德宏“7.5”特大滑坡泥石流灾害分析及其对策

受滇缅高压外围强对流天气影响,2004年7月5日云南德宏州的陇川、盈江、瑞丽等县(市)普降暴雨,引发大面积的滑坡、泥石流和山洪灾害,造成死亡18人、失踪24人、直接经济损失4.8亿元的区内近几十年来最严重的灾害。在分析此特大滑坡、泥石流、山洪灾害的活动特点、形成条件和激发因素的基础上,得出今后一段时间该区地质灾害将处于活跃期的评估结论。针对这一状况,提出了应急措施和防灾减灾对策。     

“7.23”商洛特大暴雨山阳县校舍灾害调查研究

以"7.23"陕西省商洛市特大暴雨中山阳县校舍为研究对象,在查明山洪、泥石流、滑坡和崩塌等造成校舍受损、严重破坏和倒塌的基础上,分析了洪水灾害引起校舍受损的原因。结果表明,特大暴雨是该县滑坡发生的诱发因素,也是部分滑坡转化为泥石流主要因素;建筑场地选择不合理是造成校舍受损、严重破坏和倒塌的关键因素;合理的结构构造是减少灾害造成生命财产损失的有效措施。     

四川省汶川县簇头沟“7.10”泥石流灾害成因与特征分析

簇头沟是岷江右岸一条低频泥石流沟,受2013年7月极端暴雨的影响,暴发特大泥石流。结果显示,汶川地震造成流域内的坡面和沟道堆积的大量的松散物质是泥石流形成的物源,流域上游暴雨及其形成的山洪是此次泥石流形成的激发因子。"7.10"泥石流为过渡性泥石流,泥石流容重约为1.8~1.9 t/m3,沟口处最大流速为9.2 m/s,峰值流量为515 m3/s,冲击力达到3 657 t,输沙总量约为50×104m3。泥石流过程表现为为暴雨(山洪)—滑坡(坡面泥石流)—泥石流—堰塞湖—溃决洪水。对震后低频泥石流危险性认识不足、防治工程设计标准偏低是此次灾害造成重大损失的主要原因。在未来灾害防治工程设计中,应合理估计灾害规模和潜在风险。     

陕西佛坪、宁陕"6.9"山地自然灾害考察研究

2002年6月9日,陕西南部佛坪、宁陕等地因特大暴雨引发了极其强烈的泥石流、山洪等山地自然灾害.本文考察研究了这次泥石流、山洪等山地自然灾害产生的条件,分布与活动特点以及未来发展变化的趋势.     

基于信息流理论的降雨指标与滑坡泥石流因果分析

降雨是滑坡泥石流灾害形成与发生的主导因素,但对其间的因果关系却缺乏定量的分析与验证。本文基于重庆地区2004～2016年的滑坡泥石流灾害数据与降水资料,具体分析了灾害与降雨的相关关系;并利用Liang-Kleeman信息流方法分别计算相应降雨指标与滑坡泥石流的信息流,结果表明:重庆滑坡泥石流灾害发生频次与年均降雨量的相关系数分别为0. 51、0. 53,均达到α=0. 1水平的显著性相关;年均降雨量、Pa指数、降雨日数、暴雨频次、暴雨量到滑坡泥石流均存在单向因果关系;暴雨量到滑坡泥石流的信息流最大,是诱发滑坡泥石流的最主要的因素。基于信息流理论的降水与滑坡泥石流灾害的因果分析,不仅为滑坡泥石流灾害降水预报模式提供理论支撑,也对提高滑坡泥石流灾害预报预警准确率以及开展防灾减灾工作具有重要意义。     

云南滑坡泥石流灾害及其与降水特征的关系

利用2001-2005年云南滑坡泥石流灾害资料,分析了近5年来云南滑坡泥石流分布与演变的特点及其与云南降水、大雨、暴雨之间的关系.研究结果表明,在该时段云南滑坡泥石流灾害总体分布表现出西多东少,西北多东南少的趋势;滑坡泥石流灾害高发区与暴雨中心有很好的对应关系,其活动存在明显的年际变化特点,并且各个区域又有自身的演变规律.在时空分布上滇西北及滇西南是活动最频繁的区域;滑坡泥石流灾害具有明显的月际变化特征,高峰期集中在6-8月;滑坡泥石流灾害发生次数与年降水量、年暴雨次数及年大雨次数有着很好的对应关系;大气环流异常对滑坡泥石流灾害发生数量也有着明显的影响.     

