低营养水体中芽孢杆菌降解有机氮的研究

芽孢杆菌具有降解有机氮的功能,但在养殖水体等低营养水体中,其降解效果可能受到影响.为研究低营养水体中有机氮的降解情况,通过模拟凡纳滨对虾中间培育过程配制低营养水体,分别接种芽孢杆菌NT9和YB3(NT9水体和YB3水体),然后研究水体中微生物的生长与有机氮的降解情况,并构建数学模型进行分析.结果显示,起始接种量为10×10~5 cfu·mL~(-1)时,NT9水体总菌量呈下降趋势,平均为(3.46×10~5±2.39×10~5) cfu·mL~(-1),YB3水体总菌量则上升到(25.43×10~5±8.84×10~5) cfu·mL~(-1),但均高于未接种的对照水体.NT9水体和YB3水体的有机氮降解率显著高于对照水体(p0.05),分别提高50.28%和119.41%,降解速率也分别提高65.22%和121.74%.对照水体、NT9水体和YB3水体单位菌量的有机氮降解效率分别为1.238、1.649和1.904 mg·L~(-1),降解模型分别为y=-6.40+1.39x_1+1.45x_2、y=2.11+8.21x_3-0.64x_4-1.26x_1x_3-0.32x_2x_4和y=1.73+6.11x_2(x_1、x_2、x_3、x_4分别表示总菌量、总菌增量、有机氮含量和时间).研究表明,在低营养水体中接种芽孢杆菌有利于有机氮的降解,但不同的菌株具有不同的降解模式,菌株YB3为能够适应低营养水平、增殖能力较强的菌株,可以更有效地促进有机氮的降解,提高降解效率.     

Constraints on temperature-dependent sex determination in the leopard gecko (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eublepharis macularius</Emphasis>): response to Kratochvil et al.

Kratochvil et al. (Naturwissenschaften 95:209–215, 2008) reported recently that in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) of the family Eublepharidae with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), clutches in which eggs were incubated at the same temperature produce only same-sex siblings. Interpreting this result in light of studies of sex steroid hormone involvement in sex determination, they suggested that maternally derived yolk steroid hormones could constrain sex-determining mechanisms in TSD reptiles. We have worked extensively with this species and have routinely incubated clutches at constant temperatures. To test the consistency of high frequency same-sex clutches across different incubation temperatures, we examined our records of clutches at the University of Texas at Austin from 1992 to 2001. We observed that clutches in which eggs were incubated at the same incubation temperature produced mixed-sex clutches as well as same-sex clutches. Furthermore, cases in which eggs within a clutch were separated and incubated at different temperatures produced the expected number of mixed-sex clutches. These results suggest that maternal influences on sex determination are secondary relative to incubation temperature effects.     

2015年南京市城区挥发性有机物组成特征及大气反应活性

采用GC-FID自动在线监测系统对南京市2015年环境大气中56种VOCs开展了为期1a的连续观测.结果表明,南京市城区大气VOCs小时平均体积分数为（17.49±11.35）×10^-9,其中4月最高（22.21×10^-9）,7月最低（12.39×10^-9）,日均体积分数变化特征不明显.烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和乙炔占比分别为56.51%、11.06%、24.62%和7.81%,丙烷（15.26%）、乙烷（14.14%）、乙炔（7.81%）、甲苯（6.97%）、正丁烷（6.23%）、乙烯（5.23%）、异丁烷（4.34%）、丙烯（4.13%）、异戊烷（4.12%）和间/对-二甲苯（4.06%）是含量最丰富的VOCs物种.T/B（甲苯/苯）均值为2.02,表明南京市城区大气VOCs主要受机动车尤其是汽油车排放的影响.E/E（乙烷/乙炔）均值为2.24,表明观测站点区域大气老化程度较严重.利用·OH消耗速率（L^·OH）和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）评估了大气VOCs的反应活性.南京市城区大气VOCs冬春季大气反应活性较夏秋季强.芳香烃和烯烃的活性最高,对L^·OH和OFP的贡献依次为46.96%和41.58%、33.73%和39.86%,丙烯、乙烯和二甲苯等苯系物是活性最高的VOCs物种.     

