Effects of thickness profile and inner/outer of localized thin area defects on the remaining strength of pressure equipment

When encountering pressure equipment with a structural defect such as a local thinning defect (LTA), a critical question often arises regarding the safety of continued operation. This is primarily determined by the strength at the LTA zone, as it represents the weakest point of the structure. The remaining strength factor (RSF) is proposed as an indicator to evaluate the remaining strength and life of pressure equipment when a severe LTA is identified. The API 579/ASME FFS standard offers a series of practical engineering approaches for field engineers to follow, which have achieved great success. However, it has been found that the simpler Level 1 and Level 2 approaches sometimes fail to differentiate between LTAs on the inner or outer surface of the pressure equipment, yielding identical numerical processes and results. Moreover, the use of critical thickness profiles to replace the actual thickness profile in analysis can lead to overly optimistic estimation of the RSF, posing a potential danger when the RSF is close to the allowable limit. Key issues investigated in this study include: (a) discrepancies caused by the use of simplified critical thickness profiles or parabolic profiles, as API 579 suggested, on the RSF; (b) differences in RSFs when the same LTA is on the inner and outer wall; and (c) comparisons of membrane stress and bending stress, as well as their influences on the RSF at the cross-section of the vessel wall. It can be concluded with certainty that all simplified geometries (CTP and PTP) tend to underestimate the RSF and should be used with caution. Additionally, the actual remaining strength of the outer LTA was found to be slightly lower than that of the inner LTA of identical size. Therefore, when remaining life and derating for prolonged operation are of interest, finite element analysis on pressure equipment with the LTA is recommended.     

从液化石油气球罐裂纹看球罐隐患

介绍液化石油气球罐检验发现的裂纹情况,分析裂纹原因,指出裂纹本质是焊接接头氢脆裂纹,并提出防范措施。还建议尽快制定液化石油气球罐安全管理规定,以规范定期检验,消除事故隐患     

加氢装置分液罐泄漏失效原因分析

针对某石油化工公司加氢装置中变气第一分液罐底部环焊缝周围产生多处裂纹而发生泄漏的事故,通过对该压力容器使用工作环境的工况调查、设备泄漏部位裂纹宏观分析、裂纹形态及断口理化金相分析、材质化学成分检测、焊接接头金相组织分析、材料拉伸力学性能试验和硬度测试等手段,综合分析裂纹产生的原因,得出初步结论,并提出改进建议。     

基于API 581的燃烧与爆炸后果分析方法研究

为了研究基于风险的检验（RBI）中燃烧、爆炸后果分析方法在实际应用中的效果,以API 581为基础,介绍了Level 1分析法、Level 2分析法及分析流程;然后,以油气分离器为例,根据API 581推荐的Level 1分析法编写VB程序,计算后果面积,采用PHAST软件计算Level 2分析法的后果面积;对比分析两种方法的计算结果,以及二者计算准确性的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:Level 1法比Level 2法简单,但其计算准确性较低;后果面积计算准确性的主要影响因素包括潜在泄漏质量、能量调整系数和液相后果计算面积公式选用等;应用时应兼顾两种方法的计算精度和经济效益,并选取合适的分析方法。     

基于ANSYS-PDS的含缺陷压力容器可靠性分析

为更准确地分析含缺陷压力容器的可靠性,提出采用ANSYS软件中的PDS模块建模求解,从本质上克服API 581压力容器可靠性分析的局限性,采用将压力容器的内径、原始壁厚、缺陷深度、压力容器内压设置为服从正态分布的随机变量的方法,基于响应面法结合蒙特卡洛法抽样分析,通过编写APDL代码,探讨含缺陷压力容器的可靠性.结果表...     

