海洋平台井喷含硫天然气扩散危险区域研究

针对海洋酸性气田开采过程中含硫天然气井喷失控扩散问题,采用CFD方法建立井喷含硫天然气扩散后果预测与评估模型。综合考虑天然气爆燃与硫化氢毒害风险因素,对不同场景条件下的含硫天然气扩散过程开展数值模拟,研究硫化氢浓度、风向、风速等因素对含硫天然气扩散行为的影响,预测和评估天然气扩散所形成的危险区域和硫化氢气体扩散所形成的毒害范围。研究表明:随着硫化氢浓度的增加,燃爆区域无明显变化,而毒害区域明显增加;船艉来风导致的事故后果最为严重,左、右舷来风有利于危险气体的扩散与消散;风速越大,燃爆区域和毒害区域范围越小,但是在船艏来风且风速较大的工况下,硫化氢气体竖直扩散距离降低且逐渐贴近生活区,容易造成作业人员中毒事故的发生。     

高压管道天然气泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟

采用CFD模型的方法对高压管道内的天然气泄漏和扩散过程进行了数值模拟。其结果表明,从高压管道泄出的天然气在大气中主要表现为高速射流的泄漏过程和随后的扩散过程。在泄漏过程中,天然气在泄漏口附近为欠膨胀射流,整个泄漏过程具有一定的高度;在扩散过程中,天然气在浮力作用下以向上扩散的形式发展。研究了不同环境风速对扩散过程的影响,较大的风速可以使天然气向下风方向更远的距离扩散,从而增大了天然气爆炸危险浓度的范围。研究结果可     

物流基地危险货物储区外部安全防护距离研究

在物流基地规划建设中,危险货物储区外部安全防护距离的设定是很重要的一个组成部分。针对危险货物储区化学爆炸与毒气泄漏事故影响范围大、后果严重等特点,先应用鱼刺图事故分析原理分析危险货物储区危险因素,再建立化学爆炸与毒气泄漏危害距离计算模型,最后以冲击波伤害与毒气中毒有效剂量标准为依据,根据已建模型计算化学爆炸与主、次导风向毒气泄漏伤害距离。结果表明在设定安全防护距离时,结合化学爆炸、毒气泄漏危害距离模型,能得到合理的危险货物储区周边安全防护距离,具有实际应用价值。     

城市综合管廊燃气舱室输气管道泄漏扩散规律研究

为了掌握输气管道在城市综合管廊舱室泄漏扩散的基本规律,采用FLUENT软件,针对管廊正常通风—泄漏报警—事故通风—警报解除的全过程进行动态分析。首先在正常通风速度建立的稳态风场中,模拟天然气在不同管输压力下发生小孔泄漏后的报警时间,根据首个响应的报警器的位置判断泄漏源位置。结果表明,当泄漏孔径为20 mm,通风速度为1.92 m/s,且泄漏源处于2个报警器中间时,管输压力为200,400,800 kPa时对应的报警时间分别为10.4,6.7,4.5 s。事故通风速度下,对不同管输压力的天然气扩散进行分析,当天然气朝逆风侧扩散时,随动量逐渐减小而到达不同的边界坐标。同时,环境大气压的降低不仅会缩短报警器的首次报警时间,还能延长总扩散距离。预测所得的天然气爆炸上下限浓度区移动速度有助于动态了解处于爆炸上下限浓度之间气体的实时位置。解除报警时间与进风口风速呈近似线性关系,可为现场救援队伍选择经济通风量提供理论指导。     

