人工湿地技术的除污效果分析研究

人工湿地技术对城市污水的除污作用十分强大,因此对人工湿地技术的除污效果进行详细分析。酸模和美人蕉湿地体系的TN平均的去除率均在60%以上,在TN去除率方面,酸模要比美人蕉明显;随着时间的增长,酸模对NH+4-N的去除效果,要优于美人蕉对NH+4-N的去除效果;美人蕉对TP平均去除率大概是87%,酸模对TP平均去除率大概是77%,对于TP的去除,美人蕉要优于酸模;酸模对COD平均去除率大概为60%,美人蕉对COD平均去除率大概为54%,可见,两种植物湿地针对COD的去除效果一般。     

人工湿地组合工艺削减山地城市地表径流污染

采用前置生态塘-表流人工湿地-卵石过滤带组合工艺处理山地城市地表径流,研究了各单元在COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N方面的去除效果,以及径流中COD浓度和氮素形态对污染物去除的影响。结果表明,针对COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N,生态塘可以达到82%、53%、45%和32%的去除,表流人工湿地可以达到82%、83%、80%和61%的去除。COD由60 mg/L升至500 mg/L时,整个组合工艺的TP去除率由61%升至82%后下降至64%,TN去除率由50%提高至82%,NH4+-N去除率由67%降至41%。氮素组成对TN和COD的去除影响较大,NH4+-N∶NO3--N由3∶1变为1∶3时,COD去除率从73%提高到85%,TN去除率从53%提高到86%,NH4+-N去除率变化不大,为45%~51%。该组合工艺能够有效去除和削减城市地表径流中的COD、TN和TP的污染。     

碳氧调控下人工湿地净化效果的协同与拮抗研究

从人工湿地脱氮效果的重要限制因子——溶解氧和碳源着手,构建了一种人工湿地碳氧联合调控脱氮系统,研究了曝气、碳源投加、碳氧联合调控下人工湿地的净化效果.结果表明,曝气促进了TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP的去除,但夏季时会导致NO3--N的积累;碳源投加提高了TN、NO3--N的去除,但冬季时会导致COD去除率的下降.碳氧联合调控下人工湿地对TN、NO3--N的去除表现出协同作用,对NH4+-N、COD的去除表现出独立作用,而对TP、TSS的去除表现出一定的拮抗作用.另外,对于以氨氮为主的“低碳高氮”污水,人工湿地碳氧联合调控系统脱氮效率达87.3%,可见该强化系统适用于“低碳高氮”污水的处理.     

季节变化对人工湿地与生态塘组合工艺脱氮除磷性能影响

针对太湖流域执行的严格排放标准,以及太湖三山岛农村生活污水分布面广而分散和水质水量不稳定等问题,提出人工湿地与生态塘组合工艺。研究了季节变化对组合工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响,试验结果表明:系统运行1年,组合工艺在不同季节对COD、NH+4-N和TP均具有较好的去除效果,平均出水水质可达GB 3838—2002《地表环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准;TN平均出水水质接近GB 3838—2002Ⅴ类标准;在不同季节,组合工艺对污染物去除效果不同,对COD和TP去除率为:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,对NH+4-N和TN去除率为:冬季>夏季>秋季>春季,系统单位面积对COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除量为:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。     

河源城南污水处理厂尾水深度处理效果的研究

河源市城南污水处理厂利用垂直流人工湿地对该厂A2-O工艺处理的尾水进行深度处理,研究了人工湿地对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD、BOD5的去除效果。结果表明:人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水具有较好的深度处理效果,垂直流人工湿地处理系统对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD和BOD5平均去除率分别达到97.4%、97.8%、95.06%、91.87%和95.87%以上,其出水水质基本达GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,地表水Ⅲ类标准。     

季节变化及植物生长对人工湿地处理效率的影响

季节变化与植物生长状况直接影响人工湿地污染物净化效果。对两个人工湿地的芦苇、风车草、旱伞竹、美人蕉、香蒲、菖蒲及姜花生长状况(株高、冠幅、分蘖、底径)、地上部分生物量等植物生长状况数据进行了为期两年的观测与记录,同期对人工湿地、各工艺段的进水及出水进行了采样及监测。研究表明,湿地植物对污染物的迁移能力直接关系到湿地系统的运行效果,这种迁移能力与植物生长量、污染物蓄积能力和生物量的生产速度有关,同时,影响植物生长量的因素又都会影响植物对污染物的同化和迁移。在春季和夏季,植物生长迅速,TN、NH3-N去除率保持在60%左右,TP、COD去除率保持在50%左右。在秋季和冬季,植物逐渐衰败及死亡,TN、NH3-N、COD去除率仅为40%左右。     

塘-湿地复合生态系统处理石油化工废水的效能

应用多级塘(厌氧塘,兼性塘,好氧塘和冬季储留塘)-湿地复合生态系统对石油化工废水进行强化处理和利用,处理能力10万m3/d.结果表明,多级塘-湿地复合生态系统在寒冷地区对石油化工废水处理效果良好,最终处理单元芦苇湿地出水的COD、BOD5、TN、NH4+-N、TP和石油类物质的平均值分别可达到75.08,7.51,10.63,5.12,0.5,4.63mg/L.植物生长季节(5～10月),系统对各污染物的去除效果均优于非植物生长季节.系统中的储留塘可实现污水在冬季(11月～翌年5月)的零排放,保证全年处理效果.     

采油废水人工湿地处理效果及植物作用分析

采用水平潜流人工湿地中试系统处理采油废水,考察湿地植物生长状况对污染物去除效果的影响,运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术分析湿地植物对有机污染的吸附情况,并分析了湿地植物对氮、磷的吸收效果。研究结果表明:人工湿地出水达GB 8987—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。湿地植物的生长状况与人工湿地的COD及NH 4+-N去除率呈现一定的耦合关系。芦苇及藨草均能吸附多种难降解有机污染物。植物吸收是人工湿地去除氮、磷的途径之一,但并非主要途径。     

多级垂直流人工湿地对北方农村生活污水的处理分析

文章采用多级垂直流人工湿地处理北方农村生活污水,考察了稳定运行期水力负荷、植物收割以及季节对COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP的去除影响。结果表明:COD、TN和TP去除随水力负荷增加呈递减趋势,在0.15 m~3/(m~2·d)时去除最佳,出水浓度分别为18～30、9～25和0.4～0.5 mg/L。NH~+_4-N去除随水力负荷增加呈先增后减趋势,在0.25 m~3/(m~2·d)时去除率最佳,出水浓度为0～6 mg/L。在水力负荷为0.15 m~3/(m~2·d)时,植物收割后COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP的去除均有所降低。不同季节时,夏季湿地处理效果最佳,冬季最差。同时对比实验表明,夏季水力负荷为0.15 m~3/(m~2·d)时,多级垂直流人工湿地对COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP的去除效果优于单级水平流人工湿地,其出水达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级A标准。     

复合垂直流人工湿地植物与填料优化组合研究

为探究植物和填料不同组合对复合垂直流人工湿地污染物去除效果的影响,采用复合垂直流人工湿地系统净化二级生活污水,且考察了冬夏两季湿地系统中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、溶解氧(DO)以及pH的沿程变化。结果表明:湿地系统中污染物浓度沿程逐渐降低,当污水流经湿地系统时,大部分污染物得到去除,出水水质理想。通过填料与植物的不同优化组合,对比A、B两组湿地各级处理效果,得出最佳湿地三级优化组合模式为:第1级为风车草+钢渣,第2级为美人蕉+钢渣+石灰石,第3级为菖蒲+石灰石。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.