雅砻江锦屏大河湾产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状

于2019～2020年6～7月在雅砻江下游锦屏大河湾里庄江段开展鱼类早期资源调查。结果表明,调查期间共采集鱼类卵苗19种,其中产漂流性卵鱼类7种,5种为长江上游特有鱼类。产漂流性卵鱼类2019年和2020年产卵规模分别为103.07×10⁴粒和388.58×10⁴粒,主要产卵场自上而下分布在烟袋、南河-青纳和里庄等3个江段。与历史数据相比,锦屏大河湾产漂流性卵鱼类种类组成变化不大,均以中华金沙鳅和犁头鳅为主要繁殖种类,产卵规模有所降低,以圆口铜鱼、长鳍吻鮈和长薄鳅等的减少较为明显,产卵行为仅零星发生。虽然受到梯级水电开发、过度捕捞和采砂挖金等多种因素的影响,作为雅砻江下游流程最长的流水河段,锦屏大河湾仍是多种鱼类产卵繁殖的重要分布区,产卵规模近年来呈逐渐上升趋势。建议进一步增加栖息地保护与修复、河流连通性恢复、优化生态调度等措施,促进该区域鱼类物种和生境多样性保护。     

金沙江下游巧家江段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源研究

为掌握金沙江下游巧家江段产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖状况,为金沙江下游鱼类资源保护提供科学依据,于2017～2018年5～7月对金沙江下游巧家江段进行鱼类早期资源调查。结果表明,至少有14种(亚种)鱼类在金沙江下游江段繁殖,其中包括产漂流性卵鱼类12种,长江上游特有鱼类7种。两年调查期间,估算产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量分别为6 949.73×10~4 ind和11 056.17×10~4 ind,其中长江上游特有鱼类产卵量分别为3 861.44×10~4 ind和5 338.16×10~4 ind。监测期间累计出现5次产卵高峰(2017年2次,2018年3次),合计产卵量为7 942.02×10~4 ind,占两年产卵总规模的42.67%。采用Pearson相关系数对鱼卵径流量与水环境因子进行分析,2018年水温与鱼卵径流量极显著正相关(P0.01),圆口铜鱼、长薄鳅和中华金沙鳅等特有鱼类产卵高峰均出现在流速增长期。产卵场范围为巧家县至攀枝花市江段,2017年主要产卵场分别为巧家县、会泽、会东和皎平渡4个江段;2018新增加了武定江段。与历史调查结果比较,本次调查长江上游特有鱼类种类数量相对增多,产卵总量变化不显著,产卵江段相对更为分散。建议加强巧家江段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源研究,尤其是特有物种人工繁殖技术研究,同时科学适宜地开展水利工程生态调度。     

通江湖泊的渔业意义及其资源管理对策

长江中、下游的江湖复合生态系统包含有河流和湖泊两个环境单元。其中的鱼类群落由河海洄游鱼类、江湖洄游鱼类、河流鱼类和定居性鱼类等４个生态类群组成,尤以江湖洄游鱼类对这一特殊的生态环境形成了良好的适应,因而种群数量繁盛,从渔业的角度看,水利工程造成的江湖阻隔削弱了通江湖泊的生态功能,成为导致鱼类资源下降和种类结构改变的主要原因之一。当前应从控制捕捞、人工增殖和恢复生态环境结构等方面着手进行资源管理,确     

湖南境内澧水鱼类资源现状与多样性研究

作为洞庭湖一级支流,澧水对洞庭湖乃至长江水系鱼类资源的维持或补充有着重要作用。为了了解澧水的鱼类资源现状,于2010年4月~2011年12月,对湖南境内澧水水系鱼类资源进行调查。共采集鉴定鱼类95种(包括1种湖南鱼类新纪录,4种外来种),隶属于8目19科59属。种类组成以鲤科鱼类为主,占50.53%。多样性分析表明,澧水不同江段鱼类群落多样性处于较好或丰富状态,在空间分布上,鱼类物种数按上、中、下游依次增加,多样性指数也呈上升趋势且差异显著(P<0.05)。相似性及聚类分析表明,澧水鱼类群落可分为3个类群,即:上、中、下游类群;上游与中游类群为中等相似,与下游类群为中等不相似,中游与下游类群相似性总体小于与上游类群相似性。澧水鱼类在洄游、摄食、栖息习性等生态类型上呈现多样化特征。调查江段渔获物组成虽存在差异,但主要以鲤、鲫、翘嘴鲌、蒙古鲌、鲇、黄颡鱼、、银鮈、中华花鳅、子陵吻鰕虎鱼等湖泊定居性或山溪流水性鱼类为主,"四大家鱼"等洄游性鱼类所占比例极低,鱼类小型化现象明显,原因分析主要与水工建设和过度捕捞有关。     

