Development and prospects of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China

With the lack of space for new landfills, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is playing an increasingly important role in municipal solid waste management in China. The literatures on certain aspects of incineration plants in China are reviewed in this paper, including the development and status of the application of MSW incineration technologies, the treatment of leachate from stored MSW, air pollution control technologies, and the status of the fly-ash control method. Energy policy and its promotion of MSW-to-energy conversion are also elucidated.     

Comparative evaluation of processes for heavy metal removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

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垃圾焚烧飞灰热处理过程中Zn的挥发机理研究

试验在650~1350℃条件下探讨了温度和时间对飞灰中Zn的挥发率的影响,采用XAFs对飞灰及二次飞灰中Zn的赋存形态进行分析,运用吉布斯自由能理论推导了Zn的氯化反应途径,并开展了验证试验.结果表明：温度是影响Zn挥发的主要因素,其挥发趋势随温度先增加而后降低,在1000℃时挥发率达到最高,而时间对其挥发效果影响较小;Zn主要以氯化物形态挥发,从假设反应途径的吉布斯自由能理论计算及验证试验得出,热处理过程中Zn的氯化反应分两步进行,首先飞灰中氯化物与SiO₂反应生成Cl₂,而后与ZnO反应生成ZnCl₂,而小部分Cl₂可能与水蒸气反应形成HCl,再与ZnO反应生成ZnCl₂.     

不同处理方法对硅灰稳固化垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的影响

向飞灰中添加硅灰与一定比例的去离子水,混合均匀后分别进行自然养护、蒸汽养护和中温热处理.研究了自然养护和蒸汽养护条件下硅灰不同添加量对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出毒性的影响,考察了蒸汽养护样与中温热处理样的重金属化学形态分布、晶体结构和微观形貌变化.结果表明：自然养护和蒸汽养护条件下,随着硅灰添加量由0%升至10%,飞灰中Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu的浸出浓度均随之降低.硅灰添加量为10%时,硅灰蒸汽养护样中Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu的浸出浓度略低于硅灰自然养护样,金属化学形态分布相比原灰变化较小;硅灰中温热处理对飞灰中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn处理最为彻底,4种金属残渣态占比相比原灰分别从原灰的37.12%、11.82%、44.30%和51.94%升高至84.75%、75.49%、77.20%和67.40%,酸溶态分别由原灰的3.99%、54.92%、6.56%和10.49%降低至0.44%、9.37%、2.72%和3.59%.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb及特征药剂稳定化处理

筛选几种重金属药剂用于稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰,以重金属Pb为处理目标,通过单一或复配形式研究药剂的稳定效果并采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析重金属稳定机理.结果表明,有机药剂稳定后Pb的螯合率高于无机药剂,投加质量分数为2％二乙基DTC能使Pb的浸出满足危险废物填埋污染控制标准(GB 18598-2019...     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的加速碳酸化处理

针对垃圾焚烧飞灰中钙及两性重金属含量高的特点,在高液固比(10:1)条件下对焚烧飞灰进行加速碳酸化处理以改善飞灰的理化特性.采用XRD、SEM、压汞分析以及硫酸硝酸毒性浸出方法,对加速碳酸化处理后飞灰的晶相、形貌、孔隙特征及重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr)浸出特性进行了研究.结果表明,加速碳酸化处理后飞灰中的CaClOH峰消失,而CaCO3的峰增加,且强度增加.加速碳酸化处理可以有效降低焚烧飞灰的pH值, Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni的浸出分别减少了99.7%、93.9%、90.6%和27.8%,而Cr的浸出浓度增加了29.7%.     

Leaching characteristics of heavy metals during cement stabilization of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in products of cement stabilization of fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator were investigated in this paper. The stabilization of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in fly ash from such incinerators was examined through the national standard method in China based on the following factors: additive quantity of cement and Na₂S, curing time, and pH of leaching liquor. The results showed that as more additives were used, less heavy metals were leached except for Pb, which is sensitive to pH of the leachate, and the worse effect was observed for Cd. The mass ratio of cement to fly ash = 10% is the most appropriate parameter according to the national standard method. When the hydration of cement was basically finished, stabilization of heavy metals did not vary after curing for 1 d. The mixtures of cement and fly ash had excellent adaptability to environmental pH. The pH of leachate was maintained at 7 when pH of leaching liquor varied from 3 to 11. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2564–2569 [译自: 环境科学]     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属的迁移特性实验

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融处理过程中重金属的迁移特性进行了实验研究.在自行设计的实验台上研究熔融温度、时间、气氛、冷却方式等条件对几种重金属固化特性的影响.结果表明,熔融可以固化大部分重金属,同时飞灰中重金属在熔融过程中的固化特性因种类不同呈现显著差异,Cd、Pb属于易挥发金属,而Ni、Cr和Zn不易挥发;飞灰成分、温度、气氛和冷却方式对各种重金属的影响程度各不相同.     

