Recent Changes in Soil Total Phosphorus in the Everglades: Water Conservation Area 3

We assessed recent changes in the distribution of soil total phosphorus (TP) in Water Conservation Area 3 (WCA-3) of the Everglades. Soil cores were collected in 1992 and 2003 at 176 sites. To reflect hydrologic boundaries within the system, WCA-3 was divided into three zones (3AN, 3AS, and 3B). Total P was mapped on both a mass (TPm) and a volumetric basis (TPv) to determine if spatial distributions varied depending on the choice of units. Interpolated maps for both years showed that the highest levels of TPm were located in 3AN and in boundary areas of all zones that received surface water inputs of P from canals. Increases in TPm were greatest in central 3AN in an area adjacent to the Miami Canal that received inputs from a water control structure. Interpolated maps for TPv illustrated that a hotspot present in 1992 had disappeared by 2003. The highest levels of TPv in 2003 were located in northwestern 3AN, a region of WCA-3 that has been chronically overdrained and burned in 1999. From 1992 to 2003, increases in TPm were observed for 53% of the area of WCA-3, while only 16% of WCA-3 exhibited increases in TPv. In 1992, approximately 21% of WCA-3 had TPm concentrations in the 0–10 cm layer >500 mg kg⁻¹, indicating P enrichment beyond historic levels. Eleven years later, 30% of the area of WCA-3 had TPm >500 mg kg⁻¹. This indicated that during this period, the area of WCA-3 with enriched TPm concentrations increased about one % year⁻¹.     

新疆土壤盐分的组成和分布特征

为了掌握监测区土壤盐分的组成和分布特征,通过采集监测样点地表0～30cm土层,对土壤总盐、八大离子等项目进行分析。结果表明,新疆土壤盐分含量高、盐分类型多样、盐分分布有一定的地带分布特性。同时土地利用方式的改变（人为活动）对土壤中盐分组成和分布有一定的影响。     

基于RS与GIS的水土保持生态功能区生态状况评估

以河南省大别山水土保持国家重点生态功能区为研究区,基于RS与GIS获取2012年和2017年研究区植被覆盖、土地利用、土壤侵蚀等遥感解译数据,从生态功能、生态结构和生态压力3个方面,采用综合指数法,对研究区生态状况进行动态监测与评价。结果表明,2012—2017年间,研究区土地利用结构发生较明显的变化,林草地覆盖率上升9.85%,耕地和建设用地面积比上升13.23%,水域湿地面积比变化不大;植被覆盖指数上升 62.74%,中度以上土壤侵蚀面积比略有增加;生态状况变化度ΔF=4.95,整体生态状况等级由良变为优,生态状况变化度评级为显著变好。     

Soil Conservation and Consumption Risk in a Model of Low-Income Agriculture

This paper investigates the influence of consumptionrisk on incentives for soil conservation. A dynamicmodel is developed to show how investments in soilconservation affect consumption risk on small farmsand how these risks influence incentives for soilconservation. Model predictions are compared withobserved patterns of soil conservation adoption in thePhilippines. Results show that on small farms the riskof consumption shortfall generates inefficientpatterns of soil conservation adoption. Observedadoption patterns reflect risk characteristics of thesoil conservation method, differences in risk exposureamong farms, and differences in farm size.     

挥发性卤代烃地表水环境样品保存方法研究

针对国内外监测技术规范对挥发性卤代烃样品保存条件不一致的问题,开展不同因素对挥发性卤代烃样品保存的影响研究。结果表明,调节pH≤2可使水样中挥发性卤代烃的损失率减少2%~25%;在水样中加入抗坏血酸或硫代硫酸钠可减少目标物的损失率约10%。挥发性卤代烃样品的最佳保存条件:加盐酸调节水样pH≤2,加10%硫代硫酸钠或抗坏血酸除余氯(有余氯时),冷藏,14 d内完成测试。在实际工作中,对未受余氯影响的集中式饮用水源地水样,特别是水库水样,若能在2 d内完成测试,在冷藏保存的条件下,可以考虑不调节pH,不添加固定剂。     

高速公路水土保持生态服务功能价值评估浅析——以陕西省不同区域三条高速公路为例

以陕西省3个典型区域的3条高速公路为例,在构建高速公路水土保持生态服务功能价值评价体系并确定各评价指标计算方法的基础上,全面分析了高速公路水土保持的生态服务功能价值。旨在相互交流的基础上,为后期同类工程水土保持投资预算设计和资金管理使用提供理论依据。     

基于通量守恒原理的水质监测非统计不确定性研究

水环境动态监测过程中,结果存在非统计不确定性.以北京市密云水库曹家路小流域安达木河部分汇流河段为研究对象,结合水质和流量数据,分析了单次监测中水质存在的偶然误差下限值,去除其粗大值,以其均值表征动态监测过程中的非统计不确定性.由于研究的汇流河段尺度小,水流经过时间短,迁移转化过程可以忽略,建立的基于通量守恒原理的非统计...     