城市尾水氮代谢过程中芽孢杆菌对微藻作用机制

为了对城市尾水深度脱氮,提高地表水体质量,分别利用微藻（Z）、芽孢杆菌（Y）和微藻芽孢杆菌（ZY）对城市尾水进行脱氮处理与氮代谢菌群特征研究,结果表明,Z和ZY对城市尾水中氨氮的去除效果较好,2组降解率都达到了95%以上.Z对亚硝态氮去除效果最好,芽孢杆菌与微藻的共同作用在氮循环反应中亚硝态氮转化为硝态氮过程发挥出较为强大的稳定效果.芽孢杆菌可以有效去除硝态氮,并可以提高微藻对硝态氮的去除效率.ZY菌对城市尾水中硝态氮的去除效果最好,其降解率高达99%以上,几乎完全去除城市尾水中的硝态氮.在Z中样本数占比较高的菌群分别为Chroococcidiopsis_PCC_7203 （24.38%）、uncultured_bacterium-g_norank_f_A4b （23.65%）、Exiguobacteriu （7.09%）、Leptolyngbya_PCC-6306 （9.41%）和Bacillus （1.99%）.在ZY中样本数占比较高的菌群分别为Brevibacillus （22.94%）、Clostridium（8.78%）和Bacillus （4.88%）,Chroococcidiopsis_PCC_7203 样本数占比仅为7.84%,远远低于Z样本数所占比例.微藻可以很好去除系统中氨氮,芽孢杆菌与微藻联用具有较好的氨氮和硝态氮去除效果,芽孢杆菌具有抑制微藻过度增长作用,防止水体富营养化和黑臭发生.研究可为城市尾水深度处理,防止地表水体富营养化提供数据支持.     

三氯生及其降解中间产物对活性污泥中微生物群落变化和硝化反硝化功能基因的影响

三氯生（TCS）对活性污泥中氮循环和微生物群落的长期影响尚不清楚.在长期运行185 d的序批式反应器（SBR）进水中添加100 g·L^-1的TCS,探讨了TCS在活性污泥中的转化特性及其对活性污泥的生长、硝化反硝化性能及关键氮代谢功能基因和微生物群落结构的影响.添加TCS的反应器中硝酸盐浓度为3.80～9.11 mg·L^-1,略低于不添加TCS的空白组(6.66～9.72 mg·L^-1),说明其硝化作用被减弱.随着驯化时间的延长,硝化作用逐渐恢复. TCS在活性污泥迁移转化过程中总共检测出12种代谢中间产物,推导出4种迁移转化路径.添加TCS后,对TCS有潜在降解效能的细菌的相对丰度明显增加,如：Flavobacteriales和Myxococcales目,分别为2.95%～9.07%（第0～185 d）和2.01%～4.53%（第0～90 d）.与硝化作用有关的菌属,如：Nitrosovibrio、Nitrosomonas（氨氧化菌,AOB）和Nitrospira（亚硝酸盐氧化菌,NOB）的相对丰度急剧减少,分别为0....     

基于细管流紫外反应系统探讨紫外和真空紫外/紫外辐照下水中微量磺胺甲噻二唑的光降解效果

水环境中存在的微量有机污染物可在较低浓度下对人类造成较大的危害.基于细管流紫外反应系统(MFPS)研究了典型微量有机污染物磺胺甲噻二唑(SML)在紫外(UV)和真空紫外/紫外(VUV/UV)辐照下的光降解过程,发现SML在VUV/UV辐照下的降解速率明显快于UV辐照.采用MFPS测定了各光化学动力学参数:UV和VUV/UV辐照下光子剂量基反应速率常数分别为0.88×10~3和4.64×10~3m~2·einstein-1;量子产率分别为0.227和0.379;羟基自由基(HO·)和SML的二级反应速率常数测定为6.59×10~9L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).探讨了pH值和初始SML浓度对降解效果的影响,结果表明,VUV/UV辐照下pH 7.0时的SML降解速率达到最大,而UV辐照下SML的降解速率随pH增加而逐渐增大;初始SML浓度的增大会降低UV和VUV/UV辐照下的降解速率.此外,本研究表明MFPS作为实验室光反应系统可快速、准确地测量各光反应动力学参数,VUV/UV在去除水中微量有机污染物方面的效果优于UV,可较好的处理水中微量有机污染物.     