天然气净化厂管道泄漏H2S毒害后果影响因素数值分析

为定量评估高含硫天然气开敞空间泄漏过程中风速、风向、泄漏速度、泄漏方向对毒害后果的影响,以天然气净化厂管道泄漏为例,采用正交实验设计方法设计实验场景,基于CFD进行泄漏扩散仿真实验,以吸入剂量、毒害面积、最大毒害面积到达时间、毒害体积、最大毒害体积到达时间作为毒害效应指标,分析不同因素对毒害后果的影响,并提出后果控制建议。研究结果表明:采用CFD方法进行泄漏扩散仿真能够还原泄漏扩散过程;利用正交实验进行影响因素分析可以节省实验资源、获取准确结果;风向和风速对各后果指标均比较敏感,在天然气净化厂建设过程中应着重考虑风的影响。仿真与正交实验结合的方法能够有效评估毒害后果影响因素的敏感性,可为毒害气体泄漏风险防控提供指导。     

基于无线传感器网络的气体泄漏源快速定位方法研究

为及时发现大气环境中危险化学品泄漏事故,快速准确判断泄漏源位置,实现有效的监测监控,开发出集气体质量浓度信息采集、时间校准、无线收发等功能于一体的集成探测模块。在此基础上,建立基于无线传感器网络(WSN)的气体泄漏实时监测平台,提出实时监测数据和高斯扩散模型相结合的气体泄漏源快速定位方法。通过开展实际场地泄漏试验,实现气体泄漏源的快速定位,并分析试验系统的敏感度。结果表明:气体泄漏扩散受风力影响很大;合理布局探测器,能有效提高泄漏源定位精度,为危险气体泄漏事故的应急决策提供决策参考。     

架空天然气管道泄漏事故后果数值模拟研究

针对架空天然气管道泄漏引起的火灾爆炸问题,采用事件树分析泄漏扩散引起的事故后果,并在数值模拟中着重分析了模拟数学模型的选择。在三种不同泄漏孔径、两种不同风速、两种不同运行压力条件下分别应用ALHOA软件对事故后果进行数值模拟,结果表明:泄漏孔径、运行压力与危害影响范围成正比关系;在闪火和蒸气云爆炸中,风速与危害影响范围成反比关系,而风速对射流火灾的热辐射范围基本没有影响。     

On the non-monotonic wind influence on flammable gas cloud from CFD simulations for hazardous area classification

Hazardous areas are defined as a result of a variety of variables as storage temperature, pressure, leak orifice size, physical properties of flammable substance, and wind characteristics. The potential formation of an explosive atmosphere must be accurately assessed to ensure process safety. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) arises as an important tool for accurate predictions as recommended by the international standard IEC 60079-10-1 (2015). This study aims to analyze the influence of wind velocity magnitude and direction on the hazardous area classification. The authors evaluated the extent and volume for methane, propane, and hydrogen leakages from a CFD model. For each flammable gas, the wind velocity magnitude and direction were regularly varied. The outcomes show that the behavior of the plume size as the wind varies mainly depends on the gas concentration. Counter-flow wind directions lead to zero relative velocity closer to the release point, which concentrates the gas, and wind in the release direction promotes a higher dilution of the gas cloud increasing the hazardous extent while decreases the volume. As a consequence, the wind also influences the zone type, which was accurately predicted from CFD simulations and significant differences were found when compared to the standard analyses. These differences are, to some extent, related to the consideration of wind velocity effects on the gas jet release.     

高压天然气非恒定速率泄漏扩散数值模拟研究

为保障天然气工业安全生产与运营,以某天然气储配厂为例,采用等效喷嘴和过程模型,利用FLACS软件对罐区高压天然气非恒定速率泄漏扩散进行数值模拟,考察环境风速及泄漏时间对气体泄漏扩散的影响.结果表明:储存压力为1.05 MPa的天然气储罐发生泄漏会产生欠膨胀射流,泄漏初期具有447.44 kJ的高动能,并在近场扩散起主导...     

可燃气体储罐区泄漏危险性定量分析

对位于某城市中心附近的可燃气体储罐区的气体泄漏危险性进行了分析,求出了下风向最大可燃范围和中毒范围.进行灵敏度分析以便识别风速、泄漏面积对泄漏危险性的影响.分析结果显示,风速、泄漏面积对泄漏危险性有显著影响.随着泄漏面积增大,下风向最大可燃范围增大;随着风速的增大,下风向最大可燃范围则减小.最后提出了若干安全措施的建议.     

