紫茉莉修复镉污染土壤的研究

研究了紫茉莉在镉污染土壤中的生长特征、对镉的富集能力和体内分布规律。紫茉莉对镉的耐性较强，富集浓度最高可达92．82mg／kg，镉在紫茉莉的分布为根〉茎〉叶。紫茉莉在中、低浓度镉污染土壤中可取得较好的修复效果。     

包裹型根际促生菌剂强化龙葵修复镉污染农田土壤

制备了一种具有镉活化功能的包裹型根际促生菌剂,用于强化镉超累积植物龙葵对镉污染农田土壤的植物修复作用。结果表明：包裹型菌剂Z16的多腔室结构适合菌株的生存,菌剂Z16的释菌浓度在24 h孵育后达到10⁶ CFU·g⁻¹;与菌液组EC相比,菌剂Z16组的龙葵地上部鲜重提高了19.81%,地上部和根部镉的富集系数分别提高了20.98%和168.97%,根际土壤碳酸盐结合态镉的浓度得到活化,龙葵对钙、锰和铁元素的吸收能力也得到增强。因此,与施用菌液EC相比,包裹型根际促生菌剂Z16通过在根际土壤持续释放菌株,可提高难溶性镉的活化效果及提高植物修复效率。本研究可为强化超累积植物-根际促生菌联用技术对镉污染农田的植物修复效率提供参考。     

应用籽粒苋修复镉污染农田土壤的潜力

针对农田土壤镉污染问题,采用超富集植物籽粒苋并配施不同组合的外源活化剂进行盆栽实验和田间实验,并测定籽粒苋及根系土壤中镉含量并计算富集系数。结果表明,在盆栽实验的不同处理组中,施加磷酸二氢钾(0.74 mmol·kg^-1)、EDTA(2 mmol·kg^-1)和柠檬酸(4 mmol·kg^-1)最有助于提高籽粒苋对Cd的提取修复效率。田间实验中添加活化剂(EDTA和柠檬酸)后籽粒苋的根、茎和叶组织对Cd的富集能力分别是不添加活化剂处理组的2.10、1.84和2.76倍;与对照组相比,籽粒苋的根、茎和叶部分的Cd含量都显著提高(P < 0.05),这说明外源活化剂促进了籽粒苋对土壤中Cd的吸收,提高了修复效率。每年种植两茬籽粒苋并添加活化剂,Cd的去除率可达4%~10%。种植超富集植物并配施活化剂既可以提高修复效率,又可以节约修复成本。     

镉污染土壤的植物修复技术

论述了植物恢复技术的概念及机理,阐明了用植物恢复技术净化镉污染土壤的方法,优势及潜势,指出在当前我国的水平和技术水平下,利用植物恢复技术来净化镉污染土壤当是首选的方法。     

植物修复重金属污染土壤的强化措施

植物修复技术作为一种新兴的绿色环保技术,有着高效、经济和生态协调等特点而成为当前研究的热点领域,而且由于其修复的彻底性和环境友好性而在治理污染土壤实地过程得到广泛应用.概述了当前植物修复研究的基本类型和修复机理,并着重从生物技术、农艺措施和物理化学等强化手段上阐述了利用超富集植物修复污染土壤,以进一步提高超富集植物的修复效率,为大规模治理重金属污染土壤和商业化应用提供技术途径和科学依据.     

电动增强技术修复镉污染土壤及其修复机理

选择小分子有机酸——酒石酸、草酸作为增强试剂,研究在不同浓度小分子有机酸作用下,电动修复土壤重金属镉Cd（Ⅱ）的迁移和去除机制。实验中以胡敏素为吸附剂并将其以包裹的形式添加在在电动装置中,以乙酸-乙酸钠为电解液,同时在两极室之间循环电解液以控制土壤pH值变化。结果表明,电动修复技术促进了重金属的去除。小分子有机酸的加入使弱酸提取态的重金属镉Cd（Ⅱ）的去除率大大提高,可达67.07%。不同浓度的小分子有机酸对电动修复的促进效果不同,随着浓度的持续增加,电动修复效果降低。     

镉污染胶东棕壤的电动力学修复研究

在Cd污染的胶东棕壤土体两端加以1 V/cm的直流电压梯度进行电动力学修复.考察了电动力学修复过程中阴阳极电解液pH、电渗流量和电流密度的变化,并将处理后的土体分6段进行了分析,主要参数为pH、电导率、土壤中Cd的浓度及其形态分析.结果表明,经过445.0 h的电动力学修复,阳极附近3段土壤中Cd的去除率分别达到98.19%、97.01%和96.24%;阴极附近3段土壤中出现了Cd富集现象,且pH为5.88的土壤段Cd的富集率最高.     

