人工湿地微生物群落多样性研究

为研究潮汐流-潜流人工湿地组合的微生物群落空间分布,构建了潮汐流-潜流湿地组合实验装置对人工模拟生活污水进行净化处理,采用PCR-DGGE技术对组合工艺实验装置中微生物空间分布特征进行研究.结果表明,种植植物(香蒲)的人工湿地组合NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N去除率分别为70.22%、28.42%和38.30%,未种植植物的人工湿地组合NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N去除率分别为55.15%、65.26%和61.70%.两组湿地内优势微生物种类共有44种,潮汐流单元微生物种类空间分布差异性较小,系统内多为好氧微生物.潜流人工湿地单元微生物空间分布差异较大,上层以好氧微生物为主,中下层以缺氧和厌氧微生物为主.种植植物可以提高湿地系统中微生物量、微生物群落多样性和均匀性.潮汐流-潜流组合工艺在系统内实现了硝化-反硝化的组合,比一般的潜流和表面流人工湿地组合TN去除率提高了20%~30%.     

不同香蒲预处理方式对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果

针对水平潜流湿地脱氮过程中后端碳源不足导致反硝化脱氮效果不佳的问题,对湿地植物香蒲采用简单处理、酸热处理和碱热处理这3种预处理,探讨香蒲在不同预处理条件下静态释放规律和反硝化特性,基于碳源稳定释放特性及反硝化特性优选碱热处理香蒲作为人工湿地实验系统补给碳源,研究其对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果.结果表明,香蒲不同预处理方式导致乙酸释放存在差异,造成碳源静态释放量存在明显差异,3种香蒲处理方式的平均COD释放量为碱热处理(89. 57 mg·L-1)酸热处理(67. 27 mg·L-1)简单处理(54. 45 mg·L-1).碱热处理香蒲硝氮去除率为75. 2%,明显高于酸热处理(67. 2%)和简单处理(23. 5%).水平潜流人工湿地中段投加碱热处理香蒲,能明显提高湿地脱氮效果,TN平均去除率对比空白对照湿地提高30. 3%,同时系统出水COD浓度不会显著提高,还能有效提高系统对污水中磷的去除效果,除磷效果相比空白组提高33. 9%.     

不同湿地植物脱氮效果与根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性特征分析

为研究水平潜流型人工湿地中不同植物脱氮效果及对土壤微生物的影响,采集水样测定脱氮效率,采集芦苇根际土壤、香蒲根际土壤和对照土壤（不种植物）,利用Biolog技术研究不同处理土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性特征.结果表明:①与对照相比,种植芦苇和香蒲可提高水平潜流型人工湿地7%~33%的NH₃-N去除率.②芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的碳源利用率增加,并显著高于对照土壤;香蒲根际土壤的碳源利用率高于芦苇根际土壤.芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物均对碳水化合物的相对利用率较高（> 48.0%）,对照土壤微生物对碳水化合物和聚合物的相对利用率均较高,分别为34.4%和32.7%.③芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener均匀度指数均显著高于对照土壤.④主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）结果表明,芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物与对照土壤微生物对碳源的利用特征均存在显著差异,而不同植物对土壤微生物碳源利用多样性的影响较小.研究显示,种植植物可改善水平潜流型人工湿地的脱氮效率,增加根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性,而不同植物（芦苇和香蒲）对脱氮效率和根际土壤微生物群落组成的影响无显著差异,因此在种植植物时可根据当地条件进行选择.      

湿地植物对郊区污水中氨氮净化效果的研究

采用实验模拟潜流式人工湿地的方法,通过测定污水中的氨氮指标,研究芦苇、香蒲对污水的净化效果。结果表明：单种芦苇、单种香蒲及芦苇香蒲交叉种植对氨氮的去除率分别为84．45％、72．77％、72．10％。     

风车草和香蒲人工湿地对养殖水体磷的去除作用

研究了风车草和香蒲水平潜流人工湿地对养殖水体中不同形态磷的去除效果差异,并对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,以风车草湿地为例, 对养殖水体中总磷(TP)、颗粒态磷(PP)、溶解态正磷酸盐(DIP)、溶解态有机磷(DOP)的平均去除率分别为87%、95%、92%和43%,表明人工湿地对水体中不同形态磷的去除效果存在差异. 风车草湿地处理系统对TP 和DIP 的去除率显著(P<0.05)高于香蒲湿地.而对于DOP 的去除效果,香蒲湿地处理系统要明显(P<0.05)优于风车草湿地系统.在运行80d 后,风车草人工湿地出水DOP 浓度要高于进水浓度,表明该湿地系统出现DOP 净释放现象.     