研究流化床内废物焚烧过程中重金属挥发特性的反模型化方法

用反模型化方法研究在流化床焚烧模拟废物过程中重金属 (HM)释放的动力学特性 .该方法包含了出口气体中的HM浓度变化规律 (实验数据 )和一个反应器尺度的模型 .在实验尺度的流化床焚烧反应器内对掺混了金属的模拟废物进行了热处理 ,对一种从废物中得到的并掺混有重金属 (Cd ,Pb和Zn)的物质进行了焚烧处理 ,用来模拟城市固体废弃物焚烧过程中的HM释放过程 .在反应器的气体出口安装了在线分析系统 ,该在线分析系统通过用ICP OES连续测量出口气体中的HM相对浓度变化规律能够全面的跟踪金属的挥发过程 .此外 ,还运用并发展了鼓泡床模型 ,应用此模型根据出口气体中的HM浓度和时间关系计算出HM挥发率 .利用反模型化方法可以通过在线分析的结果确定出颗粒尺寸的HM挥发动力学特性 .     

垃圾焚烧飞灰冶金性能研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰是危险废物因而必须进行处理.用冶金高温熔融分离来处理飞灰是一个新的无害化处理方法.在了解飞灰特性的基础上,研究了飞灰的冶金性能.对飞灰进行冷固结造球,并分析了球团的强度和浸出毒性;测试了球团的粘度和熔化性温度;进行了飞灰球团高温熔融分离实验,分析了熔渣中的重金属和浸出毒性.实验结果表明,飞灰的矿物组成主要是CaO、SiO2等氧化物;选择7%消石灰,添加1%糖浆进行飞灰冷固结,并养护18d,单个球团平均抗压强度可达到1005 N,球团的浸出毒性没有超标.飞灰的熔化性温度范围为1250～1290℃,此时的熔渣粘度较低;飞灰高温熔融分离的适宜工艺参数为:熔融温度1400℃,熔融时问10min,球团碱度1.8,金属熔池与飞灰球团配比为5:4,金属熔融分离效果很好;飞灰经过1300℃以上的高温熔融,熔渣远远低于浸出毒性标准.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂超低排放的改造路线

通过分析国内外垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统的现状,基于燃煤电站和垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气物性之间的相似性及燃煤电站超低排放系统的先进性,提出了分别以循环流化床法脱硫和高效协同型湿法脱硫技术为核心的垃圾焚烧烟气超低排放改造可行技术路线,并分析了2种技术路线的初投资和运行成本.结果表明：2种技术路线的初投资相当,约为1.37万元/t,但以湿法脱硫为核心的技术运行费用较高,日运行成本约为16.46元/t;采用环保电价补贴政策时,2种烟气超低排放技术路线超过政策发电量部分的发电收入分别可以在3a和7a内弥补超低排放改造及运行带来的资金支出.     

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste

As incineration provides a relatively safe means of disposal, significant reduclaon ot welglat anti volume, ana energy recovery from the waste, it was adopted by many countries. For the experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste( MSW),a lab scale fluldized bed facility was constructed. Many kinds of combustion runs were conducted in this fluidized bed combustion facility. The examined parameters were bed temperature(773 to 1143K), form of fuels ( scrap or whole), moisture of fuels and so on. Concentration of CO2,CO,SO2, O2 and NOx in the flue gas were monitored and recorded every 5 seconds. The temperatttres along the reactor are recorded every 10 seconds. Experimental. results were given and analyzed.     

生活垃圾处理的碳排放和减排策略

利用质量平衡模型,在核算生活垃圾处理技术碳排放的基础上,通过低碳化程度评价方法,建立了面向不同层次需求的生活垃圾低碳化策略.研究结果表明,餐厨垃圾产沼利用、生活垃圾填埋气收集利用和焚烧发电的低碳化程度最高,分别为93.7%、75.3%和71.0%.在不具备上述处理条件的地区,可以采用准好氧填埋,或在填埋之前进行好氧稳定预处理实现碳减排,其低碳化程度分别为61.8%和56.7%.根据目前生活垃圾的处理情况,估算我国每年生活垃圾处理过程将形成甲烷排放超过600万t,总碳排放约1.5亿t;而通过实施低碳化处理策略,2015年甲烷排放可减少至约500万t,总碳排放减少至1.3亿t.     