Analysis of the self-heating process of tetrafluoroethylene in a 100-dm3-reactor

There is a lack of data on the self-ignition behaviour of tetrafluoroethylene in industrial sized equipment. Therefore, a facility was designed and constructed for the determination of the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in a cylindrical reactor with a volume of 100 dm³. Tests with initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar(a) were performed. The Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene was observed to decrease with the initial pressure, in agreement with previous experiments with small scale cylindrical vessels. This paper describes the test set-up und gives an overview of the achieved experimental results. In particular the effect of the reactor orientation (vertical or horizontal) is discussed. Furthermore, simplified equations from the Semenov thermal explosion theory are used to attempt extrapolations of previous and current data on the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene to other vessel volumes or initial pressures. Moreover, the experimental data are plotted together against the heated volume to heated surface ratio, which should provide a better extrapolation to other vessel dimensions by taking into account that the efficiency of the dispersion of the heat generated by the reaction is different for two reactors with the same volume but different diameter. Finally, simplified methods for predicting the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene presented previously by the authors are validated for large scale reactors with the experimental data collected within the current work.     

空间裂缝病害下铁路隧道衬砌结构安全性研究

基于现场检测结果,针对隧道衬砌裂缝病害,借助ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用荷载－结构法建立含纵向裂缝的隧道计算模型,考虑拱顶和拱腰部位裂缝,分析不同长度、深度裂缝对衬砌结构安全性影响大小,并总结不同规模裂缝下衬砌结构安全性的变化规律。结果表明:裂缝对裂缝附近区域结构的安全性危害最大,拱顶裂缝对衬砌结构的危害程度要远大于拱腰裂缝,且裂缝深度对衬砌结构安全性影响较裂缝长度更为显著,最后在此基础上提出了空间裂缝下衬砌结构安全性评判标准,对不同规模裂缝危害进行等级划分,为隧道相应的病害整治提供了依据。     

开采沉陷对矿区地表裂缝的采动累积效应分析

基于开采沉陷学和岩石力学理论分析矿区地表裂缝的采动累积效应。采用概率积分法、胡克定律和莫尔-库伦破坏准则等方法描述并量化地表拉伸裂缝的采动累积效应表征指标,提出了采动裂缝时间拥挤效应和采动延迟效应表征指标及采动空间拥挤效应表征指标。对研究区地表裂缝采动时间拥挤效应的实地观测与数值模拟分析结果表明,上下分层动态裂缝持续时间和永久裂缝显现时刻与地表移动活跃期吻合;采动空间拥挤效应分析结果表明,采动裂缝水平延伸长度、宽度和深度均比永久裂缝小,下分层开采裂缝比上分层发育,下山方向比其他部位裂缝发育。     

Study on the early stage of runaway reaction using Dewar vessels

In this paper, compared with a UN cylindrical 500 mL Dewar (H.4 in the UN tests), a spherical 1 L Dewar vessel was used to study the early stages of runaway reactions of several liquid and solid samples, including three organic peroxides and a reactive material. The samples were filled in the vessels and the temperature profiles versus times at different positions of the samples were measured. As a result, the minimum temperatures, defined as the SADT, were averagely 10 K lower than those measured in the cylindrical Dewar vessels. At the same time, the temperature profiles of solids in the spherical Dewars tended to be homogeneous. The heat transfer coefficient of a spherical Dewar is only 0.18 W/K/m, one-eighth of a conventional cylindrical Dewar vessel. Meanwhile it has a low phi factor. These factors are essential to simulate low heat loss bulk conditions in the equilibrium process and at the early stage of a runaway reaction. To characterize the ability of the adiabaticity of a storage vessel, it can be seen that a spherical Dewar could simulate the plant process having critical storage size of a reactive-material, r₀, approximately 0.6 m. It is recommended that such a technique is used to investigate the SADT of an unstable material in larger scale packaging or a material with very weak heat release in industry.     

基于文本挖掘的煤矿安全隐患管理研究

为探寻安全隐患的内在特征,加深安全管理人员对安全隐患的理解,提升安全管理效率。以潞安集团司马煤业有限公司2009—2015年安全隐患记录为数据源,利用Word2Vec模型构建安全隐患词向量模型,从模型中获取各类安全隐患主要相关词,利用桑基图解释安全隐患在不同隐患地点、生产作业单位的特征分布,并进一步揭示相关安全隐患的细节特征。结果表明:词向量模型能有效发掘安全隐患特征,桑基图能突出呈现安全隐患的关键信息流动。上述措施有助于管理人员深刻理解安全隐患数据中蕴含的潜在规律,为煤矿安全隐患排查治理工作提供依据,指导安全管理实践。     

