内蒙古呼和浩特市大气TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的健康风险评价

于2012—2013年6月和12月采集了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物样品,用GC-MS分析测定其中16种PAHs的浓度,并用苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌、致突变等效浓度、终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失3个指标评价了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的人群健康风险。结果显示:内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人、儿童的日均暴露剂量范围分别为0.71×10~(-6)~2.01×10~(-6)、0.45×10~(-6)~1.28×10~(-6)和0.31×10~(-6)~2.41×10~(-6)、0.19×10~(-6)~1.15×10~(-6)mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的终身致癌超额危险度范围分别为2.21×10~(-6)~6.24×10~(-6)、1.41×10~(-6)~3.97×10~(-6)和0.95×10~(-6)~7.47×10~(-6)、0.60×10~(-6)~4.75×10~(-6),终身致癌超额危险度均处于可接受水平范围内(10-4~10~(-6))。TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的预期寿命损失范围分别为13.74~38.78、8.752~24.70和5.88~46.39、3.74~29.54 min。     

额济纳绿洲生态环境演变的研究

根据实地考察和资料分析,对内蒙古额济纳绿洲生态环境的演变进行了研究,并提出防止绿洲生态环境退化的措施     

内蒙古工农牧区土壤中NBFRs和DPs的水平、分布特征及来源

本文检测了我国内蒙古地区工业区、农业区、牧区的33个土壤样品中6种新型溴代阻燃剂(NBFRs)和2种德克隆(DPs)浓度水平,探讨它们在不同功能区的分布特征和主要来源.结果 显示,∑6NBFRs和∑2DPs浓度范围分别是1.06-981.51 pg·g-1 dw(干重)、ND—352.53 pg·g-1 dw,与国内外...     

内蒙古沙漠与沙尘粒子中磷形态分布特征及其环境意义

根据我国中路沙尘暴的影响范围和移动路径,应用颗粒物中磷的连续浸提技术,选择研究了8个站位的颗粒物样品中磷的赋存形态和分布特征.研究结果表明,各粒级样品中无机磷(IP)含量范围在300.16—1916.99 μg·g-1,占总磷(TP)比率86.11%—99.84%,TP含量主要受IP控制,有机磷(POrg)含量远低于IP,彼此之间表现为负相关关系;沙尘粒子Y1—Y4(呼和浩特,2005年—2010年沙尘暴期间收集)的TP、IP、生物可交换磷(BP)和可交换态磷(Pex)含量远高于沙尘暴源地及沿途地区地表颗粒物,这与沙尘暴源地及影响区域磷污染状况及地质环境条件关系密切;粒径小于57 μm的颗粒物样品的TP、IP、PCa含量均高于自然粒径颗粒物样品.     

内蒙古地区近25年植被对气温和降水变化的影响

利用1982—2006年内蒙古地区GIMMS-NDVI和降水量、气温数据,分析了不同植被类型对气温和降水变化趋势的影响。结果表明：近25年来内蒙古地区气温整体上呈上升趋势,降水量呈微弱降低趋势,西部荒漠区呈暖湿化趋势,中东部草原、森林等植被类型区呈暖干化趋势;从不同植被类型NDVI与平均气温和降水量的变化趋势率相关分析表明,NDVI值越低,升温趋势越明显,其中春季和秋季各植被类型间NDVI与季均气温升高趋势率呈显著和较显著的相关,夏、冬季关系不明显;植被NDVI越高,降水量减少趋势越明显。基于栅格的NDVI与气温升高幅度、降水变化趋势相关分析表明,年均气温升高幅度基本随NDVI的增加而降低,其中春、夏和秋季的季均气温升高幅度均随NDVI的增加而显著降低,冬季趋势不明显;而年降水量减小趋势率随植被NDVI的增加而显著增加,其中春季和冬季NDVI变化对降水的变化几乎没有影响;夏季和秋季均表现为随NDVI的增加,降水减小趋势率呈增加趋势。     

