山西省辛安泉氮污染预测实验拟合数学模型的研究

本文在环境水文地质地球化学调查的基础上，以相似论为依据，采用模拟实验方法，获取ＮＨ４在水－岩土体系中的运移规律，进而建立实验拟合模型，经检验修正，可初步用于污染预测，这种把ＮＨ４的力学迁移与地球化学的融为一体的建模方法，具有合理，直观，简便等优点。     

垃圾填埋场渗漏对地下水污染的预测与评价

本研究以天长市万寿简易生活垃圾填埋场封场整治工程为例,通过查明垃圾填埋场区水文地质条件,建立水文地质模型,采用数值法预测场区渗滤液泄露后,污染物在含水层中的扩散、迁移途径和迁移距离。通过预测分析,垃圾填埋场渗滤液中污染物浓度高,但污染物运移距离较短,污染范围较小,在实施防治措施后,能够有效地防止地下水被污染或最大限度减小污染范围,防治措施可在源头及分区进行控制,同时加强污染点的监测。     

天然含硅饮用矿泉水的化学成因与开发前景

我国幅员辽阔,饮用矿水资源丰富。其中,含硅饮用矿水(偏硅酸矿水)在全国许多省区均有发现,如吉林省长白山区就有31处,天然流量达187702m~3·d~(-1);在四川省已鉴定的10余处矿泉水中,有8处是偏硅酸泉。含硅饮用矿水的形成,笔者曾在“华蓥山九洞含硅饮用矿泉水形成的水文地球化学机理”一文中进行了初步的化学热力学探讨。本文拟再次从化学     

南疆山前平原水文地球化学特征与氟的迁移与富集──以玉龙喀什河山前平原为例

已系统地分析了玉龙喀什河山前平原地下水中氟元素的来源及迁移特征。指出了氟形成的地质，地球化学及自然地理条件，迁移富集的水文地球化学环境和水化学成分特征。通过大量的统计分析，总结和明确了水中含氟量与水环境的碱性特征（总碱度及ＰＨ值）、水中各宏量组分（常规离子）及矿化度的相关性，相关程度，并求得了氟与它们的相关系数，从而明确了氟形成及迁移的水文地球化学特征及相关变化规律。     

南疆山前平原水文地球化学特征与氟的迁移与富集：以玉龙喀什河山前平…

已系统地分析了玉龙喀什河山前平原地下水中氟元素的来源及迁移特征。指出了氟形成的地质，地球化学及自然地理条件，迁移富集的水文地球化学环境和水化学成分特征。通过大量的统计分析，总结和明确了水中含氟量与水环境的碱性特征（总碱度及ＰＨ值）、水中各宏量组分（常规离子）及矿化度的相关性，相关程度，并求得了氟与它们的相关系数，从而明确了氟形成及迁移的水文地球化学特征及相关变化规律。     

石油烃污染地下水的修复

地下水受石油烃类污染以其污染普遍、危害性巨大、去除困难以及治理费用昂贵而受到各国环境学者和水文地质学者的关注。概述了石油烃污染地下水处理技术的进展，并对今后研究发展趋势进行了讨论。     

乌鲁木齐河流域水文地球化学特征的初步研究

水文地球化学特征的研究,在查明地下水所处的原生环境状况,确定地下水环境容易,评价地下水的环境质量等工作中都具有重要意义。一、水文地球化学环境乌鲁木齐河流域处于欧亚大腹地,纬度较高,气候干燥严寒。该河发源于中天山的喀     

贵州省凯里市鱼洞岩溶大泉成因与水质污染研究

为推进凯里市鱼洞河流域酸性矿井水治理，进而改善鱼洞河流域水环境现状，采用资料收集、地质及水文地质测绘、物探、钻探、水质分析、地下水动态长观等工作方法，深入研究了鱼洞河岩溶大泉形成及水质污染成因。研究结果表明鱼洞岩溶大泉出露于平路河断层破碎带中，由泥盆系尧梭组承压水与栖霞茅口组潜水混合而成，受地形切割，在平路河(鱼洞河支流)右岸出露。水质污染主要是因为原高家庄煤矿、州煤矿采矿破坏了顶板二叠系栖霞茅口组岩层中地下水径流管道，顶板含水层中地下水充入采空区中与黄铁矿(FeS₂)发生水解反应，致使铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)、pH等指标严重超标，煤矿关闭后老空区水位上升，老空水再次通过斜井、导水裂缝带等进入岩溶管道，进而污染了鱼洞泉。通过该项研究，夯实了鱼洞河流域煤矿酸性矿井水地学治理的理论基础，进一步完善了鱼洞河流域酸性矿井水治理路径，对类似流域酸性矿井水治理研究更是一个不可或缺的经验参考。     