表土厚度对浅埋工作面采空区自燃的影响规律

鄂尔多斯地区的煤层埋藏浅,表土层厚度对地表漏风影响明显,继而导致采空区的自燃危险区域发生变化。为此以某煤矿4201工作面为研究对象,先通过二维离散单元程序UDEC模拟确定地表与采空区连通时的表土层厚度范围,再根据该模拟结果建立不同表土层厚度条件下的采空区漏风模型,用Fluent数值模拟软件对采空区自燃危险区域进行模拟。结果表明:当采空区上覆基岩厚度一定、表土厚度小于74 m时,煤层开采后地表裂隙会与采空区连通,从而导致地表漏风;表土层厚度越小,采空区自燃危险区域的范围和地表漏风量就越大,两者近似呈对数函数关系;地表漏风不但使采空区自燃危险区域的范围明显增大,而且使回风侧宽度大于进风侧宽度。     

裂纹宽度对分步压装装药撞击安全性的影响

针对装药裂纹与装药密度不均匀两个因素耦合作用下分步压装装药撞击安全性缺乏系统研究的问题,利用大型落锤加载装置对具有不同裂纹宽度的分步压装药柱进行了撞击加载试验,并分析了试验前、后药柱内部应力和密度分布状态的变化规律,讨论了裂纹宽度对分步压装装药撞击安全性的影响机制。结果表明:当裂纹宽度小于1.0 mm时,带裂纹分步压装药柱的撞击安全性均优于无裂纹药柱;但当裂纹宽度达到1.5 mm时,其撞击安全性明显降低。这主要是因为在撞击加载条件下,当裂纹未扩展时,裂纹区域的闭合过程能够吸收部分落锤撞击能量,减弱炸药颗粒径向流动趋势,进而降低"热点"形成的几率;而当裂纹发生扩展时,在裂纹扩展区域极易引发"热点"形成,使分步压装药柱的撞击安全性降低。可见,随裂纹宽增大,分步压装装药中裂纹所起的主要作用发生变化,从而导致装药的响应结果不同。     

Predicting the ejection velocities of fragments from explosions cylindrical pressure vessels: Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis

The purpose of this study was a refinement of knowledge on predicting the ejection velocities of fragments generated by explosions of cylindrical horizontal pressure vessels. A procedure is proposed for assessing these velocities by means of the stochastic simulation. The procedure is used to quantify uncertainties related to the ejection velocities and to carry out a simulation-based sensitivity analysis. The main finding is that the currently available information on phenomena related to the vessel fragmentation is sparse and, therefore, predicting ejection velocities will require a substantial amount of subjective judgement. It was found that ejection velocities are functions of a relatively large number of random input variables, many of which must be modelled subjectively. The study revealed also the need to choose subjectively between several alternative mathematical models used to specify input variables that influence the ejection velocities. The most critical choice must be made between several models used for an assessment of the energy liberated during vessel explosions. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the ejection velocities are influenced mainly by input variables used to express energies involved in the prediction problem. Increased sensitivity to filling ratio of a two-phase pressure vessel was also detected. Results of the study can be used for an improvement of estimation of fragment impact probabilities and design of protective barriers that are built close to the pressure vessels posing explosion hazard.     

基于ANSYS的沉降后浇带裂缝成因分析

为了有效治理沉降后浇带裂缝引起的地下工程漏水问题,以云南某工程为例,使用理论分析与有限元软件ANSYS建立参数模型相结合的方法对后浇带裂缝进行分析,探究后浇带裂缝成因及发展趋势,结果表明:该工程后浇带在荷载作用下产生裂缝的理论最大宽度为0.1 mm,潜在的裂缝发展区域的发展值均小于0.3 mm,实际工程中无须对潜在裂缝...     

