世界化石能源部门CO2排放源状况及案例分析

能源部门是CO2排放的主要来源,1990-2005年,电力和热力是能源部门CO2排放的主要排放源,其次是交通运输业.从2005年经济合作与发展组织(OECD)和非OECD国家主要地区的能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率的情况看,北美OECD地区是电力和热力人均CO2排放量最高的地区,其他各排放源不同程度地高出世界平均水平;整体上,非OECD国家主要地区的能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率差异较大,各地区的经济结构、能源结构和生活水平影响能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率.从2005年主要国家的能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率的情况看,除印度外,电力和热力是大多数国家能源部门的CO2主要排放源.中国的电力和热力对能源部门人均CO2排放的贡献率最大.各国对能源部门人均CO2排放的贡献率的次排放源情况相差较大,美国和欧盟(27)主要是交通运输业等服务型产业,中国主要是制造业和建筑业等第二产业,其他国家的次排放源分布相对均衡.     

杂多酸水溶液脱除烟气中SO2的性能研究

合成了H3PMo12O40、H4SiW12O40、H3PW12O40、H4PMo11VO40、H5PMo10V2O40和H6PMo9V3O406种杂多酸,分别采用红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线衍射（XRD）表征杂多酸的结构,并采用气相色谱仪对6种杂多酸水溶液进行脱硫实验测试。实验结果表明：制备的6种杂多酸具有良好的Keggin型结构;H3PMo12O40、H3PW12O40和H4SiW12O40的3种水溶液中,磷钼杂多酸的脱硫性能最好,脱硫率在120 min时可达到16.38%;不同比例的多原子也会使杂多酸有不同的脱硫性能,脱硫性能顺序为：H6PMo9V3O40〉H5PMo10V2O40〉H4PMo11VO40;且6种杂多酸的脱硫稳定性的顺序为：H4PMo11VO40〉H6PMo9V3O40〉H3PMo12O40〉H5PMo10V2O40〉H4SiW12O40≈H3PW12O40。     

Characterization of colored products formed during irradiation of aqueous solutions containing H2O2 and phenolic compounds

Irradiation of aqueous (pH = 5) mixtures containing hydrogen peroxide (1 mM) and phenolic compounds (10 mM) were found to produce visible light absorbing solutions over the course of several hours. The kinetics and products of these reactions were studied by UV–VIS absorbance, electrospray mass spectrometry, FTIR, fluorescence, and NMR and compared to humic-like substances commonly found in atmospheric particulate matter. It was determined the reactions leading to formation of color are quite general to this compound class, and the reactions proceeded more rapidly with hydroxyl or methoxy substitution ortho to the phenolic OH. However, para substitution generally slowed formation of colored compounds compared to the unsubstituted form. Mass spectrometry confirms compounds of several hundred Da formed in the reaction mixtures. The IR spectra of the reaction products bear similarity to that observed for authentic aerosol humic-like substances. The results indicate radical coupling of phenols and methoxylated phenols in tropospheric waters may contribute to humic-like particulate matter.     

污水硝化过程中N2O逸出控制的理论与实践

在污水生物脱氮工艺中,硝化过程是由自养硝化菌和异养硝化菌共同完成的.2类细菌的N2O生成机理及逸出量与系统中溶解氧的高低密切相关.了解硝化系统中的典型菌种自养菌Nitrosomonas europaea和异养菌Alcaligenesfaecalis生成N2O的机理是控制硝化过程中N2O逸出的理论基础,通过筛选优势菌种构建同步硝化-反硝化作用则是控制N2O逸出的新途径.     

New infrared system for measurement of CO2, CO,H2O from aircraft

A new measuring device for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water vapour, based on the infrared technique is described. It is specially built for use in aircraft studies.     

废弃绿茶对水溶液中Co2+的吸附研究

利用废弃绿茶叶粉末(简称茶叶末)作为吸附剂,考察了pH、温度、时间等对水溶液中Co2+的影响。结果表明:(1)茶叶末对Co2+的吸附量随着pH的上升而上升,其中pH=5.50为最佳。茶叶末对Co2+的吸附量均随时间延长呈现上升趋势,吸附速度先快后慢,吸附最佳时间为90min。(2)不同温度下,茶叶末对Co2+的吸附较好地符合Langmuir模型。该吸附过程是化学离子交换过程,主要发生在重金属离子与羟基、氨基的氢原子之间。(3)茶叶末对Co2+的吸附是自发、放热过程,降温有利于吸附,反应时吸附界面上的混乱度增加。(4)盐酸是很好的解吸介质,解吸率为92.65%。通过灼烧(或燃烧)可以回收水溶液中绝大部分的Co2+,不仅减小了对环境的污染,而且节约了资源。     

杂多酸水溶液脱除烟气中SO2的性能研究

合成了H3PMo12O40、H4SiW12O40、H3PW12O40、H4PMo11VO40、H5PMo10V2O40和H6PMo9V3O406种杂多酸,分别采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征杂多酸的结构,并采用气相色谱仪对6种杂多酸水溶液进行脱硫实验测试.实验结果表明:制备的6种杂多酸具有良好的Ke...     