Desert pastoralists’ negative and positive effects on rare wildlife in the Gobi

In arid regions of the developing world, pastoralists and livestock commonly inhabit protected areas, resulting in human–wildlife conflict. Conflict is inextricably linked to the ecological processes shaping relationships between pastoralists and native herbivores and carnivores. To elucidate relationships underpinning human–wildlife conflict, we synthesized 15 years of ecological and ethnographic data from Ikh Nart Nature Reserve in Mongolia's Gobi steppe. The density of argali (Ovis ammon), the world's largest wild sheep, at Ikh Nart was among the highest in Mongolia, yet livestock were >90% of ungulate biomass and dogs >90% of large‐carnivore biomass. For argali, pastoral activities decreased food availability, increased mortality from dog predation, and potentially increased disease risk. Isotope analyses indicated that livestock accounted for >50% of the diet of the majority of gray wolves (Canis lupus) and up to 90% of diet in 25% of sampled wolves (n = 8). Livestock composed at least 96% of ungulate prey in the single wolf pack for which we collected species‐specific prey data. Interviews with pastoralists indicated that wolves annually killed 1–4% of Ikh Nart's livestock, and pastoralists killed wolves in retribution. Pastoralists reduced wolf survival by killing them, but their livestock were an abundant food source for wolves. Consequently, wolf density appeared to be largely decoupled from argali density, and pastoralists had indirect effects on argali that could be negative if pastoralists increased wolf density (apparent competition) or positive if pastoralists decreased wolf predation (apparent facilitation). Ikh Nart's argali population was stable despite these threats, but livestock are increasingly dominant numerically and functionally relative to argali. To support both native wildlife and pastoral livelihoods, we suggest training dogs to not kill argali, community insurance against livestock losses to wolves, reintroducing key native prey species to hotspots of human–wolf conflict, and developing incentives for pastoralists to reduce livestock density.     

Combining state and transition models with dynamic Bayesian networks

Bashari et al. (2009) propose combining state and transition models (STMs) with Bayesian networks for decision support tools where the focus is on modelling the system dynamics. There is already an extension of Bayesian networks - so-called dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) - for explicitly modelling systems that change over time, that has also been applied in ecological modelling. In this paper we propose a combination of STMs and DBNs that overcome some of the limitations of Bashari et al.’s approach including providing an explicit representation of the next state, while retaining its advantages, such an the explicit representation of transitions. We then show that the new model can be applied iteratively to predict into the future consistently with different time frames. We use Bashari et al.’s rangeland management problem as an illustrative case study. We present a comparative complexity analysis of the different approaches, based on the structure inherent in the problem being modelled. This analysis showed that any models that explicitly represent all the transitions only remain tractable when there are natural constraints in the domain. Thus we recommend modellers should analyse these aspects of their problem before deciding whether to use the framework.     

The evolving sedentary lifestyle among nomadic pastoralists in the humid zone of Nigeria: implications for land-use policy

SUMMARY

The humid zone of Nigeria has traditionally been considered unsuitable for extensive cattle production because of the prevalence of tsetse fly. Over the years, nomadic pastoralists, mainly Fulani, from the northern part of the country paid seasonal visits to this zone in search of pasture and water for their cattle during the dry season when the threat of the tsetse menace is less. The recent increase in the number of settled pastoralists has been associated with changing trends in the ecology and economy of the zone.

Relying on recent survey data, this paper attempts a systematic analysis of the adaptive strategies of the Fulani in pursuit of a sedentary lifestyle in the humid frontier of southwest Nigeria. Some of the adaptive strategies identified include: establishment of grazing orbits within a 20 km radius of their settlements, adjustment of herd size and structure, adoption of a multiple livelihood system, production of arable crops and appropriation of traditional social structures and kinship networks for herd management.

Long-term insecure land-holding arrangements, incessant seasonal bush burning for regeneration of pasture by the Fulani and the gradual destruction of the native forest cover are some of the problems arising from the sedentarisation of livestock production in the area. It was observed that the present land-use arrangement, even though it appears to guarantee the pastoralists security of tenure in the short term, is not sustainable in the long run, given the increasing commercialization of land in the area and rapid population growth. It was, therefore, concluded that government should put in place a land redistribution arrangement that will ensure secure land ownership by the Fulani. Development initiatives in the area should also focus on reinforcing those traditional practices of the Fulani that would guarantee a sustainable land-use system in the area.     