框构桥裂缝产生的原因及结构安全性分析

本文首先介绍了框架桥的应用情况,指出框架桥结构是铁路提速后,大规模使用的一种下穿结构形式。进而介绍了由于设计、施工等几种常见的可能引起框架桥产生裂缝的原因,并以京九线某里程段的二孔框架桥出现裂缝情况为例分析了其出现裂缝的原因及裂缝的危害性。     

Gas dispersion risk analysis of safety gap effect on the innovating FLNG vessel with a cylindrical platform

While the effect of the safety gap on explosions is well known, little has been carried out to evaluate the effect of the safety gap on dispersion of gas releases, this paper evaluates the effect of safety gap on gas dispersion for a cylindrical Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) vessel. The realistic ship-shaped and circular FLNG platforms are established and used for the detailed CFD based analysis; rather than the structural and hydrodynamics advantages of mobility, stability and cost efficiency etc., this study aims to investigate the safety of gas dispersion on the cylindrical FLNG and compare the safety gap effects on different configurations. A series of different safety gap configurations are evaluated for gas dispersion occurring in near field for the traditional FLNG while both near field and far field gas dispersion simulations are conducted on the cylindrical one. The overall results indicate that the safety gap is effective in reducing the gas cloud size in both FLNG configurations, however, when it comes to the gas dispersion in the far field against the leakage point, the safety gap increases the gas cloud size in the cylindrical FLNG vessel on the contrary.     

A method of analysis for gas explosions: H2Se case study

This paper presents a methodology for conducting a simplified gas-explosion analysis when there are uncertainties about the amount of fuel involved and the mode of combustion. The methodology is illustrated by a case study of an explosion of a cloud of hydrogen-selenide (H₂Se), nitrogen and air. Hydrogen-selenide (H₂Se) diluted with N₂ is used in a reactor vessel to produce solar cells. An explosive mixture could be created if the reactor vessel failed and its contents mix with ambient air. Mixtures of 20% or 6% H₂Se in N₂ were considered as feedstock into the reactor. It was determined theoretically that an explosion involving either mixture would challenge the reactor room's integrity. However, it is unlikely that a local ignition will propagate in the dilute 6% H₂Se mixture, because its adiabatic flame temperature is only 850 K; the 20% mixture is borderline flammable. Because of the proximity of personnel to the reactor room and the high toxicity of H₂Se, any damage to the room boundary is considered unacceptable. To prevent accidental mixing of H₂Se with air in the reactor, a nitrogen buffer was installed between the reactor vessel and the ambient air.     

花岗岩颗粒流模型循环压缩作用下裂纹特征分析

为了分析花岗岩颗粒流模型循环作用下的裂纹特征，基于花岗岩单轴压缩试验得到的应力应变曲线，完成了PFC3D数值试验的参数标定，探讨了不同循环次数下数值试件内部裂纹数目、分布和角度的变化规律。研究结果表明:平行黏结模型能够正确表达花岗岩的主要力学性质；在数值试验加载至破坏过程中，裂纹数目以应力应变曲线峰值点为分界，峰后阶段产生的裂纹数占总裂纹数的60%~90%;张剪裂纹最初产生于试件两端，随着加载进行，裂纹向着试件中部发展贯通，最终形成宏观剪切破坏带；剪切裂纹的角度分布方向明显，与轴向加载方向相同；张拉裂纹角度分布则在轴向加载方向和水平方向上略显集中。研究结果可为矿山安全回采矿柱提供依据。     

原油稳定装置的风险评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价方法,对大庆油田天然气分公司正压原油稳定装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价,介绍了火灾爆炸指数评价法的评价程序和计算步骤,定量计算火灾爆炸可能导致的危害程度和最大可能财产损失,根据实际情况确定了单元的危险系数和安全措施补偿系数,最后得出单元危险分析的安全评价结果.     

油气输送用焊接钢管可靠性评估方法

笔者研究并建立了焊接钢管焊缝漏检缺陷的概率分布模型及材料性能、输送压力的概率分布模型 ;采用失效评估图 (FAD)技术 ,引入可靠性理论 ,建立了油气输送管线用焊接钢管的可靠性评估模型和方法 ,即基于FAD技术的Monte Carlo方法 ;计算得出西气东输用焊接钢管的失效概率低于 10 -5,可靠度超过 0 .99999,达到DNVRPF10 1标准对管道可靠度的要求。