风速对LNG泄漏扩散过程影响的数值模拟

为研究环境风速对液化天然气(LNG)泄漏扩散过程的影响,采用Fluent建立LNG连续泄漏计算流体力学模型,开展不同风速下LNG泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟研究。结果表明,LNG泄漏扩散分为扩散初期、扩散中期、扩散后期3个阶段,扩散过程中LNG从低温重气逐渐转变成轻质气体。环境风速对气云的扩散主要体现在:低于5级风时,云团以两侧卷吸为主,气云表现为"叶状分叉"、中间低两端高,此时气云横风向扩散较快,甲烷扩散距离与冻伤距离随风速增大而增大;而高于5级风时,云团以顶部卷吸为主,气云表现为云团坍塌、中间高两端低,此时气云垂直风向扩散较快,甲烷扩散距离与冻伤距离随风速增大而减小。初步建立了LNG蒸气云爆炸风险范围与冻伤区域和泄漏时间、环境风速的函数关系,可为爆炸风险区域和低温冻伤区域的预测提供理论支撑。     

Forced ventilation effect by Air-Fin-Cooler on flammable gas cloud dispersion

This paper is the second installment of a paper published on Process Safety and Environment Protection in 2013, which evaluates the Air-Fin-Cooler (AFC) forced ventilation effect over natural ventilation inside congested LNG process train, i.e., modularized LNG, considering the Air Change per Hour (ACH) using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. This second paper evaluates the effect of forced ventilation on gas cloud dispersion using CFD in order to evaluate possible design measures, such as safety distance in trains and whether to shut down the AFC in case of releases. The results of this evaluation show that gas cloud accumulation is reduced by AFC induced air flow in the case of shorter separation distances between modules. Based on the results, two design measures are proposed, i.e., keep AFC running during emergency and train orientation against prevailing wind direction.     

化学品事故应急响应中危害距离的确定

介绍了不同国家、机构确定的毒性物质、易燃易爆物质紧急暴露限值和化学品事故中危害距离的确定方法，并以液氯钢瓶泄漏事故说明毒性危害距离的确定，以天然气管线泄漏火灾、爆炸事故说明火灾爆炸事故危害距离的确定。     

Numerical analysis of toxic cloud generation and dispersion: A case study of the ethylene oxide spill

The present study examined the accidental spill of ethylene oxide, and a sensitivity analysis of the corresponding consequences was conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A validation of the gas dispersion CFD model against the experimental data sets included in the model evaluation protocol (MEP) was performed. The effect of the variability of the wind velocity on the extension of the hazardous areas and pool evaporation characteristics was evaluated. Additionally, the mitigation effects of the dike walls surrounding a spill were discussed. CFD simulation results have shown that the mitigation effect of dike walls is determined by their influence on both gas dispersion and pool evaporation and depends strongly on wind velocity in terms of toxic impact distances.     

岗位有害物质控制效率用于局部通风设施防护效果评估的探讨

工程防护是消除和控制职业病危害因素的重要方法,而职业病危害工程防护设施防护效果评估的首要任务是明确其评价指标与评估标准。针对局部通风设施防护效果评估,提出了岗位有害物质控制效率评价指标,并对比分析了职业接触限值、控制风速、有害物质捕集效率和该指标的优缺点;提出了岗位有害物质控制效率的定义、检测方法和评估标准,对该指标用于局部通风设施防护效果评价存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出了下一步的研究方向。     

Utilization of regression technique to develop a predictive model for hazard radius from release of typical methane-rich natural gas

The aim of hazardous area classification around equipment handling or storing of flammable fluids is to avoid the ignition of those releases that may occur from time to time in the operation of these equipment. There is a point source approach for the classification of hazardous areas which can estimate hazard radius by using hole size and release pressure. Methane-rich natural gas is widely used or produced in the process industries. Till date, there exist no reference that represents hazard radii for the wide range of possible hole sizes and release pressures of this fluid. The aim of the present study was to propose a predictive model for estimation of hazard radii due to releases of typical methane-rich natural gas based on hole size and release pressure. In this study, a complete database of hazard radii due to a broad range of hole sizes and release pressures was provided using available discharge and dispersion models. A regression-based model for estimation of hazard radii was developed based on the provided database. Performance investigation of the proposed model and a case study showed that the results are reliable with an acceptable standard error.     