A tubular ceramic membrane coated with TiO2-P25 for radial addition of H2O2 towards AMX removal from synthetic solutions and secondary urban wastewater

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This work aims to integrate several hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activation mechanisms, photolysis (UVC irradiation), chemical electron transfer (TiO2-P25...     

硅锰复合物的水热合成及对水中Cu2+的吸附

为了提高吸附剂在低pH条件下去除水中重金属离子的效率,通过水热法合成了一种硅锰复合材料。利用N2-吸附脱附、透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及X射线衍射（XRD）技术对制备的材料进行了表征;并将其用于吸附水中的Cu2+,研究了SiO2掺杂量、溶液pH值、初始Cu2+浓度以及吸附时间对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：与纯δ-MnO2相比,当SiO2含量为7.5%~15%,硅锰复合物对Cu2+的吸附量受溶液pH影响较小,在溶液pH=2~4范围内有更高的Cu2+吸附量;等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,计算饱和吸附量为84.68~71.12 mg,与实验值十分接近。     

State of energy consumption and CO2 emission in Bangladesh

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important gases in the atmosphere, and is necessary for sustaining life on Earth. It is also considered to be a major greenhouse gas contributing to global warming and climate change. In this article, energy consumption in Bangladesh is analyzed and estimates are made of CO2 emission from combustion of fossil fuel (coal, gas, petroleum products) for the period 1977 to 1995. International Panel for Climate Change guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories were used in estimating CO2 emission. An analysis of energy data shows that the consumption of fossil fuels in Bangladesh is growing by more than 5% per year. The proportion of natural gas in total energy consumption is increasing, while that of petroleum products and coal is decreasing. The estimated total CO2 release from all primary fossil fuels used in Bangladesh amounted to 5072 Gigagram (Gg) in 1977, and 14 423 Gg in 1995. The total amounts of CO2 released from petroleum products, natural gas, and coal in the period 1977-1995 were 83 026 Gg (50% of CO2 emission), 72 541 Gg (44% of CO2 emission), and 9545 Gg (6% CO2 emission), respectively. A trend in CO2 emission with projections to 2070 is generated. In 2070, total estimated CO2 emission will be 293 260 Gg with a current growth rate of 6.34% y . CO2 emission from fossil fuels is increasing. Petroleum products contribute the majority of CO2 emission load, and although the use of natural gas is increasing rapidly, its contribution to CO2 emission is less than that of petroleum products. The use of coal as well as CO2 emission from coal is expected to gradually decrease.     

白云石矿物对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+吸附的动力学和热力学

采用静态实验方法研究了白云石对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附特性,通过批实验考察了反应时间、溶液初始浓度、pH值、离子强度、温度以及固液比等因素对吸附的影响,探讨了白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、热力学规律及其反应机制。实验结果显示:白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附在24 h达到平衡,对Pb2+的吸附量大于Cu2+,伪二级和双常数动力学方程分别能较好地拟合白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附;在一定条件下,白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的去除率与溶液初始浓度呈反比,与固液比呈正比;吸附等温方程符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附;溶液pH值对吸附行为影响显著,在溶液pH=6~7时,吸附效果最好,离子强度对吸附影响甚微;白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附属于吸热反应,反应自发进行,高温促进白云石的吸附行为。     

UV/H2O2联合氧化法去除畜禽养殖废水中抗生素

随着畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展,畜禽养殖废水污染问题日益突出,尤其是养殖过程中大量使用抗生素,致使畜禽养殖废水含有抗生素,成为一类新型环境危害污染物.如何有效去除畜禽养殖废水中的抗生素,成为国内外研究热点.采用UV/H2O2联合氧化法去除畜禽养殖废水中抗生素(磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺噻唑、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶)...     

污泥在CO2气氛下热解CO与CH4的生成特性

利用热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用技术研究了典型市政污水污泥在CO2和N2气氛下的热解特性。基于TG-FTIR分析结果,采用等温模式配合法研究了CO2气氛下污泥固定床热解过程中CO和CH4的生成特性,建立了CO和CH4的生成动力学机理模型,并同传统N2气氛下污泥热解情况进行了对比,理论模型利用实际实验数据进行了验证分析。结果表明,在实验温度范围内2种气氛下CO与CH4的生成情况有着比较明显的差异,CO2气氛下CH4释放浓度在峰值和总量上都要低于N2气氛,CH4释放峰值来得更早,释放时间更为集中,释放过程也结束得更快。相反,CO的释放浓度峰值,总量以及持续时间在CO2气氛下都要远远高于N2气氛,随着温度的升高,差距越来越大,CO2的存在大大促进了CO的生成。经实验验证,理论推导所得的模型公式对于热解产物生成有着良好的预测结果。     