廊坊开发区8~9月O3污染过程VOCs污染特征及来源分析

使用ZF-PKU-1007大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）在线连续监测系统,于2018年8月25日至9月30日在廊坊开发区对99种VOCs进行监测,并开展不同O₃污染情况下ω（VOCs）特征、大气反应活性及来源研究.结果表明,监测期间廊坊开发区ω（VOCs）平均为（75.17±38.67）×10^-9,O₃污染日和清洁日ω（VOCs）平均分别为（112.33±30.96）×10^-9和（66.25±34.84）×10^-9,污染日ω（VOCs）较清洁日偏高69.6%;对于大气反应活性,污染日和清洁日VOCs对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）的贡献均以醛酮类、芳香烃、烯烃和烷烃为主,对于羟基消耗速率（L_·OH）,污染日以芳香烃（30.0%）和烯烃（25.8%）为主,而清洁日烯烃贡献（29.8%）略高于芳香烃（28.0%）;PMF源解析结果显示,机动车排放（34.4%）、溶剂使用及挥发源（31.7%）、石化工业源（15.7%）、燃烧源（11.1%）和植物排放源（7.9%）为监测期间VOCs的主要来源,另外污染日溶剂使用及挥发源、植物源排放较清洁日升高13.1%和1.2%,可能与污染日温度较高有关.因此,机动车排放和溶剂使用及挥发为廊坊开发区8~9月VOCs的控制重点.     

夏季闽江CDOM的空间分布与降解特征

利用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析技术(EEMs-PARAFAC)以及微生物和光降解实验等方法,分析夏季闽江下游-河口区有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的组成、分布及其降解特征.结果表明,闽江下游-河口区CDOM存在三类荧光组分:类腐殖质、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸;类腐殖质是河段CDOM的主要荧光组分,在河口区随着盐度增加主要的荧光组分逐渐变为类蛋白质.CDOM的丰度变化呈现出明显的空间分布格局:河段CDOM的吸收系数a(280)较低,进入市区后有所增加,到了郊区呈现下降的趋势,而在河口区迅速下降;保守估计福州市区对闽江CDOM的贡献为8%.河段a(280)易被微生物降解和光降解,降解率分别为(28±8)%和(44±7)%,其生物可利用性和光化学活性远高于受海源CDOM影响的河口区;类腐殖质、类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光组分在河段具有较高的光化学活性,降解率分别为(75±0.5)%、(58±21)%和(73±3)%,但不易被微生物降解,而且在28 d微生物培养后出现类腐殖质的累积.     

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPnEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38%–77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPnEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPnEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important. Translated from Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(3): 61–66 [译自: 环境科学研究]     

广州番禺大气成分站一次典型光化学污染过程PAN和O3分析

通过对广州番禺大气成分站（GPACS）的光化学相关污染物（O₃、PAN、VOCs、NO₂、NO）以及气象要素进行观测,分析2010~2016年期间发生在广州地区一次典型光化学污染过程.结果表明,该光化学污染过程期间,O₃和PAN总体体积分数比较高,最大O₃小时体积分数为140.6×10^-9,而最大PAN小时体积分数为4.7×10^-9.NO整体体积分数较低,对O₃的化学滴定和PAN的去除影响较小.NO₂整体体积分数较高、辐射较强和风速较低则有利于O₃和PAN的形成和积累.PAN和O₃具有一定的线性关系（R²=0.55）,而形成PAN和O₃前体物VOCs物种不完全相同影响着它们的线性关系,在生成PAN的VOCs物种中,乙烯、丙烷、异戊二烯和甲苯所占的比例较大,而对臭氧生成潜势较大的物种有异戊二烯、1,3,5-三甲苯、丙烯、间,对-二甲苯以及甲苯.对PA自由基体积分数进行估算,发现它的日均值体积分数在0.11×10^-12~0.16×10^-12范围变化,远高于其它地区,表明此次发生的光化学反应较为强烈.     

天津市郊夏季的臭氧变化特征及其前体物VOCs的来源解析

本文利用天津市南开大学津南校区大气环境综合观测站的臭氧及其前体物(VOCs 和NOx)、气象参数等在线监测仪器,获取了 2018 年夏季(6～8 月)小时分辨率的数据信息;分析臭氧及其前体物的相互关系及变化特征;根据光化学年龄计算出VOCs的初始浓度对其日间(06:00～24:00)VOCs体积分数的光化学损耗进行修正...     