湖南境内澧水鱼类资源现状与多样性研究

作为洞庭湖一级支流,澧水对洞庭湖乃至长江水系鱼类资源的维持或补充有着重要作用。为了了解澧水的鱼类资源现状,于2010年4月~2011年12月,对湖南境内澧水水系鱼类资源进行调查。共采集鉴定鱼类95种（包括1种湖南鱼类新纪录,4种外来种）,隶属于8目19科59属。种类组成以鲤科鱼类为主,占5053%。多样性分析表明,澧水不同江段鱼类群落多样性处于较好或丰富状态,在空间分布上,鱼类物种数按上、中、下游依次增加,多样性指数也呈上升趋势且差异显著（P<005）。相似性及聚类分析表明,澧水鱼类群落可分为3个类群,即：上、中、下游类群;上游与中游类群为中等相似,与下游类群为中等不相似,中游与下游类群相似性总体小于与上游类群相似性。澧水鱼类在洄游、摄食、栖息习性等生态类型上呈现多样化特征。调查江段渔获物组成虽存在差异,但主要以鲤、鲫、翘嘴鲌、蒙古鲌、鲇、黄颡鱼、[XCz1.tif;%85%85,JZ]、银鮈、中华花鳅、子陵吻鰕虎鱼等湖泊定居性或山溪流水性[JP3]鱼类为主,“四大家鱼”等洄游性鱼类所占比例极低,鱼类小型化现象明显,原因分析主要与水工建设和过度捕捞有关。[     

长江中下游人工鱼礁水动力特性实验研究

受三峡蓄水的影响,长江中下游水文生态系统发生明显变化,导致四大家鱼产卵适宜度下降以及像中华鲟这类生殖洄游性鱼类鱼卵孵化率降低。建设人工鱼礁是缓解长江渔业资源衰退、保护长江物种多样性、保持长江渔业可持续发展的一项重要措施。基于水槽模型实验,以透空正六面体型人工鱼礁为研究对象,将鱼礁块体与护岸相结合铺设在河道岸坡上,构成鱼礁型生态护岸。通过对鱼礁型护岸周围水面线及水流流速等水力特性进行测量分析,得到了鱼礁型护岸的鱼类产卵场水力因子。结果表明:在长江中下游河道两岸铺设透空型人工鱼礁其周围水流流速可维持在0.84~1 m/s之间,处于四大家鱼产卵繁殖最适宜的流速范围内;且由于鱼礁的存在,使岸坡附近水流流速梯度增大并产生上升流及背涡流等一些复杂的水流流态,这些水力因素又刺激了四大家鱼的交配活动,增加鱼类的产卵量。     

鲮（Cirrhinus molitorell）入侵长江水系的可能性探讨

鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella〗）是分布于我国华南地区的一种热带、亚热带鱼类,历史上未曾分布于长江水系。鲮食性广、性成熟时间短,繁殖量大,但不耐低温。2010年10月,对长江宜昌江段鱼类资源调查中发现了一种非长江水系土著种的野鲮亚科鱼类。基于鳞片、鳍条、口器、腮耙等特征鉴定为鲮（C. molitorella）。进一步结合鲮的生物学特征和长江水温及水生态环境状况对鲮的进入途径和成为入侵鱼类的可能性进行了初步的探讨,并对其成为入侵鱼类的危害和防治进行了初步讨论。     