干旱区2种猪毛菜萌发过程对水盐胁迫的生态响应

在实验室内模拟研究的基础上,运用生理生态学的原理,研究了水盐胁迫对钠猪毛菜(salsola nitraria)和散枝猪毛菜(salsola brachiata)种子萌发的影响,结果显示,钠猪毛菜与散枝猪毛菜种子萌发的最适温度分别为25 ℃和15 ℃.在盐溶液和PEG溶液中,2种种子的萌发规律相似,即随着水势的降低,萌发率和萌发速率下降.在盐胁迫下钠猪毛菜和散枝猪毛菜种子萌发的最低水势接近-7.2 MPa;在水分胁迫下2种种子萌发的最低水势均未超过-2.0 MPa,其中,钠猪毛菜种子表现出较强的耐水分胁迫能力.在相同水势条件下,PEG对2种猪毛菜种子萌发的抑制程度显著大于等渗NaCl,说明渗透胁迫是影响2种植物种子萌发的主要因素.     

水质质控样的制备与应用

水质质控样的制备与应用汪小梅，沈叔平（杭州市环境监测中心站３１０００７）ＰｒｏｐａｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎＷａｔｅｒＱｕａｌｉｔｙＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＳａｍｐｌｅｓ￥ＷａｎｇＸｉａｏｍｅｌ；ＳｈｅｎＳｈｕｐｉｎｇ（ＨａｎｇｚｈｏｕＥｎｖｉｒ...     

柴窝堡湖水质污染与控制

描述了柴窝堡湖的水质恶化现状。讨论了湖水水质被污染的原因，提出了削减污染的管理措施及对策。     

博斯腾湖矿化度现状分析

博斯腾湖是目前我国最大的内陆淡水湖,近40多年来,博斯腾湖矿化度年际变化经历了好→中→差→中的过程。本文在对博斯腾湖矿化度历史变化和博斯腾湖各区域矿化度分布调查分析的基础上,全面客观的分析了博斯腾湖矿化度的成因。通过对多年数据的分析,建立了矿化度与水位的定量关系模型,并就如何控制博斯腾湖矿化度提出了可行的对策。     

Nuclear Versus Coal plus CCS: a Comparison of Two Competitive Base-Load Climate Control Options

In this paper, we analyze the relative importance and mutual behavior of two competing base-load electricity generation options that each are capable of contributing significantly to the abatement of global CO₂ emissions: nuclear energy and coal-based power production complemented with CO₂ capture and storage (CCS). We also investigate how, in scenarios developed with an integrated assessment model that simulates the economics of a climate-constrained world, the prospects for nuclear energy would change if exogenous limitations on the spread of nuclear technology were relaxed. Using the climate change economics model World Induced Technical Change Hybrid, we find that until 2050 the growth rates of nuclear electricity generation capacity would become comparable to historical rates observed during the 1980s. Given that nuclear energy continues to face serious challenges and contention, we inspect how extensive the improvements of coal-based power equipped with CCS technology would need to be if our economic optimization model is to significantly scale down the construction of new nuclear power plants.     

1990—2020年承德市御道口地区产水与水源涵养功能时空演变

承德市御道口地区作为京津冀水源涵养功能区的组成部分,是区域可持续发展的重要生态支撑。基于生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型(InVEST模型)定量分析了1990—2020年御道口地区的产水与水源涵养功能的时空演变,并采用情景模拟法分析评估气候要素与土地利用类型变化对产水量与水源涵养量的影响。结果表明:(1)1990—2020年,御道口地区平均产水深度与水源涵养深度分别为103.26,81.66 mm,产水量与水源涵养量呈现先减小后增加的波动变化趋势;空间均呈现东北高西南低的分布特征,高值区主要集中于东北林、草地区域,低值区则主要集中于未利用地与西南部耕地区域;(2)各气候要素中,产水深度、水源涵养深度与降水量呈正相关关系,与潜在蒸、散发量呈负相关关系;各土地利用类型中,草地的平均产水量贡献率最大(51.23%),林地的平均水源涵养量贡献率最大(50.77%);(3)1990—2020年,气候与土地利用变化对产水量变化的年平均贡献率分别为94.99%和5.01%,对水源涵养量变化的年平均贡献率分别为92.21%和7.79%,气候变化是御道口地区产水、水源涵养功能时空演变的主导因素,而土地利用变化的影响正在逐渐增强。     