华北区域大气中羰基化合物体积分数水平及化学反应活性

为了解华北区域光化学污染特征,于2018年5月至2019年4月在石家庄和兴隆地区利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）对空气中的羰基化合物进行采样,并利用高效液相色谱对采集样品进行分析,以了解该区域羰基化合物的组成、体积分数、来源、·OH损耗速率和臭氧生成潜势.本研究共测定了13种含羰基的挥发性有机物,其中体积分数最高的3种物质为丙酮、甲醛和乙醛[石家庄地区：（6.46±5.25）×10^-9、（3.76±2.29）×10^-9和（2.65±1.74）×10^-9;兴隆地区：（1.85±1.27）×10^-9、（1.29±1.02）×10^-9和（0.72±0.48）×10^-9];C1/C2和C2/C3值表明石家庄地区工业化水平较高,受机动车尾气和化石燃料燃烧等人为排放影响较明显;兴隆地区采样点处于背景区域,受自然源影响较大;石家庄地区对L_·OH贡献最大的3种物质分别为乙醛（1.77 s^-1）、甲醛（1.57 s^-1）和丁醛（0.42 s^-1）;兴隆地区对L_·OH贡献最大的3种物质为分别为甲醛（0.53 s^-1）、乙醛（0.47 s^-1）和丁醛（0.12 s^-1）;对O₃生成贡献最大的羰基化合物物种为甲醛和乙醛[石家庄地区：34.61×10^-9（以O₃计,下同）和16.73×10^-9;兴隆地区：11.77×10^-9和4.47×10^-9],且甲醛的最大臭氧生成潜势估算（OFP）远高于乙醛.     

Sex pheromone chemistry and field trapping studies of the elm spanworm Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Geometridae)

The elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner), occurs throughout Canada and the eastern United States and can be a destructive forest pest on a wide range of deciduous trees. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) analysis of pheromone gland extracts, in combination with chemical synthesis and field trapping studies have identified (2S, 3R)-2-((Z)-oct-2′-enyl)-3-nonyl oxirane (hereafter Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H) as the female-produced sex pheromone. Significantly more male moths were captured between 1–100 μg loadings of this compound on red rubber septa in sticky traps compared to blank (unbaited) traps; catches then declined at higher dosages (500–1000 μg). The other isomeric enantiomer, (2R, 3S)-2-[(Z)-oct-2′-enyl]-3-nonyl oxirane (Z6-9R, 10S-epoxy-19:H), at a 10-μg dosage did not elicit trap capture. The likely precursor to the active epoxide, (Z, Z)-6, 9-nonadecadiene ((Z, Z)-6, 9-19:H), identified in virgin female sex pheromone glands, did not elicit trap capture either, and inhibited trap capture when combined with the active epoxide. Racemic 2-((Z)-oct-2′-enyl)-3-nonyl oxirane showed no significant difference in trap capture compared with Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H, indicating that the opposite enantiomer was not antagonistic. The addition of the EAD-active diene epoxide enantiomers (2S, 3R)-2-[(Z, Z)-octa-2′, 5′-dienyl]-3-nonyl oxirane or (2R, 3S)-2-[(Z, Z)-octa-2′, 5′-dienyl]-3-nonyl oxirane in admixture with Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H (at 10% of the latter) did not enhance or decrease trap capture compared to Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H oxirane alone, so they are not likely pheromone components. This pheromone, impregnated in rubber septa at less than 100-μg dosage, can now be used as a trap bait to develop detection and monitoring strategies for this insect.     