纳米级天然黄铁矿去除水中Cr6+,Cd2+和Pb2+

利用机械球磨的方法可以提高天然黄铁矿的活性,通过XRD和TEM对机械球磨后黄铁矿粉末的表面形态和物理性质进行表征。通过批实验的方法探讨在不同的pH,不同的球磨黄铁矿用量,不同的反应时间和温度的条件下黄铁矿对Cr6+,Cd2+和Pb2+的去除效果。研究结果表明,金属离子的吸收受到pH的影响,随着pH的升高,3种金属离子的吸附趋势出现了很大的不同。并且在分析pH对反应效果的影响时,需要考虑金属生成沉淀时的pH。同时,随着反应时间和温度的增加,3种金属离子的吸收量都有不同程度的升高。通过实验比较,球磨黄铁矿对Cr6+,Cd2+和Pb2+的去除能力大小为Pb2+ > Cr6+ > Cd2+。纳米级黄铁矿与Cr6+,Cd2+和Pb2+的反应过程符合准二级动力学方程。     

Modelling of phosphorus removal from aqueous and wastewater samples using ferric iron

Batch laboratory scale experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of phosphate from aqueous and municipal wastewater samples by addition of FeCl(3).6H(2)O. The effect of pH, Fe-dose and initial phosphate concentration were assessed. Optimum phosphate removal, 63% for 1:1 molar addition of Fe(III) was observed at pH 4.5. However, a 155% excess of Fe-dose was necessary for complete phosphorus removal. Phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater was slightly higher than that observed for the aqueous solutions. A chemical precipitation mathematical model was developed and tested with the available experimental data. The model included a total of 15 chemical reactions and 4 solid phases with the option of single-phase precipitation or two-phase co-precipitation. The resulting system of non-linear algebraic equations was solved numerically, using the Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent method.     

Persistence of two neonicotinoid insecticides in wastewater, and in aqueous solutions of surfactants and dissolved organic matter

Wastewater treatment plants receive organic contaminants, such as pesticides, which reach the sewage system from domestic, industrial or agricultural activities. In wastewater, which is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, biotic or abiotic degradation of contaminants can be affected by the presence of co-solutes. The photodecomposition in natural sunlight of two neonicotinoid insecticides, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid, was investigated in wastewater, aqueous extracts of sewage sludge and in aqueous surfactant solutions, which are abundant in wastewater. Dissipation in the dark was also studied in wastewater, due to reduction of transmitted sunlight in wastewater ponds. With regard to photolysis, thiamethoxam degraded rapidly in all the aqueous solutions. Among them sewage sludge extracts slightly modified (average half-life 17.6 h), wastewater increased (13.7 h) and non-ionic surfactants led, as a family, to the highest dissipation rates (average 6.2 h), with respect to control water (18.7 h). Additionally this pesticide also underwent a slower biodegradation process in wastewater in the dark under anaerobic conditions (around 25 d). A metabolite of thiamethoxam from the biological decomposition in wastewater was identified by HPLC/MS. On the other hand thiacloprid was found to be resistant to photo- and biodecomposition and remained almost unchanged during the experimental periods in all the tested media.     

Kinetic evaluation of H2S and NH3 biofiltration for two media used for wastewater lift station emissions

In this study, biofiltration using a natural wood chip medium and a commercial biofiltration medium was evaluated for the removal of moderate concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (up to 100 parts per million by volume [ppmv]) in the presence of significant concentrations of ammonia (NH3). These levels were chosen as representative of wastewater lift station emissions in the Brownsville, TX, area. NH3-removing portions of the biofilms may compete with H2S-removing portions and inhibit H2S removal. H2S process removal efficiencies for the commercial and natural media ranged from 90 to 96% depending on inlet loading and media type and bed height. Kinetic analysis of the H2S removal process followed apparent first-order reaction behavior. The average first-order reaction rates were 0.03 sec(-1) for the commercial medium and 0.09 sec(-1) for the natural medium. Pressure drops across the columns ranged from 0.41 in. H2O/ft for the commercial medium to 1.41 in. H2O/ft for the natural medium. NH3 gas levels of up to 80 ppmv did not affect the H2S removal process efficiency, and calculated kinetic rate constants for H2S removal remained almost the same. The NH3 gas also was removed simultaneously with the H2S up to 98% removal efficiency by the commercial medium.     

尿素/三乙醇胺吸收烟气NO_x的实验研究

以尿素作为吸收液,与NOx反应生成N2和CO2,脱除烟气中的氮氧化物。以一套双级串连的填料塔为主体反应器,分别对气速、液气比、反应物浓度、添加剂浓度和反应温度等参数对尿素溶液吸收NOx反应的影响进行了实验研究,获得了优化实验工况,研究结果显示,在气速为0.1 m/s、液气比为16 L/m3、三乙醇胺为0.01%（质量比）、尿素浓度为13%（质量比）工况下,反应温度为30~70℃,脱硝总效率可达50%以上,且随着NOx体积分数增加而提高。     

络合铁法脱除垃圾填埋气中的H2S

建立了以EDTA和柠檬酸为铁盐络合剂的循环脱硫体系,采用络合铁法对垃圾填埋气中的H2S进行脱硫中试实验,结果表明实验所建立的络合铁脱硫体系运行稳定,脱硫效率高,适合应用于垃圾填埋气中硫化氢脱除。