交流电场频率对柳树-东南景天混栽修复镉污染土壤的影响

单一植物吸收的方法修复镉 (Cd) 污染土壤效果欠佳,交流电场联合植物可以更好地提高土壤Cd污染的治理效率。通过优化电场频率等参数可以提高土壤Cd的移动性,促进植物吸收土壤Cd。采用土壤盆栽试验的方法,研究交流电场频率 (50、300 Hz) 对竹柳3号和东南景天混种条件下土壤理化性质、Cd有效性、植物生长和Cd吸收积累能力的影响。与对照 (没有施加电场) 相比,300 Hz电场处理的土壤pH值显著降低了0.13。电场频率的提高显著提升了土壤Cd的有效性,300 Hz频率电场处理的土壤有效态Cd质量分数显著高于对照35.00%。交流电场促进了植物生长,柳树和东南景天的株高、生物量、叶片SPAD值及根系形态指标在外加50、300 Hz交流电场时均得到提高。交流电场降低了柳树各部分和东南景天地下部Cd质量分数,其中50 Hz处理柳树叶片、枝条、树干、根系和东南景天地下部Cd质量分数较对照分别降低22.16%、29.82% (P<0.05) 、1.49%、15.91% (P<0.05) 、31.81% (P<0.05) 。相反,电场频率的提高有利于东南景天地上部Cd质量分数增加,50、300 Hz处理东南景天地上部Cd质量分数较对照分别增加43.37%、55.18% (P<0.05) 。交流电场提高了植物对土壤Cd吸收积累,但不同的电场频率对植物Cd修复效率影响不同,50、300 Hz交流电场下植物地上部分总Cd积累量较对照分别显著增加24.04%、21.24%。从这2种植物上看,50 Hz交流电场更能提高柳树Cd修复效率,300 Hz交流电场更提高能东南景天Cd修复效率。本试验装置成本较低,修复效果较好,对于电场频率增强植物修复Cd效率具有很大参考价值,有较好的应用前景。     

腐殖质纳米颗粒对镉污染土壤的修复

外源腐殖质可改变土壤镉（Cd）的含量和状态。以风化煤为原料制备的不溶性胡敏酸为吸附剂,对比研究了其对冶炼厂周边污染土壤及人工模拟污染土壤中Cd的钝化效果。再以泥炭为原料,制备富里酸钾为主的水溶性腐殖酸钾为淋洗剂,用于活化、去除上述2种土壤中的Cd。结果表明,胡敏酸在砂质的人工模拟污染土壤中钝化效果更好,2%的剂量可使土壤中CaCl2提取态Cd的浓度（0.103 mg·L-1）降低19.7%。腐殖酸钾去除土壤Cd的效率随淋洗剂浓度增加而提高,在10 g·L-1的浓度时,单次淋洗可去除高达38.1%的Cd。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,腐殖质与Cd反应后形成了羧酸盐。因此,腐殖质纳米颗粒既可以钝化土壤中的Cd,也可以活化土壤中的Cd,从而达到修复Cd污染土壤的目的。其关键在于根据钝化或活化的目标,选择溶解度适当的腐殖质材料。     

交流电场联合有机物料强化东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤

针对土壤重金属污染植物修复效率低的问题,采用盆栽实验,通过施加多种强度的交流电场(0、0.5、1.0 V·cm⁻¹)和不同种类的有机物料(黄腐酸钾、紫云英),研究了交流电场及其与有机物料联合对重金属超积累植物东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤效率的作用。结果表明,交流电场促进了东南景天的生长和对重金属的吸收,以0.5 V·cm⁻¹作用最佳,在电场处理组20 d后东南景天地上部Cd积累量比不施加电场的处理组提高了48.1%。交流电场和有机物料联用可以进一步提升东南景天对土壤镉的累积,施加黄腐酸钾处理组有利于土壤酸可提取态Cd的提高,比对照组提高了16.35%。在交流电场为0.5 V·cm⁻¹条件下,以0.3%施用效果最佳,施加黄腐酸钾和紫云英分别是对照组(施加交流电场,不施加有机物料)的3.65倍和1.73倍。有机物料和交流电场的共同作用极大地促进了东南景天镉的积累。     

Screening the phytoremediation potential of desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides Gray) growing on mine tailings in Arizona, USA

The metal concentrations in a copper mine tailings and desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides Gray) plants were investigated. The metal concentrations in plants, soil cover, and tailings were determined using ICP-OES. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in tailings was 526.4, 207.4, 89.1, 84.5, 51.7, 49.6, 39.7, and 35.6mgkg(-1), respectively. The concentration of all elements in soil cover was 10-15% higher than that of the tailings, except for molybdenum. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in roots was 818.3, 151.9, 73.9, 57.1, 40.1, 44.6, 96.8, and 26.7mgkg(-1) and 1214.1, 107.3, 105.8, 105.5, 55.2, 36.9, 30.9, and 10.9mgkg(-1) for shoots, respectively. Considering the translocation factor, enrichment coefficient, and the accumulation factor, desert broom could be a potential hyperaccumulator of Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, As, and Ni.     