紫外活化过硫酸盐降解磷酸氯喹

以抗新型冠状肺炎药物——磷酸氯喹（CQP）为研究对象,考察其在紫外活化过硫酸盐体系（UV/PS）中的降解效果.通过竞争动力学实验,确定了CQP与羟基自由基（HO·）和硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）的二级反应速率常数,同时考察了PS浓度、pH和常见无机阴离子对UV/PS体系中CQP降解的影响,并通过建立动力学模型预测CQP浓度和主要自由基浓度以探究其影响机制.结果表明,UV/PS体系对CQP的降解效果显著优于单一UV、单一太阳光或单一PS体系,在10 min内可降解91.3%的CQP;在pH为6.9的条件下,CQP与HO·和SO₄^-·的二级反应速率常数分别为8.9×10⁹ L·（mol·s）^-1和1.4×10¹⁰ L·（mol·s）^-1,其中SO₄^-·是主要活性物种;CQP的降解速率随PS浓度增加而增大,HCO₃^-和Cl^-的加入对UV/PS体系中CQP的去除起到抑制作用,碱性较强的条件不利于CQP的转化.经LC-MS分析,发现CQP在UV/PS体系中主要经过N-脱乙基化、C—N键断裂和抽氢等反应被逐步降解为其他有机中间产物.加大PS浓度和pH可提高其矿化率.此研究可为抗新冠肺炎医药废水的处理提供帮助.     

杭州市城区挥发性有机物污染特征及反应活性

使用Summa罐在杭州市城区朝晖站点离线采样,利用GCMS分析122种挥发性有机物（VOCs）.通过2018年5月至2019年4月连续1a的观测,结果发现,观测期间大气VOCs平均体积分数为（59.4±23.6）×10^-9,浓度高值出现在12月而低值出现在2月,含氧有机物（OVOC）,尤其是醛酮类化合物是占比最高的组分,在夏季尤甚.朝晖站点VOCs浓度没有明显的周末效应,但节假日的VOCs浓度有明显下降.其大气VOCs浓度与空气质量指数（AQI）值呈现正相关性,首要污染物为PM_2.5时观测到的VOCs浓度最高.运用·OH消耗速率（L^·OH）和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）做大气反应活性评估,观测期间L^·OH均值为7.5 s^-1,OFP均值为152.1×10^-9,醛酮类化合物、芳烃和烯烃是活性最高的组分,该站点整体大气活性水平与2-甲基戊烷相当.观测期间甲苯/苯（T/B）均值为1.95,说明杭州市城区受到较明显的机动车排放影响.使用正定矩阵因子分析法（PMF）解析出杭州全年VOCs污染的6个因子,分别为二次生成（17.6%）、燃烧源（11.8%）、工艺过程（12.3%）、溶剂使用（18.1%）、天然源（4.5%）和机动车尾气（35.7%）.     

Isolation of a Pseudomonas Stutzeri strain that degrades 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and characterization of its degradative plasmid

The genetic information encoding metabolic pathways for xenobiotic compounds in bacteria often resides on catabolic plasmids. The aim of the present work was to know the location of the genes for degrading 1,2,4-trichlorobenzen. In this paper a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene-degrading strain THSL-1 was isolated from the soil of Tianjin Chemical Plant using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri through morphologic survey and 16S rDNA sequence determination. A plasmid was discovered from strain THSL-1 by using the alkali lysis method. When the plasmid was transformed into E. coli. JM109 by the CaCl₂ method, the transformant could grow using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source and had the degradation function of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Therefore, it could be deemed that the plasmid carried the degradative genes of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The average size of the plasmid was finally determined to be 40.2 Kb using selectively three kinds of restricted inscribed enzymes (HindIII, BamHI, and XholI) for single cutting and double cutting the plasmid pTHSL-1, respectively. __________ Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(4): 385–388 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

Dynamic fate modeling of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in the lower reaches of the Liao River

A QWASI model dependent on temperature is parameterized to describe the long-term fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Liao River. The model parameters, namely fugacity capacity, degradation rate, and transfer coefficient, are profoundly affected by temperature. This model is used to simulate the fate of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in the lower reaches of the Liao River from 1998 to 2008. Modeling results show that γ-HCH fugacity capacities in air, water, and sediment increase as temperature decreases, and the transfer and transformation rate coefficients increase as temperature increases. The variations of transfer and transformation parameter D values depend on fugacity capacities, and transfer and transformation coefficients simultaneously. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing the predicted and observed concentrations in the water and sediment of the Liao River. The predicted values agree well with the observed value in the order of magnitude, in most cases within the factor of 3. It is believed that the model is appropriate for simulating the long term fate of POPs in the Liao River. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 121–125 [译自: 环境科学]     

Offspring sex in a TSD gecko correlates with an interaction between incubation temperature and yolk steroid hormones