多介质土壤滤层系统(MSL)与潜流式人工湿地技术处理海水养殖废水的效能比较

为探索经济可行的海水养殖废水处理技术,选取南美白对虾海水养殖废水,对比研究了多介质土壤滤层(multi-soillayer,MSL)系统和4种不同植物配置潜流式人工湿地(大米草型、芦苇型、香蒲型和无植物型)在400 L·(m2·d)-1水力负荷下的废水处理效果.结果表明,MSL对化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)的平均去除率分别为80.38%±2.14%、68.14%±3.51%、40.79%±3.10%、42.68%±2.90%和54.19%±5.15%,均高于其他4种不同植物配置的潜流式人工湿地的处理效果.4种人工湿地系统对各污染物的去除率从高到低依次为:大米草型>芦苇型>香蒲型>无植物型.     

芦苇和香蒲种间竞争对混合种植人工湿地污染河水净化特性的影响

为了系统评估混合种植人工湿地中植物组成的变化规律,以及物种竞争对湿地植物-微生物相互作用和湿地净化功能的影响特性,基于芦苇、香蒲混合种植的表面流人工湿地中试实验,开展了连续5年的研究.结果表明,在混合种植人工湿地中,芦苇从进水端开始侵蚀香蒲生态位,芦苇的生长密度和生物量在5年后分别达到了香蒲的11.5和6.1倍,但香蒲...     

潜流人工湿地处理微污染河道水中有机物和氮的净化效率及沿程变化

摘要：以野外水平潜流芦苇砾石床人工湿地研究了湿地对微污染河道水的长期动态净化特性。2a多的运行结果表明,潜流湿地对污染物的去除性能存在波动、稳定过程。潜流湿地降解有机物和脱氮性能与植物生长和季节变化相关,其中植物生长和季节变化对湿地脱氮效能的影响大于对湿地去除有机物的影响。潜流湿地降解有机物的主要场所随运行时间沿程推移,启动期主要在湿地前部完成,稳定运行期主要在湿地的前、中部完成。湿地对有机物的去除率,在6.10%～37.83%之间变化。湿地运行期间,沿程水样C/N值基本大于5,碳源供应较充足。潜流湿地启动期TN平均去除率为15.51%,稳定运行期TN平均去除率为8.61%,低于启动期,整个运行期间湿地TN去除率不足40%。潜流湿地中硝化与反硝化反应在中部达到动态平衡,TN去除效率最高。稳定运行期间潜流湿地的前、中部耗氧强度最大,后部下层有明显硝化反应发生。潜流湿地对有机物降解、硝化与反硝化反应、TN去除具有沿程同步性。试验还初步发现,在植物生长旺盛的春夏季根系分泌的低分子有机酸对化能自养型硝化细菌可能有较大抑制作用,可能是影响脱氮效率提高的一个因素。     

潜法人工湿地处理微污染河道水中有机物和氮的净化效率及沿程变化

以野外水平潜流芦苇砾石床人工湿地研究r湿地对微污染河道水的长期动态净化特性.2年多的运行结果表明,潜流湿地对污染物的去除性能存在波动、稳定过程.潜流湿地降解有机物和脱氮性能与植物生长和季节变化相关,其中植物生长和季节变化对湿地脱氮效能的影响大于对湿地去除有机物的影响.潜流湿地降解有机物的主要场所随运行时间沿程推移,启动期主要在湿地前部完成,稳定运行期主要在湿地的前、中部完成.湿地对有机物的去除率,在6.10%～37.83%之间变化.湿地运行期间,沿程水样C/N值基本>5.碳源供应较充足.潜流湿地启动期TN平均去除率为15.51%,稳定运行期TN平均去除率为8.61%,低于启动期.整个运行期间湿地TN去除率不足40%.潜流湿地中硝化与反硝化反应在中部达到动态平衡,TN去除效率最高.稳定运行期间潜流湿地的前、中部耗氧强度最大,后部下层有明显硝化反应发生.潜流湿地对有机物降解、硝化与反硝化反应、TN去除具有沿程同步性.试验还初步发现.在植物生长旺盛的春夏季根系分泌的低分子有机酸对化能自养型硝化细菌可能有较大抑制作用,可能是影响脱氮效率提高的一个因素.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.