内蒙古典型草原羊粪和牛粪的分解特征

为了解畜粪的分解特征及对半干旱典型草原养分循环的影响,于2008年6月~2009年10月采用人为控制的野外实验,研究了羊粪和牛粪对内蒙古典型草原草地的输入量,分解过程中的重量损失、有机物和氮(N)、磷(P)浓度变化.结果表明,羊粪和牛粪的年输入量分别约为(17.8±13.8)kg hm-2和(365.6±495.9)kg hm-2.分解450 d后,残留粪样中有机物浓度较鲜粪减少约14.46%(羊粪)和48.78%(牛粪),即羊粪的分解速率较牛粪显著缓慢,2种粪的残留粪块在草地中堆置时间至少可达2个生长季以上.两种粪中,N素以有机态为主,矿化和释放速度均较慢;P素以无机态为主,释放速度较快;春季冻融变化可以显著促进两种粪中N和P的矿化速率;实验结束时,残留粪样中的全N浓度较鲜粪分别降低了25.89%(羊粪)和16.07%(牛粪),全P分别降低了30.73%和27.21%.埋入地下处理,可以消除风蚀对羊粪块失重的影响,使残留粪样保持较高湿度,促进有机质分解,并改变淋溶作用对粪块中养分含量的影响;但对牛粪分解无明显影响.从研究结果可以看出,家畜粪在半干旱草地环境中分解较慢,堆积过程中对草地的养分循环有重要影响.     

A grassland ecosystem model of the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China

The natural grassland ecosystem of the Xilingol steppe has traditionally been the source of the most productive and highest quality agriculture in northern China. Unfortunately, the area is now experiencing degradation due to resource overuse. In an attempt to forecast grassland production and to sustain the ecosystem, we built a time-dependent simulation model of the ecosystem based on long-range weather forecasts (several weeks to several months). The model incorporated five state variables including above- and belowground biomass, the amount of standing dead plant material, livestock (sheep) weight, and the amount of excrement per unit ground area. Within the model, solar light energy is fixed by grassland vegetation and flows through the other variables via a variety of organism-environment interactions. The model was written using a set of simultaneous differential equations and was numerically analyzed. The values of the time-dependent parameters controlling energy flow were determined based on data accumulated in experiments and field surveys executed at a grassland experimental station located in Xilingol, as well as by reference to related literature. We used daily meteorological data including air temperature and rainfall recorded at the Xilinhot Meteorological Observatory. Simulated results for several stocking densities coincided well with the data of aboveground plant biomass observed at the experimental station in 1990, 1993, and 1997. We obtained reasonable simulation results for five stocking densities, three air temperature patterns, and five rainfall patterns. When a month-long drought, which sometimes occurs in this area, was forecast by a local weather station, a decrease in grassland production was forecast by the model. Such forecasts will assist in the management of livestock, forage preservation, and grassland conservation.     

内蒙古黄土丘陵地区生态农业试点建设途径初探

分析了内蒙古自治区和林格尔县羊群沟村生态环境特点及农业持续发展制约因素及潜力，总结了在黄土丘陵地区进行生态农业建设的措施和途径，对羊群沟村进行生态农业建设３年来所取得的综合效益进行了分析。     

长江上游高寒草地生态建设和管理中生态理论的若干质疑

现有的草地管理政策和措施建立在西方经典生态学理论的基础上，并在很大程度上改变了传统管理模式．本文针对长江上游高寒草地生态建设与管理中的问题，结合草地生态学的新进展，从草地生态系统特征、多样性与稳定性、草地承载力、平衡与非平衡等几个方面进行了讨论，旨在能引起今后草地生态建设中加强这些方面的针对性研究，并有效地避免由于理论自身偏差而导致不应有的技术失误．本文的中心观点在于，由于长江上游地区的高寒草地处在环境因子剧烈变化的条件之下，草地的生态过程在很大程度上受制于非生物条件(如气候)，而不是生物因子的相互作用(如放牧)，因此，已有的一些草地生态理论不能完全解释草地动态变化的机理，其适用性受到限制，而任何简单套用理论以及基于这些理论发展的技术和模式都有可能给生态治理和管理带来负面影响．图2参22     