鄂西北六个自然保护区鱼类群落结构及多样性比较

为了解鄂西北地区的鱼类多样性和鱼类群落结构,于2007~2012年先后对鄂西的八卦山自然保护区、堵河源自然保护区、五道峡自然保护区、南河自然保护区、野人谷自然保护区及漳河源自然保护区的鱼类资源进行调查。结果显示,6个自然保护区共有鱼类79种,隶属4目15科51属。鲤形目鱼类为6个自然保护区的主要类群,共56种,占总数的70.89%。6个自然保护区的鱼类食性和生态类群相似,鱼类食性均以肉食性和杂食性为主,草食性鱼类较少;定居性鱼类占主体,河湖洄游性和喜流水性鱼类较少。渔获物分析表明,堵河源自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数(D)最大,为2.60,八卦山自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数最小,为0.91。多样性分析表明,同一水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值均比处于不同水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值小;处于同一水系的保护区相似性系数(C_j)较高,处于不同水系的保护区之间的相似性系数较低(C_j),这很好的诠释了处于同一水系的自然保护区在地理环境上的连续性,而处于不同水系的自然保护区之间出现了地理环境的分化隔离。目前水电开发和过度捕捞是该地区鱼类最大的威胁因子,建议强化渔政管理,并建立鱼类人工繁育基地,以减缓水电工程带来的不利影响,恢复天然渔业资源。     

长江上游干流春季禁渔前后三年渔获物结构和生物多样性分析

根据2000~2005年长江上游干流宜宾、巴南和万州3个江段三层流刺网的监测资料,分析了春禁前后3年渔获物结构和鱼类生物多样性的变化,对长江上游春禁效果进行了初步评价。春禁前后3年共监测到鱼类51种,隶属于3目18科（亚科）36属,以鲤科鱼类为主,占608%。春禁后,渔获物主要种类优势度有所下降,部分江段单位捕捞努力量渔获量表现出一定上升趋势,3个江段Margalef指数、Pielou指数和Wilhm改进指数有一定升高,表明种类丰富度有所提高,群落结构趋于复杂,春季禁渔有一定效果。春禁前后渔获物种类的波动,可能与这些种类种群数量少,难以采到有关;春禁后主要种类平均体长、体重仍表现出下降趋势,可能与过度捕捞及资源在短期内难以恢复有关。建议延长禁渔期、严格控制禁渔结束后的捕捞强度等措施来提高禁渔效果,并采取恢复江湖联系、保护重要渔业水域水质、实施水利工程生态调度等措施来配合春禁制度的实施。长江渔业资源的恢复和保护是一个长期而复杂的过程,对长江禁渔效果的准确评估还需要长期监测和深入研究。     

长江上游干流春季禁渔前后三年渔获物结构和生物多样性分析

根据2000～2005年长江上游干流宜宾、巴南和万州3个江段三层流刺网的监测资料,分析了春禁前后3年渔获物结构和鱼类生物多样性的变化,对长江上游春禁效果进行了初步评价.春禁前后3年共监测到鱼类51种,隶属于3目18科(亚科)36属,以鲤科鱼类为主,占60.8%.春禁后,渔获物主要种类优势度有所下降,部分江段单位捕捞努力量渔获量表现出一定上升趋势,3个江段Margalef指数、Pielou指数和Wilhm改进指数有一定升高,表明种类丰富度有所提高,群落结构趋于复杂,春季禁渔有一定效果.春禁前后渔获物种类的波动,可能与这些种类种群数量少,难以采到有关;春禁后主要种类平均体长、体重仍表现出下降趋势,可能与过度捕捞及资源在短期内难以恢复有关.建议延长禁渔期、严格控制禁渔结束后的捕捞强度等措施来提高禁渔效果,并采取恢复江湖联系、保护重要渔业水域水质、实施水利工程生态调度等措施来配合春禁制度的实施.长江渔业资源的恢复和保护是一个长期而复杂的过程,对长江禁渔效果的准确评估还需要长期监测和深入研究.     

