沙兰镇突发性洪水灾害损失评估及其反思

我国是洪水灾害频发的国家.本文通过实地调查,对黑龙江省宁安市沙兰镇2005年6月10日突发的洪水灾害损失进行了评估,总结了教训,对防灾、减灾工作进行了反思.     

美国防洪政策演变

回顾了近３００年来美国防洪战略转移的历史进程。美国陆军工程兵团曾根据国家防洪与发展航运的需要,实施“堤防万能”的防洪政策,然而,１９２７年的大洪水冲毁了“堤防万能”的神话,迫使国会通过１９２８年的防洪法,进行水库、行洪区、分洪区与堤防协调防洪。随着联邦洪水及其它灾害救济费用的不断攀升,促使美国颁布１９６８年的洪水保险法与１９７３年的洪水灾害防御法,实行洪水风险区划与土地利用规划,以减轻洪水灾害。１     

The 1934 floods in Tabriz, N. W. Iran

The disastrous floods of July 1934 in Tabriz are examined in the context of the history of floodinginthe city, which is crossed by a dry stream bed liable to sudden Inundation by mountain torrents from the southeast. Few details of past events have survived, suggesting that relatively little significance has been attached to them. Typically, flood dykes were inadequately maintained. This neglect, combined with a radical alteration in urban topography after 1925, when broad straight avenues were constructed through the old heart of the city, led to serious losses from flooding twice in 1929 and again in 1934. Enhanced perception of the flood risk finally found expression in the adoption of large scale engineering measures to mitigate future events, including strengthening protective dykes and widening the river channel through the city. These works have reduced vulnerability to flooding from river overflow. No long-term detrimental Impact of the 1934 flood has been observed. Some of the physical and social parameters that have influenced the vulnerability of Tabrizinthe past continue to be present both there and elsewhere in Iran, and they may be characteristic also of other regions with comparable natural environments or in a similar stage of socio-economic development.     

“Severe Destruction Is Inevitable” Interview With Dr.C. Barry Raleigh, Director, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, N. Y.

<正> Q Dr. Raleigh, what are the chances of a big earthquake striking the United States over the next few years? A A great earthquake, with severe destruction of property and high loss of life, is inevitable in California. The likelihood of such an earthquake—with a magnitude of 8 or more on the seismological scale—is only a few percentage points per year. That doesn't sound very high, but the point is that