青海玛沁野马滩构造岩溶泉成因及开发利用分析

野马滩水源地为玛沁县第一水源地,是依靠引取野马滩构造岩溶泉为主,该泉观测期内泉水流量最大为0.59542m~3/s,最小为0.46530m~3/s,泉水中锶含量0.52mg/L,矿化度403.26~405.36mg/L,总硬度220.18~225.18mg/L,地下水化学类型为H.S-C.N,为含锶低矿化天然矿泉水。其流量大、水质好且动态稳定,具有集中供水意义。文章在分析研究泉水出露的水文地质背景条件及水文地质特征等基础上,认为三山夹两谷是构成地下水坝的地形条件。二叠系灰岩地层及北东向张性断裂发育是构成地下水赋存运移通道。背景条件中北北西向下盘阻水是地下水成群分布的构造条件。依据泉水流量及动态变化开发利用潜力分析,认为野马滩泉引泉引流开采方式40 000m~3/d的可开采量是有充分保证的,并提出了水资源保护的方案。     

四川卧龙热矿水的化学

矿泉水是一个十分复杂的物理化学体系。本文从无机地球化学和化学热力学的角度出发,讨论了卧龙饮用天然热矿水的硅、锶、氡、碳酸盐化学和稳定同位素特征。为该矿水水文地球化学、环境化学和生物化学等方面的进一步研究提供了化学基础资料。     

The setting of standards for agricultural nitrogen emissions: a case study of the Delphi technique

The Delphi technique is a means of aggregating the judgement of a panel of experts in order to improve the quality of decision-making. This paper provides a case study of the technique by undertaking a three-round Delphi study to determine a package of best available techniques to reduce nitrogen emissions from a poultry unit under the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (IPPC). Forms of nitrogen addressed included ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) nitrogen oxides (NOx), dusts and nitrate (NO3-), with the study providing a means to prioritise the pollution concerns on different spatial scales. The priority pollutant issues were the contribution of NH3 to eutrophication, the global cooling effect of NH4+ aerosol, the role of NH4+ as a vector for atmospheric transport of NOx and SO2, the contribution of N2O to global warming, and NO3- leaching. Reduced nitrogen (NHx) was rated as a priority on all scales, while N2O and NO3- were rated as priorities only on global and local scales, respectively. The study indicated the need for abatement techniques at each stage of poultry rearing and waste management, with particular attention to reduce NH3 emissions, reflecting the priority pollutant concerns. Measures identified by the panel include maintenance of dry litter, low emission removal of litter from housing and storage of litter under cover. Once the litter has left the farm, this should either be used as a biofuel for electricity generation or rapidly incorporated into agricultural soils. The amounts and timing of manure application should be tuned to crop needs. Uncertainties in the Delphi technique limit its suitability as a stand-alone decision making tool. However, the Delphi technique proved useful in identifying priority pollutant issues, areas of agreement, disagreement and where information is lacking. This demonstrates its use when dealing with the complex issues of prioritising pollution issues and abatement approaches.     