The Relationship Between Exposure to Arsenic Concentrations in Drinking Water and the Development of Skin Lesions in Farmers from Inner Mongolia, China

Associations between the concentration of arsenic naturally occurring in drinking water and the development of skin lesions in people have been documented for some years at various locations around the world. Data on the exposure-response relationship between concentrations of arsenic in drinking water and prevalence of skin lesions in farmers from five locations in Inner Mongolia, China have been collected from the original publications and re-analysed together as a meta-study. The calculated data show a positive linear exposure-response relationship without a threshold. The reasons for this linear correlation are discussed and compared with the data from Xinjiang, another arsenism area located in a different geographical area of China. Here a different relationship was recorded that involved a threshold concentration before skin lesions developed. The significance of these two different exposure-response scenarios is discussed.     

内蒙古某饮水型砷中毒病区人群体内砷蓄积与砷代谢的年内变化特征

为分析砷暴露人群砷含量标志物的季节差异特征,本文测定内蒙古某饮水型地方性砷中毒村78名居民发砷、指甲砷、以及尿液总砷和各形态砷的含量,并分析其年内变化特征及相关性.结果表明,平水期、丰水期和枯水期的发砷含量均值分别为2.08、1.43、3.60 μg·g-1,尿液总砷含量均值分别为236.63、184.29、306.72 μg·L-1,指甲砷含量均值则分别为3.21、2.84、3.40 μg·g-1.经单因素方差分析（ANOVA）,发砷、尿液各形态砷含量存在显著的季节差异,表现为枯水期 > 平水期 > 丰水期;指甲砷含量的季节差异不显著,这可能是不同生物标志物对水砷含量变化响应速度的差异导致的.发砷、尿液无机砷和一甲基砷（MMA）含量有显著的性别差异,男性高于女性;指甲砷、尿液总砷和二甲基砷（DMA）含量性别差异不显著.发砷、尿液总砷和DMA含量均显著正相关,且与水砷含量的季节变化趋势一致,说明指甲砷比发砷与尿砷更能反映较长期的砷暴露特征.     

Vegetation development influenced by grazing in the coastal dunes near The Hague, The Netherlands

In 1990, grazing was introduced in a section of Meijendel, a coastal sand dune system near The Hague, The Netherlands. After five years an evaluation was made of the effects of grazing on vegetation development. Three transects were established, two in grazed areas and one in an ungrazed area. Field survey data were classified by means of TWIN-SPAN, ordinated with Detrended Correspondence Analysis and the resulting vegetation types interpreted according to Westhoff & den Held (1969). All associations were found in both the grazed and the ungrazed areas, but at the subassociation and variant level some communities appeared to be restricted to the grazed area. These variants were five grassland variants characterized by disturbance indicators such asSenecio sylvaticus andCynoglossum officinale. The total number of plant species in the 19 permanent plots, which had been observed to have been decreasing since 1960, showed a considerable increase after the introduction of horses and cows in 1990. A marked decrease in the cover ofCalamagrostis epigejos andCarex arenaria since 1990 was evident, while in some plots species such asRibes rubrum andViburnum opulus increased considerably. A series of false-colour aerial photographs were used to compare vegetation structure in the three transects between 1990 and 1995. In the grazed area the tall grass vegetation had almost totally disappeared, whereas the areas of open sand. sand with moss and lichens, and low grass vegetation had increased and the pattern had become more fine-grained. In the ungrazed area the area covered by low grass vegetation had increased at the expense of the area of sand with moss and lichens and the pattern had become more coarse-grained.     