毒气泄漏场景下基于蒙特卡罗的工厂布局研究

由于在工业生产中使用危险化学品会引起各种工业事故的发生,为了减小事故风险,降低由此产生的经济损失,必须将安全问题考虑在内,对工厂进行合理布局。采用蒙特卡罗模拟技术,研究某生产设施发生有毒气体泄漏的场景下,气象条件的不确定性对工厂布局的影响。以风向、风速及大气稳定性作为随机变量,通过扩散模型、概率函数和蒙特卡罗模拟得到中毒死亡概率。将上述随机方法应用在天津某个处于规划布局阶段的工厂内,以氨气泄漏为例,根据该地区常年风向分布及所得风险等值线图对工厂设施布局提出建议。案例分析表明:该工厂需要进行重新布局,应将受体设施布置在风险较小、风频较小的方位上;同时该随机方法能够为工厂布局提供决策支持。     

工业LNG储罐泄漏扩散数值模拟

针对工业LNG储罐泄漏问题,基于Fluent软件结合UDF修正风速模型,研究不同工况下泄漏发展情况,并对泄露口下风向沿直线距离上的泄漏气体浓度进行分析,得出准确气体扩散浓度范围.研究结果表明,泄漏孔口越接近地面,横向扩散距离越大.相同风速下,泄漏路径上气体浓度具有相似的变化趋势,风速越高泄漏气体沿扩散路径的稀释作用越强...     

Numerical modelling for effect of water curtain in mitigating toxic gas release

Hydrogen fluoride and ammonia are widely used in chemical industries. Both substances are hazardous and frequently a source of leakage accidents. Since a hydrogen fluoride release accident occurred in Gumi, S. Korea (2012), the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) has emphasized that special attention and management are needed with respect to toxic substances. For post-release mitigation, a water curtain is known as one of the most effective and economical systems. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program was used to identify the effect of using a water curtain as a mitigation system for toxic substances that leak out from industrial facilities. Simulations were conducted to analyze how effectively a water curtain could mitigate the dispersion of toxic substances. To verify the simulation's accuracy, the INERIS Ammonia dispersion experiment and Goldfish experiment were simulated and compared. Various water curtains were applied to the simulated field experiment to confirm the mitigation factors with toxic substances. The results show that the simulations and experiments are consistent and that the dispersion of toxic substances can be mitigated by water curtains in certain circumstances.     

基于稳定风场的埋地天然气管道泄漏数值模拟

针对目前城镇埋地管道天然气泄漏研究模拟工况简单、可信性较低等问题,考虑障碍物对环境风场的影响,利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件建立天然气管道三维泄漏模型,将模拟过程分为环境风场的稳态模拟和管道泄漏扩散的瞬态模拟两步,分析天然气泄漏扩散规律。结果表明:在风场稳态模拟中,建筑物附近风场受干扰明显,上游形成小范围的低速滞留区,下游形成较长的尾迹。在天然气泄漏扩散瞬态模拟中,土壤层天然气受风速影响较小,气体在近地面及贴近建筑物侧积聚,扩散范围随时间逐渐趋于稳定,泄漏扩散达到稳定后表现出土壤层积聚、气云沉降、贴近建筑物积聚、气云扩散局限性的特征。风速主要影响天然气的扩散高度,对水平方向的扩散范围影响较小,风速与天然气扩散高度成反比。