我国山地灾害及监控

近几个世纪,滑坡、泥石流灾害日趋频繁。灾情统计数字表明,近几年因山洪而引起的滑坡、泥石流等灾害造成的死亡人数,占中国大江大河全部洪涝灾害死亡人数的80%左右。尤其是长江上游,是中国滑坡、泥石流灾害分布最集中、危害最严重的地区之一。近十年来,山地灾害年均直接经济损失约1亿元。每年因洪水冲淹死亡的人数仅占因灾死亡人口总数的30%,而因山地灾害死亡的人数却高达60%。2004年8月12日20时,今年14号强台风“云娜”袭击浙江省乐清市,风力达12级以上,过程降雨量近900毫米。8月13日凌晨该市北部山区三乡镇发生罕见的特大山洪暴发和泥石流地质灾害,造成47     

DEA模型在山洪灾害危险性评价中的应用——以海南岛为例

数据包络分析模型(DEA)是投入-产出运行效率的评价模型,因其运算无须任何权重假设,避免了很多主观因素,在效益评估方面被广泛应用。由于山洪灾害的形成受多种因素的影响,每一种因素又包含众多的表现形式,为避免和减少评价的主观因素,提升评价的客观性,以地形因子、水系因子、暴雨日指数、滑坡和泥石流密度、综合灾度作为海南岛山洪灾害危险性评指标,应用DEA模型,对海南岛山洪灾害的危险性大小进行排序,根据成灾效率进行了山洪灾害危险性的等级划分。通过与历史山洪灾害情的对比分析,结果表明:该方法应用于山洪灾害危险性评价是可行的。     

’98重庆市的自然灾害与减灾对策

１９９８ 年夏季, 长江流域发生了特大自然灾害。地处长江上游之尾的重庆市,其灾情以山洪和滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等坡地灾害并发为主, 具有与长江中下游地区不同的特殊性。作者分析了重庆市灾情的严重性, 从自然环境和人类活动两方面分析了灾害成因的特殊性,在此基础上提出了坡地灾害的防治对策     

四川绵竹清平乡文家沟“8·13”特大泥石流灾害

2010年8月13日四川绵竹市清平乡文家沟暴发特大规模泥石流灾害(简称"8.13"特大泥石流)。在野外调查的基础上,分析了此次泥石流灾害的特征,并从其形成条件入手,探讨了此次灾害的成因和未来发展趋势。文家沟流域在2010年8月12日16时至13日04时的降雨量达227 mm,暴雨形成强大洪水冲刷流域内在地震期间形成的滑坡-碎屑流堆积体,并形成高容重粘性泥石流。泥石流依次冲毁沟内19座谷坊和1座拦挡坝,冲出总量达429.3×104 m3,完全堵断绵远河,形成长约1 650 m、宽约420 m、高约12 m的堰塞坝,堰塞湖回水长1.5 km。泥石流共造成6人死亡或失踪,379间房屋被冲毁掩埋,汉(旺)清(平)公路中断,2座桥梁被毁。研究表明,松散物质的极大丰富和堵溃是导致"8.13"特大泥石流规模巨大的主要原因;文家沟在短期内泥石流仍会频发,但规模要比"8.13"泥石流小。     

Aberfan and the management of trauma

This paper is a case study of the management of post-disaster trauma in 1960s Britain. It explores the traumatic aftermath of the 1966 Aberfan disaster (where 116 children and 28 adults were killed when a colliery spoil heap collapsed on top of a school in a small Welsh mining community) which had a devastating impact on the village. The professional and voluntary services made available to help the bereaved, survivors and wider community are documented and assessed. The paper demonstrates how limited finance and the popular and professional contemporary understanding of trauma and disasters hindered those services, and how the actions of government and media had a negative impact on the community's recovery. This case study of disaster management in the 1960s illustrates many of the pitfalls that continue to haunt the response to man-made tragedies in the UK.     

Spatial and temporal patterns and the socioeconomic impacts of landslides in the tropical and mountainous Colombian Andes

Landslides are a natural hazard that presents a major threat to human life and infrastructure. Although they are a very common phenomenon in Colombia, there is a lack of analysis that entails national and comprehensive spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic evaluations of such events based on historical records. This study provides a detailed assessment of the spatial and temporal patterns and the socioeconomic impacts associated with landslides that occurred in the country between 1900 and 2018. Two national landslide databases were consulted and this information was complemented by local and regional landslide catalogues. A total of 30,730 landslides were recorded in the 118-year period. Rainfall is the most common trigger of landslides, responsible for 92 per cent of those registered, but most fatalities (68 per cent) are due to landslides caused by volcanic activity and earthquakes. An ‘fN curve’ revealed a very high frequency of small and moderate fatal landslides in the time frame.     