珠三角地区生活垃圾焚烧厂汞的排放特征

利用OH法对珠三角8家垃圾焚烧厂(6家采用炉排炉工艺,2家采用流化床工艺)进行烟气采样,同时采集飞灰、底渣、煤炭样品进行分析.研究结果表明,珠三角炉排炉焚烧烟气平均总汞(THg)排放浓度为(51.4±28.3) μg·Nm^-3,流化床为(19.5±13.6) μg·Nm^-3.炉排炉飞灰THg含量为6674 μg·kg^-1,流化床飞灰THg含量为2135 μg·kg^-1,底渣中炉排炉THg含量为70 μg·kg^-1,流化床为30 μg·kg^-1.飞灰中的汞含量要远远高于底渣.垃圾焚烧过程中炉排炉70.8%的汞由烟气排放,26.3%存在飞灰中,底渣中的汞仅占2.9%.流化床工艺烟气汞排放占总汞排放的33.2%.利用质量平衡法计算珠三角垃圾中汞含量平均值为0.293 mg·kg^-1,流化床工艺因添加燃煤所产生的汞排放占到垃圾焚烧总汞排放的31.6%.     

城市垃圾焚烧发电项目烟气中重金属干沉降对土壤的影响

焚烧炉烟气中重金属沉降造成的土壤污染是城市垃圾焚烧发电项目环境影响评价及环境保护管理工作关注的重点。以某城市垃圾焚烧发电项目为例,在确定焚烧炉排放源强及气象数据等资料的基础上,采用AERMOD模型预测焚烧烟气中Pb、Hg、Cd的沉降特征和对项目所在区域土壤环境质量的影响。结果表明:土壤中污染物浓度随离源距离的增加均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,其中Hg的占标率最大为27.2%,其次Cd为21.8%,Pb的占标率最小为4.7%,预测的重金属浓度均满足《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准限值要求;污染物分布与风密切相关,利用污染系数衡量风对污染物扩散传输的影响,可知污染扩散距离北向大于南向、东向大于西向,南北向大于东西向,污染系数与污染物沉降量分布一致。研究可为气体涉重金属污染物扩散沉降对土壤环境影响相关领域的科研、应用工作提供参考和借鉴。     

Investigation of heavy metal partitioning influenced by flue gas moisture and chlorine content during waste incineration

The impact of moisture on the partitioning of the heavy metals including Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd in municipal solid waste (MSW) was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace.A thermodynamic investigation using CHEMKIN software was performed to compare the experimental results.Simulated waste,representative of typical MSW with and without chlorine compounds,was burned at the background temperature of 700 and 950°C,respectively.In the absence of chlorine,the moisture content has no evident effect on the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu at either 700 or 950°C,however,as flue gas moisture increasing the Cd distribution in the bottom ash increased at 700°C and reduced at 950°C,respectively.In the presence of chlorine,the flue gas moisture reduced the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu due to the transformation of the more volatile metal chlorides into less volatile metal oxides,and the reduction became significant as chlorine content increase.For Cd,the chlorine promotes its volatility through the formation of more volatile CdCl 2.As a result,the increased moisture content increases the Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd concentrations in the bottom ash,which limits the utilization of the bottom ash as a construction material.Therefore,in order to accumulate heavy metals into the fly ash,MSW should be dried before incineration.     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.     

Impact of municipal solid waste incineration on heavy metals in the surrounding soils by multivariate analysis and lead isotope analysis

Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰利用处置现状及环境管理

随着城市生活垃圾的迅猛增加,生活垃圾焚烧飞灰产生量也与日俱增,2018年我国生活垃圾焚烧飞灰产生量达305.5万~509.2万t。其因含有较高浸出浓度的重金属和高毒性当量的二噁英等有毒有害物质,属于危险废物。根据生活垃圾焚烧飞灰特性,详细介绍了其资源化和无害化技术,总结了各类技术的优缺点;结合生活垃圾焚烧飞灰环境管理需求,分析了我国城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在填埋处置管理体系不完善、利用处置过程标准规范缺失、处理处置技术有限等方面的具体原因;并提出强化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰环境污染综合整治、强化飞灰污染防治的监督管理与研发、推广飞灰资源化利用技术等对策建议,以加强城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰环境管理,提高其资源化利用水平。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中钾盐浸出研究

通过物理化学表征手段和多因素水浸试验对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质和飞灰中钾盐浸出规律进行研究.结果表明,飞灰的主要成分为CaO、KCl和NaCl,平均粒径为12.599μm,水洗后的飞灰颗粒粒径会变大,而比表面积变小.粒径范围0.037~0.075 mm飞灰中的金属元素含量对飞灰金属总量贡献率全部在60%左右.浸出过程中,在pH=12的条件下,搅拌强度为400 r·min~(-1),浸出温度为90℃,采用液固质量比为5∶1能使氯化钾的浸出率达到90%以上.浸出液中含有大量的可溶性氯化钾表明飞灰中的钾盐可以通过水洗、过滤、纯化、分布结晶的方式收,氯化钾晶体纯度可达到90%.