Reproductive performance and organochlorine pollutants in an Antarctic marine top predator: the south polar skua

Despite low levels of organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in Antarctic biota, some compounds may exceed the levels in equivalent Arctic species, and previous studies have found biochemical evidence of pollutant exposure in south polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki), a common marine top predator in the region. In this study we examined relationships between fitness components (fecundity and adult return rate between breeding seasons) and concentrations of OCs in this species. In 65 nests, both males and females were caught, and using principal component analyses (PCA) we produced composite measurements (PC1 and PC2) of six highly correlated OCs measured in blood samples. Although the concentrations of OC were below those documented to have reproductive effects in other aquatic birds, we found that the eggs of females with high levels of OCs in the blood hatched later, and their chicks were in poorer condition at hatching, than females with low OC levels. Thus OCs may delay reproduction and reduce foetal growth in the skuas. However, there was no relationship between the parents' OC residues and the occurrence of non-viable eggs, although the proportion of nests containing non-viable eggs was high (47%). Moreover, there were no significant relationships between OCs and reproductive variables in males, even if males had higher OC levels than females, and no associations between OCs and adult return rate between breeding seasons.     

Reproductive parameters of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobaria pulmonaria</Emphasis> (L.) Hoffm. in the Urals

The capacity of species for expansion and colonization of new habitats is a key condition for the maintenance of their populations. In this study, specific features of the reproductive potential have been analyzed in Lobaria pulmonaria populations growing under contrasting climatic conditions. Certain ecological determinants governing the development of this lichen species have been revealed.     

The Impact of Pollution on the Meroplankton of Gaidamak Bight (Vostok Bay,Sea of Japan)

The taxonomic composition, concentration, and distribution of meroplankton have been studied in Gaidamak Bight, Peter the Great Bay, chronically exposed to anthropogenic impact. It has been demonstrated that, in addition to larvae of benthic invertebrates resistant to pollution, the larvae of other species are always abundant in the bight. They drift with currents from neighboring clean water areas, thus maintaining the high reproductive potential of meroplankton in the bight. Therefore, if this water area was cleared of pollutants, it could be populated again by species that have disappeared from it.     

Unexpected high PCB and total DDT levels in the breeding population of red kite (Milvus milvus) from Doñana National Park, south-western Spain

This study provides information on the current status of contamination by organochlorines (DDTs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs) in the declining red kite (Milvus milvus L.) population breeding in the Do?ana National Park (DNP), south-western Spain. Analyses were performed in addled eggs collected between 1999 and 2001. DDE concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 33.5 microg/g ww, representing more than 86% of the total DDTs. Of the samples studied, 50% showed DDE levels above those associated with reproductive impairment in other raptor species. Concentrations of ortho PCBs (average 36.8 microg/g ww+/-37.7) in 50% of the eggs were much higher than levels reported to cause reduced hatching success, embryo mortality, and deformities in birds (>20 microg/g ww). It is remarkable that average ortho PCB and DDE concentrations showed an increase of one order of magnitude compared to previous data for the species during the 80s. Total PCDD/Fs showed levels in the low pg/g range (7.2-42 pg/g ww), having PCDDs and PCDFs similar contributions in most samples. Total mean TEQs were 238 pg/g (ww), being the range 7.02-667 pg/g (ww). Spatial variation within DNP was observed for PCBs, DDTs, as well as for TEQs. Since some eggs exceeded the NOEL (67%) and LOEL (33%) reported for other raptor species, we would expect the red kite to experience detrimental effects to dioxin-like toxicity. Our results suggest that organochlorine contaminants should be regarded as an element of concern in the population under study, in addition to other conservation problems already reported. Further investigations should be undertaken to identify potential sources of these chemicals in DNP, and to find out if organochlorine contamination is present in other predator species in the area, as well as their potential health effects on individuals and/or populations.     

Sex-specific predation on two lizard species by kestrels

Sex-biased predation is thought to have important implications for sexual selection, sex allocation, and population dynamics (Magnhagen, 1991; Le-Galliard et al., 2005 for an example in lizards). Most studies found that males are subjected to higher predation pressure than females during the reproductive season (Korpimäki, 1985; Lodé et al., 2004; Christe et al., 2006; Costantini et al., 2007). In that period, males are very mobile, emit acoustic signals and exhibit brilliant colourations, which are needed to attract females but may make them more visible to predators. With regard to lizards, a recent study provided the first evidence that males of a lizard species may be preyed on more than females (Costantini et al., 2007). In the present study, we investigated whether there is sex-biased predation on two small lacertid species, the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) and the Italian wall lizard Podarcis sicula (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810), by Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) during the reproductive season. We also examined whether (1) the rate of predation differed between species and (2) the rate of predation differed across years or among hunting habitats for each species.     