We incubated eggs of the Japanese gecko Gekko japonicus at three temperatures, and measured yolk testosterone (T) and 17??-estradiol (E2) levels at three time points in embryonic development (oviposition, 1/3 of incubation, and 2/3 of incubation), to examine whether maternal influence on offspring sex via yolk steroid hormone deposition is significant in the species. Eggs incubated at 24?°C and 32?°C produced mostly females, and eggs incubated at 28?°C almost a 50:50 sex ratio of hatchlings. Female-producing eggs were larger than male-producing eggs. Clutches in which eggs were incubated at the same temperature produced mostly same-sex siblings. Yolk T level at laying was negatively related to eggs mass, and yolk E2/T ratio was positively related to egg mass. Results of two-way ANOVA with incubation temperature and stage as the factors show that: yolk E2 level was higher at 32?°C than at 24?°C; yolk T level was higher, whereas yolk E2/T ratio was smaller, at 28?°C than at 24?°C; yolk E2 and T levels were higher at 2/3 than at 1/3 of incubation. Our data in G. japonucus show that: (1) maternal influence on offspring sex via yolk steroid hormone deposition is significant; (2) incubation temperature affects the dynamics of developmental changes in yolk steroid hormones; (3) influences of yolk steroid hormones on offspring sex are secondary relative to incubation temperature effects; and (4) offspring sex correlates with an interaction between incubation temperature and yolk steroid hormones.     

西安人为源VOCs排放特征及其对O3和SOA生成潜势的影响

为研究西安市人为源VOCs（挥发性有机物）对OFP（O₃生成潜势）和SOAFP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）的影响,基于西安市环境统计数据和相关统计资料,结合排放因子法和已有的源成分谱,建立西安市人为源VOCs排放清单,并利用最大增量反应活性（MIR）和气溶胶生成系数（FAC）估算各类人为源排放VOCs对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成贡献.结果表明:①2016年西安市人为源VOCs排放总量为119.187×103 t,其中,溶剂使用源、移动源和工艺过程源是主要的排放源,排放量分别为50.676×103、29.414×103、24.430×103 t. ②2016年西安市各区县VOCs排放总量较大的依次为长安区、雁塔区、未央区和碑林区,排放量分别为15.28×103、12.34×103、11.81×103和10.14×103 t,莲湖区、新城区和灞桥区VOCs排放量大于5×103 t,而阎良区排放量最小. ③2016年西安市总OFP为222.087×103 t,间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、邻-二甲苯等对总OFP的贡献率为72.40%;溶剂使用源对总OFP的贡献率最大,其次是生物质燃烧源,并且生物质燃烧源单位质量VOCs的OFP最强. ④2016年西安市总SOAFP为318.347 t,间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、邻-二甲苯、乙苯等对总SOAFP的贡献率为88.65%;溶剂使用源对总SOAFP的贡献率最大,其次是生物质燃烧源,而且溶剂使用源单位质量VOCs的SOAFP强于其他排放源.研究显示,与其他地区VOCs单位面积排放清单相比,西安市VOCs单位面积排放强度处于中等水平.      

Degradation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water by ozone oxidation

The ozone oxidation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water was investigated. A stainless completely mixed reactor was employed to carry out the degradation experiments by means of a batch model. With an initial concentration of 11.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of BPA (bisphenol A) could be measured up to 70%, 82%, and 90% when the dosages of ozone were 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/L, respectively. The impacts on BPA degradation under the conditions of different ozone dosages, water background values, BPA initial concentrations, and ozone adding time were analyzed. The results showed that ozone dosage plays a dominant role during the process of BPA degradation, while the impact of the contact time could be ignored. UV wavelength scanning was used to confirm that the by-products were produced, which could be absorbed at UV254. The value of UV254 was observed to have changed during the ozonation process. Based on the change of UV254, it could be concluded that BPA is not completely degraded at low ozone dosage, while shorter adding time of total ozone dosage, high ozone dosage, and improvement of dissolved ozone concentration greatly contribute to the extent of BPA degradation. The effects of applied H₂O₂ dose in ozone oxidation of BPA were also examined in this study. The O₃-H₂O₂ processes proved to have similar effects on the degradation of BPA by ozone oxidation. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 294–299 [译自: 环境科学]