Cracking the code: the genesis, use and future of the Code of Conduct

This paper reflects on the genesis of the Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief, on the tenth anniversary of its adoption. The origins, usage and future of the code are examined with respect to three debates, current at the time of its inception, namely: the debate about the core content of humanitarianism; the debate about coherence and the consensual nature of the humanitarian community; and the debate about the need for, and the ability to demonstrate, accountability. The paper concludes that although the Code of Conduct was very much a product of its time, its content remains relevant today. However, its future application hinges on the capacity of those who purport to follow it to realise true accountability, and on proving that the code, written essentially for natural disasters, is relevant to contemporary complex emergencies.     

南充市水土流失成因分析及防治对策

本文阐述了南充市主要土壤类型及水土流失的特点,分析了自然因素、人为因素对土壤侵蚀的影响,着重对降雨量、地形坡度与土壤侵蚀量之间的关系进行了回归分析,并在此基础上提出了防治水土流失的一些建议.     

《灾害学》论文及作者的统计分析

通过对《灾害学》 1 986～ 1 999年所载论文量、作者群、核心作者、作者系统分布及引文进行统计分析 ,表明该刊不仅有学术水平很高的核心作者 ,也有一支连续 ,稳定、素质较高的作者群 ;该刊已形成了自己独特的风格和稳定的研究体系     

Media messages and the needs of infants and young children after Cyclone Nargis and the WenChuan Earthquake

Infants and young children are vulnerable in emergencies. The media plays an important role in aid delivery and has a positive impact when reports are accurate. However, the media has been implicated in encouraging harmful aid in the form of donations of infant formula and other milk products. Internet‐based media reports were collected after Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and the WenChuan Earthquake in China (2008) and examined for content related to infant and young child feeding. Common messages identified included that: babies are vulnerable; stress prevents breastfeeding; and providing infant formula saves lives. Messages rarely reported included that: artificial feeding is dangerous; and breastfeeding protects infants. This analysis suggests that current patterns of media reporting may encourage harmful aid and increase child morbidity and mortality. Aid organisations should encourage the media to report accurately on the needs of infant and young children in emergencies so as to improve aid delivery.     

酸溶液、冻融循环及其耦合作用下玄武岩-纤维筋耐久性试验

进行了3种不同直径玄武岩纤维(BFRP)筋在酸溶液、冻融循环及其耦合作用下耐久性试验,分析环境类型及作用时间对其弹性模量、抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:3种不同直径BFRP筋在酸溶液、冻融循环及其耦合作用下,直径6mm BFRP筋抗拉强度降低分别最多达33.9%、10.5%、31.1%,直径8mm BFRP筋抗拉强度降低分别最多达29.2%、6.9%、28.6%,直径10mm BFRP筋抗拉强度降低分别最多达10.2%、14%、10.2%;耦合作用下直径6、8mm BFRP筋与环氧树脂基体界面受破坏程度大于单因素环境,直径10mm BFRP筋受其影响不明显;3种不同直径BFRP筋在自然环境下其弹性模量变化范围为46.2±1GPa,在酸溶液、冻融环境及二者耦合作用下其弹性模量变化范围为46.5±1.5GPa,上述环境对3种不同直径BFRP筋弹性模量影响偏差在0.44%~1.67%之间;冻融循环作用下,3种不同直径BFRP筋在Lemaitre应变等价原理方面具有一定精度。     

Community resilience and volcano hazard: the eruption of Tungurahua and evacuation of the faldas in Ecuador

Official response to explosive volcano hazards usually involves evacuation of local inhabitants to safe shelters. Enforcement is often difficult and problems can be exacerbated when major eruptions do not ensue. Families are deprived of livelihoods and pressure to return to hazardous areas builds. Concomitantly, prevailing socio-economic and political conditions limit activities and can influence vulnerability. This paper addresses these issues, examining an ongoing volcano hazard (Tungurahua) in Ecuador where contextual realities significantly constrain responses. Fieldwork involved interviewing government officials, selecting focus groups and conducting surveys of evacuees in four locations: a temporary shelter, a permanent resettlement, with returnees and with a control group. Differences in perceptions of risk and health conditions, and in the potential for economic recovery were found among groups with different evacuation experiences. The long-term goal is to develop a model of community resilience in long-term stress environments.     

山东及邻近地区中小地震震源参数的测定

采用谱分析方法,利用山东数字地震台网的观测资料,计算了2004～2007年期间山东地区44次3级以上地震的波谱,估算了地震矩、拐角频率、应力降、震源破裂半径,讨论了各震源参数之间的相互关系以及拐角频率的时间分布特征。分析结果表明,地震矩与震级、地震矩与拐角频率、地震矩与震源破裂半径有明显的依赖关系。