The response of Populus spp. to cadmium stress: Chemical,morphological and proteomics study

Poplar (Populus) species are seen as candidates for removing heavy metal contamination from polluted soil. A bottom-up multidisciplinary approach was utilized to compare the performances of clones 58-861 and Poli (Populus nigra) and A4A, a Populus nigra × Populus deltoides hybrid to Cd toxicity. Qualitative and quantitative differences in their tolerance to Cd exposure and the uptake, accumulation and translocation of Cd were noted following the hydroponic exposure of rooted cuttings to 20 μM CdSO₄ for either 48 h or 14 d. Cadmium was less toxic for the hybrid clone A4A as compared to Poli and 58-861. Cd uptake and root to shoot translocation were determined by AAS, and its compartmentation was analyzed using SEM/EDX. A comparative proteomic approach was utilized to identify changes in proteins expression according to dose and time of exposure. Toxicity to Cd mainly influenced proteins related to general defense, stress response and carbohydrate metabolism.     

The potential of willow for remediation of heavy metal polluted calcareous urban soils

Growth performance and heavy metal uptake by willow (Salix viminalis) from strongly and moderately polluted calcareous soils were investigated in field and growth chamber trials to assess the suitability of willow for phytoremediation. Field uptakes were 2-10 times higher than growth chamber uptakes. Despite high concentrations of cadmium (≥80 mg/kg) and zinc (≥3000 mg/kg) in leaves of willow grown on strongly polluted soil with up to 18 mg Cd/kg, 1400 mg Cu/kg, 500 mg Pb/kg and 3300 mg Zn/kg, it is unsuited on strongly polluted soils because of poor growth. However, willow proved promising on moderately polluted soils (2.5 mg Cd/kg and 400 mg Zn/kg), where it extracted 0.13% of total Cd and 0.29% of the total Zn per year probably representing the most mobile fraction. Cu and Pb are strongly fixed in calcareous soils.     

Analysis and characterization of cultivable heavy metal-resistant bacterial endophytes isolated from Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and their potential use for phytoremediation

This study investigates the heavy metal-resistant bacterial endophytes of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. grown on a mine tailing by using cultivation-dependent technique. Thirty Cd-tolerant bacterial endophytes were isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of S. nigrum L. and classified by amplified ribosomal DNA-restriction analysis into 18 different types. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that these isolates belonged to four groups: Actinobacteria (43%), Proteobacteria (23%), Bacteroidetes (27%) and Firmicutes (7%). All the isolates were then characterized for their plant growth promoting traits as well as their resistances to different heavy metals; and the actual plant growth promotion and colonization ability were also assessed. Four isolates were re-introduced into S. nigrum L. under Cd stress and resulted in Cd phytotoxicity decrease, as dry weights of roots increased from 55% to 143% and dry weights of above-ground from 64% to 100% compared to the uninoculated ones. The total Cd accumulation of inoculated plants increased from 66% to 135% (roots) and from 22% to 64% (above-ground) compared to the uninoculated ones. Our research suggests that bacterial endophytes are a most promising resource and may be the excellent candidates of bio-inoculants for enhancing the phytoremediation efficiency.     

Molybdenum (Mo) increases endogenous phenolics,proline and photosynthetic pigments and the phytoremediation potential of the industrially important plant Ricinus communis L. for removal of cadmium from contaminated soil

Cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soil negatively affects crops yield and compromises food safety. Remediation of polluted soil is necessary for the re-establishment of sustainable agriculture and to prevent hazards to human health and environmental pollution. Phytoremediation is a promising technology for decontamination of polluted soil. The present study investigated the effect of molybdenum (Mo) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ppm) on endogenous production of total phenolics and free proline, plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments in Ricinus communis plants grown in Cd (25, 50 and 100 ppm) contaminated soils and the potential for Cd phytoextraction. Mo was applied via seed soaking, soil addition and foliar spray. Foliar sprays significantly increased plant biomass, Cd accumulation and bioconcentration. Phenolic concentrations showed significantly positive correlations with Cd accumulation in roots (R ² = 0.793, 0.807 and 0.739) and leaves (R ² = 0.707, 721 and 0.866). Similarly, proline was significantly positively correlated with Cd accumulation in roots (R ² = 0.668, 0.694 and 0.673) and leaves (R ² = 0.831, 0.964 and 0.930). Foliar application was found to be the most effective way to deliver Mo in terms of increase in plant growth, Cd accumulation and production of phenolics and proline.