Pastoralism,nature conservation and ecological sustainability in Western Australia's southern shrubland rangelands

Two major issues are discussed in this paper. The first is the commitment of Federal and State Governments to the maintenance of biodiversity and nature conservation through their endorsement of conservation strategies. Based on a rangeland biophysical resource inventory survey (Pringle et al., 1994) it is contended that existing nature conservation reserves are not representative of the biological diversity in the region. In 1990, less than 1% of the survey area was under nature reservation. Whilst 13 of 17 land types are present in reserves, most of the reserves consist of land types least suitable for pastoralism (but not necessarily lacking conservation value). The land types most subject to preferential grazing and most threatened from a nature conservation perspective are poorly (three types) or not (four types) represented, and certainly not replicated, in nature reserves of the survey area, which exceeds 100 000 km2. Of the 23 priority plant species for nature conservation occurring in the survey area, 21 are not known to occur in nature reserves. Nature conservation in the area needs to improve because of the unrepresentativeness of the existing nature reserves and the absence of numerous priority plant species for nature conservation from these areas. We should recognize that reservation is but one nature conservation strategy. Viewed as a land tenure issue, this paper presents a case for a more representative nature reserve system, and substantial changes in outlook towards off-reserve nature conservation. First, an integrated appraisal of findings from rangeland and biological surveys is required. Together they provide a strong foundation for nature conservation planning, from which a more representative nature reserve system can be planned. Given that off-reserve nature conservation values are still likely to be substantial, partly as a result of compromise with existing land uses, new approaches to land management, sensitive to these values, may be required.The second major issue concerns the success of maintaining regional biological diversity in the arid shrubland rangelands of Western Australia, which will be strongly influenced by the use of the semi-natural matrix of lands under pastoral management. In six suggested opportunities, this paper addresses how this use may be achieved. Central to the ideas is a regional approach in which all stakeholders can contribute to, and have ownership of, regional environmental management plans. This paper emphasizes the role that conservative pastoral management might be able to play and some approaches to encourage more widespread participation of pastoralists in nature conservation management.     

Arsenism Clinical Stages and their Relation with Hair Arsenic Concentration of Residents of Bayinmaodao Rural District, Inner Mongolia, China

The clinical skin lesions of arsenism in men and women in Bayinmaodao rural district in Inner Mongolia, Peoples Republic of China, have been examined by doctors, and their hair and drinking water samples analysed for arsenic by hydride generation and ICP-AES. Altogether 311 arsenism patients with a 15.53% prevalence rate for the district were recorded. The disease prevalence rate was positively related to population, age, and their exposure to elevated arsenic concentrations in the drinking water from 1983 when new wells were dug and drinking of surface water was abandoned. Hyperkeratosis was the most serious skin lesion with the highest occurrence rate, then depigmentation and pigmentation in decreasing order. With increasing severity of the disease, ranging from skin lesion with single hyperkeratosis 1° to hyperkeratosis 3° with depigmentation 3° and pigmentation 3°, the results showed that arsenic concentrations in head hair had increased. Arsenic concentrations in hair were positively correlated with the arsenic concentrations in drinking water obtained from local wells.     

内蒙古半干旱草原某铅锌矿区土壤性质及重金属污染生态风险评价

半干旱草原地区是我国重要的生态脆弱区,频繁的矿业活动会对草原土壤造成一定程度的污染.本文以位于内蒙古半干旱草原的某铅锌多金属矿区土壤为研究对象,对其土壤性质和重金属含量及赋存形态进行了调查研究,并利用单因子指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和RAC风险评价法对土壤受污染程度进行了评价.结果显示,研究区土壤偏中碱性,矿物组成以石英、长石和粘土矿物为主.矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量（分别为51.2 mg·kg-1和226.4 mg·kg-1）远高于背景土壤,分别为内蒙古土壤几何均值的3.4和4.7倍;矿区土壤Cu含量和背景区土壤含量相当.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cu主要以残渣态和有机质结合态形式存在,Pb和Zn则以残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质结合态为主,3种元素可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量均较低.单因子指数法评价结果表明,矿区41%和35%土壤受到严重的Pb、Zn污染;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,矿区土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数RI为29.40,属于轻微生态危害,Pb是综合潜在生态风险主要的贡献因子;RAC风险评价表明,矿区土壤中生态风险系数由大到小为Zn > Cu > Pb,Zn的生态风险相对较大.综合来看,Pb、Zn的污染控制是该矿区需要关注的重点.