Passive monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in urban air: a case study of Durban metropolis, South Africa

To devise and implement strategies to manage the quality of urban air, a metropolis needs air pollution data on which an air quality management plan can be formulated. Although air pollutants can come from several sources, many reports suggest that nitrogen dioxide from motor vehicle emissions is the major contributor to air pollution in cities. Since vehicles stop or move slowly through traffic intersections, concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) are expected to be relatively high at these sites. Inexpensive Ogawa passive samplers were placed at selected traffic intersections in the Durban Metropolis to trap the NO(2) which was then analysed by a sensitive laboratory-based method. The data obtained by this method was compared with data from sophisticated system comprising an active sampler cum on-line chemiluminescence detector. The sampling was done over a twelve month period to cover all seasons. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference between the means for the two methods. This study has established that an Ogawa passive sampler may be used as an economical and reliable collector for NO(2) in ambient air under varying climatic conditions. Further, the analysis method using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer was sensitive enough to detect NO(2) at the 10-20 ppb level. The cost of the method should be well within the budgets of most municipalities and it would motivate them to develop policies to alleviate traffic congestion.     

春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对南宁市环境空气的影响分析

根据2011年春节期间南宁市主要污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2）浓度,分析了燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气的影响。结果表明：除夕和元宵节大量燃放烟花爆竹能导致PM10在短时间内快速上升,但对SO2和NO2浓度的影响不明显。除夕期间23：00-2：00是PM10受燃放烟花爆竹影响最大时段,城市居民居住集中区PM10浓度远高于其他区域。     

Phosphorus and nitrogen sorption to soils in the presence of poultry litter-derived dissolved organic matter

Two environmental aspects associated with land application of poultry litter that have not been comprehensively evaluated are (i) the competition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and P for soil sorption sites, and (ii) the sorption of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) relative to inorganic nitrogen species (e.g., NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+)) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The competition between DOM and P for sorption sites has often been assumed to increase the amount of P available for plant growth; however, elevating DOM concentrations may also increase P available for transport to water resources. Batch sorption experiments were conducted to (i) evaluate soil properties governing P sorption to benchmark soils of Southwestern Missouri, (ii) elucidate the impact of poultry litter-derived DOM on P sorption, and (iii) investigate DON retention relative to inorganic N species and DOC. Soils were reacted for 24 h with inorganic P (0-60 mg L(-1)) in the presence and absence of DOM (145 mg C L(-1)) using a background electrolyte solution comparable to DOM extracts (I = 10.8 mmol L(-1); pH 7.7). Soil P sorption was positively correlated with metal oxide (r(2) = 0.70) and clay content (r(2) = 0.79) and negatively correlated with Bray-1 extractable P (r(2) = 0.79). Poultry litter-derived DOM had no significant negative impact on P sorption. Dissolved organic nitrogen was preferentially removed from solution relative to (NO(3)(-)-N + NO(2)(-)-N), NH(4)(+)-N, and DOC. This research indicates that poultry litter-derived DOM is not likely to enhance inorganic P transport which contradicts the assumption that DOM released from organic wastes increases plant-available P when organic amendments and fertilizer P are co-applied. Additionally, this work demonstrates the need to further evaluate the fate and transport of DON in agroecosystem soils receiving poultry litter applications.     

滇池水污染物浓度预测的人工神经网络模型

本文针对滇池日益严重的水污染现状,根据云南昆明西苑隧道断面2004年-2010年的监测资料,建立了基于BP神经网络的主要污染指标预测模型,并对其进行训练检验,研究结果表明：独立样本中pH、溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐浓度的预测值与监测值的线性相关系数分别为0．952、0．967、0．945、0．936。结果证明该模型预测精度满足要求,通过准确地预测湖泊水污染物可以为治理湖泊营养化和综合利用水资源、规划管理、决策提供重要的科学依据。     

Phenols and flavonoids in Aleppo pine needles as bioindicators of air pollution

The aim of the present study is to assess whether certain ecophysiological responses (contents of total phenols, total proanthocyanidins, and total and simple flavonols), in the needles of Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis Mill.) may be valid bioindicators for the assessment of the air quality. Samples were taken at five natural sites polluted by various pollutants (NO, NO2, other NOx, SO2, and O3). The results show a decrease in total phenol concentrations with levels of nitrogen oxide pollutions (significant negative correlations between the total phenol concentrations and concentrations of NO, NO2, and other NOx). Total flavonoids (total flavonols and proanthocyanidins) are useful bioindicators for ozone pollution (significant negative correlations between total proanthocyanidins and the concentrations of ozone and significant positive correlations between total flavonols and the ozone pollution). Sulfur dioxide pollution is distinguished by low concentrations in quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol (significant negative correlations between these simple flavonols and the concentrations of SO2). This work confirms the strong interest of using the phenolic compounds of Pinus halepensis as biological indicators of air quality.     

Effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on nitrate and phosphorus losses in surface runoff

Phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) in runoff from agricultural fields are key components of nonpoint-source pollution and can accelerate eutrophication of surface waters. A laboratory study was designed to evaluate effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on P and N losses in surface runoff from soil pans at 5% slope under simulated rainfall. Experimental treatments included three rates of fertilizer input (control [no fertilizer input], low [40 kg P ha(-1), 100 kg N ha(-1)], and high [80 kg P ha(-1), 200 kg N ha(-1)]) and four near-surface hydraulic gradients (free drainage [FD], saturation [Sa], artesian seepage without rain [Sp], and artesian seepage with rain [Sp + R]). Simulated rainfall of 50 mm h(-1) was applied for 90 min. The results showed that near-surface hydraulic gradients have dramatic effects on NO(3)-N and PO(4)-P losses and runoff water quality. Under the low fertilizer treatment, the average concentrations in surface runoff from FD, Sa, Sp, and Sp + R were 0.08, 2.20, 529.5, and 71.8 mg L(-1) for NO(3)-N and 0.11, 0.54, 0.91, and 0.72 mg L(-1) for PO(4)-P, respectively. Similar trends were observed for the concentrations of NO(3)-N and PO(4)-P under the high fertilizer treatment. The total NO(3)-N loss under the FD treatment was only 0.01% of the applied nitrogen, while under the Sp and Sp + R treatments, the total NO(3)-N loss was 11 to 16% of the applied nitrogen. These results show that artesian seepage could make a significant contribution to water quality problems.     

Environmental and agronomic implications of water table and nitrogen fertilization management

Nitrate (NO3-) pollution of surface and subsurface waters has become a major problem in agricultural ecosystems. Field trials were conducted from 1996 to 1998 at St-Emmanuel, Quebec, Canada, to investigate the combined effects of water table management (WTM) and nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil NO3- level, denitrification rate, and corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield. Treatments consisted of a combination of two water table treatments: free drainage (FD) with open drains at a 1.0-m depth from the soil surface and subirrigation (SI) with a design water table of 0.6 m below the soil surface, and two N fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) rates: 120 kg N ha(-1) (N120) and 200 kg N ha(-1) (N200). Compared with FD, SI reduced NO3(-)-N concentrations in the soil profile by 37% in spring 1997 and 2% in spring 1998; and by 45% in fall 1997 and 19% in fall 1998 (1 mg NO3(-)-N L(-1) equals approximately 4.43 mg NO3- L(-1)). The higher rate of N fertilization resulted in greater levels of NO3(-)-N in the soil solution. Denitrification rates were higher in SI than in FD plots, but were unaffected by N rate. The N200 rate produced higher yields than N120 in 1996 and 1997, but not 1998. Corn yields in SI plots were 7% higher than FD plots in 1996 and 3% higher in 1997, but 25% lower in 1998 because the SI system was unable to drain the unusually heavy June rains, resulting in waterlogging. These findings suggest that SI can be used as an economical means of reducing NO3- pollution without compromising crop yields during normal growing seasons.     

A methodology for estimation of vehicle emissions in an urban environment: an example from Greater Manchester

Road transport is a major contributor to urban air pollution. The introduction of local air qua lity management in the UK will require objective test procedures to evaluate and prioritise the air pollution benefits of existing transport systems and proposed developments. This methodology has been developed to assist the land use and transport planning professionals in evaluating current and potential future impacts on air quality. The method couples an emissions estimation procedure to a traffic flow database. It requires data on emission factors, the composition of the vehicle fleet, vehicle control technologies and the daily traffic flow profile. With these data, it is possible to generate emission estimates per kilometre, link or road as selected by the user. Forecasts can be made by varying input variables. The current methodology allows prediction of five or more pollutant species/classes, limited only by availability of emission factors. The method utilises a commercially available personal computer based spreadsheet. Further coupling of the method to a geographical information system will improve the decision support capability of the method.