烧结烟气脱硝工艺的探讨

研究表明,冶金企业排放的NO_x总量在固定发生源中占第二位,仅次于SO_2的排放量。其中,烧结机排放的NO_x总量约占冶金企业NO_x排放总量的50%左右。故对烧结机烟气NO_x排放量的控制将有效地降低冶金企业的NO_x的排放量。由于我国环保意识起步较晚,我们对烧结脱硝相关技术的研究认识还不够,随着国家对其环保要求日益严格,对这方面的研究也一定会随之深入。本文首先分析了烧结机烟气的特点,根据这些气体的特点从原理、去除效率和对应的可行性进行对比,希望能够为烧结烟气脱硝工艺的选择提供参考。     

中小型锅炉脱硫脱硝技术简述

近年来,SO_2和NO_x被纳入大气污染物总量控制指标,国家环境保护部颁布《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》GB13271-2014,排放标准日趋严格。随着大型火电厂已装备脱硫脱硝设备,削减中小型锅炉的SO_2和NO_x的排放量已是刻不容缓。通过概述中小型锅炉脱硫脱硝技术及现状,对比中小型锅炉脱硫脱硝工艺,对脱硫脱硝工艺中存在问题提出了建议,为中小型锅炉SO_2和NO_x治理提供技术参考。     

两级湿法脱硫脱硝除尘一体化工艺实践

在4.2 MW采暖锅炉上研发实践一体化脱硫脱硝、除尘系统,包括炉内催化法,将部分NO转化为NO_2,再以∩型布置一塔双循环。两级湿法分别采用离心法和反向喷淋法,末端使用离心除雾器降低烟气含水率使烟尘达标。对于脱硫脱硝系统,通过分析脱硫剂对烟尘的影响,一级喷淋系统使用Ca O法,SO_2、NO_2脱除率>70%。二级水中加入NH_3·H_2O,捕捉一级脱硫逃逸的Ca(OH)_2,再生(NH_4)_2SO_3组成双碱法(Ca O/NH_3)。提高Ca O利用率同时,使锅炉烟气中的SO_2、NO_x达标。连续运行结果:SO_2、NO_x、烟尘出口浓度分别为65,35,18 mg/m~3;离心除雾使烟气含水率由10%降低至4.3%,年耗水量较FGD工艺降低35%。     

电子束辐照法净化烟气同时脱硫脱氮

应用电子束辐照法净化含有SO_2和NO_x的烟气,可高效地同时脱除烟气中的SO_2和NO_x.这项新技术,作为工艺过程简单、高效、无二次污染的新型干法排烟脱硫脱氮技术很有希望.     

低温烟气循环流化床同时脱硫脱硝技术在津西钢铁厂的应用

基于当前环境污染现状及国家环保标准的提高,津西钢铁对2号265 m~2烧结机实施技术改造,项目圆满通过168 h满负荷运行性能考核。低温烟气循环流化床同时脱硫脱硝技术开发了独有的低温氧化催化剂和高效的循环流化床反应器,解决了NO的低成本氧化和SO_2及NO_x高效脱除的两大关键难题。该技术的成功应用,为烧结烟气实现超低排放的提供了一条经济可靠的技术路线。     

烧结烟气中污染物防治技术应用现状

介绍了烧结机头烟气中烟粉尘、重金属、SO_2、NO_x,以及二恶英的排放现状。分别从源头减排、过程控制、末端治理等三方面分析了污染防治技术的应用现状。根据烧结烟气多污染物排放特点及其防控需要,针对不同工艺,提出了4种多污染物联合防治技术路线,并分析了其优缺点。同时,对烧结烟气污染物治理的发展方向进行探讨,提出应对烧结烟气中细颗粒物与重金属的排放情况和防治技术做进一步研究。     

KMnO_4氧化复合NaOH液相吸收同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究

利用鼓泡吸收装置研究了KMnO_4/NaOH氧化吸收NO和SO_2过程,得出以下结论:同时脱硫脱硝时的脱硝效果要好于单独脱硝,但脱硫效果相差相当;KMnO_4和NaOH初始浓度的增加都能促进NO_x的脱除,但KMnO_4的促进作用更加明显;较低浓度SO_2的加入可促进NO_x脱除,然而过高浓度的SO_2会抑制NO_x的脱除。KMnO_4/NaOH同时脱硫脱硝可使脱硝率达70%左右,且脱硫率达98%以上,总体上效果理想。     

应用电子束辐照法脱除烟气中的硫、氮

传统的排烟脱硫及脱氮技术,通常是对SO_2和NO_x分别进行控制,这在经济及技术上往往是不太合理的。假如在净化SO_2的过程中,一同将NO_x除去,即在净化烟气的同一过程中同时除去SO_2和NO_x,那是极为理想的。应用电子束辐照法处理含有SO_2和NO_x的烟气,可高效地从烟气中同时脱除SO_2和NO_x。这项新技术,是近年来新开发的排烟同时脱硫脱氮技术中最有前途和希望的。     

我国烧结烟气脱硫现状及脱硝技术研究

介绍了烧结烟气中二氧化硫及氮氧化物的排放现状、污染物控制的国家政策及行业背景,阐述了目前烧结行业脱硫技术的特点、应用现状及存在的主要问题,分析了目前烧结烟气脱硝的主要研究方向及烧结烟气脱硝的技术难点,提出了对我国烧结烟气脱硫脱硝技术发展的建议。     

烧结烟气湿式氨法同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

在鼓泡反应器中进行烧结烟气湿式氨法同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,考察了添加剂/NO物质的量比、吸收液NH3-NH+4浓度和烟气性质对烧结烟气脱硫脱硝的影响。实验结果表明:随着添加剂/NO物质的量比、烟气温度和NO浓度的增加,脱硝率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。脱硝率随着吸收液中NH3-NH+4浓度的增大而增大。随着SO2浓度的增大,脱硝率逐渐减小。在所有实验条件下,脱硫率均接近或达到100%。在最佳实验条件下,脱硝率可达61.49%。通过添加添加剂部分氧化烧结烟气,可使烧结烟气湿式氨法脱硫工艺的脱硝率提高20%~30%。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.