Phthalate exposure and reproductive parameters in young men from the general Swedish population

BackgroundIn animals, exposure to certain phthalates negatively affects the male reproductive function. Human results are conflicting and mostly based on subfertile males, in whom the association between exposure and reproductive function may differ from the general population.ObjectivesTo study if levels of phthalate metabolites were associated with semen quality and reproductive hormones in general Swedish men.MethodsWe recruited 314 young men delivering semen, urine and blood samples at the same visit. We analyzed reproductive hormones and several semen parameters including progressive motility and high DNA stainability (HDS)—a marker for sperm immaturity. In urine, we analyzed metabolites of phthalates, including diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). We studied associations between urinary levels of the metabolites and seminal as well as serum reproductive parameters, accounting for potential confounders.ResultsDEHP metabolite levels, particularly urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), were negatively associated with progressive sperm motility, which was 11 (95% CI: 5.0–17) percentage points lower in the highest quartile of MECPP than in the lowest. Further, men in the highest quartile of the DEHP metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate had 27% (95% CI: 5.5%–53%) higher HDS than men in the lowest quartile.ConclusionsDEHP metabolite levels seemed negatively associated with sperm motility and maturation.     

The State of Populations and Selective Hunting of Game Ungulates in the Middle Urals

The population dynamics of moose, wild boar, and roe deer in the Middle Urals and changes in the proportion of females among the animals taken by hunters were analyzed. For all the three species, a tendency toward selective hunting for females was revealed. In this situation, the proportion of females in a population decreases with time, and its reproductive potential is impaired.     

Fine-scale spatial patterns of the Tertiary relict Zelkova abelicea (Ulmaceae) indicate possible processes contributing to its persistence to climate changes

In this paper, the fine-scale spatial patterns of the Tertiary relict Zelkova abelicea (Lam.) Boiss. were studied (1) to reveal processes that contributed to its persistence to climate changes and (2) to assist future conservation planning, with the purpose of shifting the attention of conservation practitioners from patterns to processes. Results of the fine-scale spatial patterns of Z. abelicea indicate that the species tolerates disturbance and/or tracks changes resulting from disturbance in the range of its distribution through morphological and reproductive plasticity. In addition, our study indicates that Z. abelicea populations are conserved in the absence of metapopulation structure and that the species participates in plant–plant interactions through facilitation processes. Hence, the persistence of the species to climate changes seems to be more complicated and multifactorial than a linear and plain view of species survival in climate refugial areas, and therefore calls for a consideration of the processes revealed in this paper in future conservation planning.     

Spatial Distribution of Sables in the Middle Ob Region

Results of stationary studies on the spatial location of sables (Martes zibellinaL.) belonging to different age and sex groups are summarized. Mapping the sites where 388 animals were taken, it was found that young animals tended to live near floodplains; adult animals, on watersheds. Analysis of sables taken by commercial hunters (n= 1833) made it possible to estimate the age composition and the degree and spatial distribution of the hunting pressure on sable populations in three areas of the Ob region. The spatial separation of young and reproductive animals is interpreted as a group adaptive response to the specific distribution pattern of different habitats typical of this species and to the pattern of animal elimination. It is proposed to use the specific pattern of animal distribution for maintaining the size of the population that is subject to hunting. Specifically, reserve (reproductive) territories should be organized in watershed areas.     

Mating systems in the steppe lemming (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lagurus lagurus)</Emphasis> and narrow-skulled vole (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microtus gregalis</Emphasis>) from the Northern Kulunda Steppe

A comparative analysis of reproductive behavior has been performed in the steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus) and narrow-skulled vole (Microtus gregalis). The results show that the species are similar in certain behavioral features indicative of the stability of mating pairs. However, in the narrow-skulled vole, unlike in the steppe lemming, mature males in olfactory tests show preference for receptive sibling females versus non-kin females. Probably, it is the absence of the incest taboo that allows the involvement of young of the year in reproduction within growing family groups and accounts for “coloniality” of the species.