Modeling and Mapping of Soil Salinity and Alkalinity Using Remote Sensing Data and Topographic Factors: a Case Study in Iran

Environmental Modeling & Assessment - Soil salinity and alkalinity seriously threaten crop production, soil productivity, and sustainable agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid areas,...     

离子选择电极法测定土壤中水溶性氟

阐述了离子选择电极法测定土壤中水溶性氟的方法。进行了缓冲液用量、浸取时间，水土比等条件实验。该方法精密度好、准确度高，适用于不同类型的土壤中水溶性氟的测定。     

伊犁河流域水污染及水土流失防治调查

通过对伊犁河流域现状和存在问题的分析 ,针对性地提出了保护伊犁河流域的综合治理措施     

Analysing Seasonal Differences between a Soil Water Balance Model and in Situ Soil Moisture Measurementsat Nine Locations Across Europe

We compared soil moisture from the soil water balance model for European Water Accounting (swbEWA) with in situ observations from nine locations in three European climatic zones (continental, Mediterranean and maritime temperate), for different periods between 2003 and 2011. Despite the simplicity of the swbEWA model, the patterns of temporal changes in soil moisture content are well represented at all locations. Annual averages show that the model overestimates the soil moisture content, and that overestimations are the smallest when measurements are obtained from more than one depth. These results suggest that the relationship between simulated and observed soil moisture also depends on the number of measurements and the depth over which they are taken. In the continental climate, where snow cover and frozen soil influence soil moisture, we observe higher root mean square error values in winter months. However, in the Mediterranean and maritime temperate climates, we do not observe clear common seasonal patterns in the soil moisture profile, which makes it difficult to relate the model’s accuracy to climate. With the percentage of correctness and probability of detection measures, we tested the model performance in simulating dry versus non-dry events. The percentage of the correctly classified dry and non-dry events is higher than 84 % at all locations, whereas the probability to detect dry events is significantly lower, exceeding 50 % at only four out of nine stations. The frequency distribution of consecutive days with dry soil (CDDS) confirms the model performance: higher number of short dry periods (with less than 20 days of soil moisture near wilting point) are reproduced and observed in continental climates, whereas long dry periods (longer than 50 days) are noted in the Mediterranean climate. Overall, the statistical measures suggest that the model produces the highest accuracy in summer months at the stations in continental climates, whereas in the Mediterranean climate, the accuracy is slightly higher in the colder seasons.     

Heavy Metal Load Of Soil, Water And Vegetables In Peri-Urban Delhi

Peri-urban lands are often used for production of vegetables for better market accessibility and higher prices. But most of these lands are contaminated with heavy metals through industrial effluents, sewage and sludge, and vehicular emission. Vegetables grown in such lands, therefore, are likely to be contaminated with heavy metals and unsafe for consumption. Samples of vegetables i.e., spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.); soil and irrigation water were collected from 5 peri-urban sites of New Delhi to monitor their heavy metal loads. While heavy metal load of the soils were below the maximum allowable limit prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO), it was higher in irrigation water and vegetable samples. The spinach and okra samples showed Zn, Pb and Cd levels higher than the WHO limits. The levels of Cu, however, were at their safe limits. Metal contamination was higher in spinach than in okra. Spatial variability of metal contamination was also observed in the study. Bio-availability of metals present in soil showed a positive relationship with their total content and organic matter content of soil but no relationship was observed with soil pH. Washing of vegetables with clean water was a very effective and easy way of decontaminating the metal pollution as it reduced the contamination by 75 to 100%.     

上海市土壤氟含量风险管控限值探讨

受工业活动影响,上海市典型工业区表层土壤氟中位值普遍高于"七五"背景值.针对工业企业场地土壤氟化物高值现象,目前仍缺乏相关的管理标准体系,且基于总量的评估分析方法已无法满足日益增长的精细化管理需求.详细梳理了国内外氟化物相关标准体系,并对上海市土壤氟限值进行了探讨.基于上海市典型工业场地特征参数计算得到的土壤氟化物筛选...