工业LNG储罐泄漏扩散数值模拟

针对工业LNG储罐泄漏问题,基于Fluent软件结合UDF修正风速模型,研究不同工况下泄漏发展情况,并对泄露口下风向沿直线距离上的泄漏气体浓度进行分析,得出准确气体扩散浓度范围.研究结果表明,泄漏孔口越接近地面,横向扩散距离越大.相同风速下,泄漏路径上气体浓度具有相似的变化趋势,风速越高泄漏气体沿扩散路径的稀释作用越强...     

Experimental research of LNG accidental underwater release and combustion behavior

Evaluating potential hazards caused by accidental LNG release from underwater pipelines or vessels is a significant consideration in marine transportation safety. The aim of this study was to capture the dynamic behavior of LNG jet released under water and to analyze its vapor dispersion characteristics and combustion characteristics on the water surface during different release scenarios. Controlled experiments were conducted where LNG was jet released from a cryogenic storage tank. The dynamic process of LNG being jet released from orifices of different sizes and shapes, as well as the rising plume structure, were captured by a high-speed camera. The leakage flow rate and pipeline pressure were recorded by a flow meter and pressure gauge, respectively. The concentration distribution that emanated from the water surface was measured utilizing methane sensors in different positions with various wind speeds. The flame combustion characteristics of LNG vapor clouds, which immediately ignited upon the enclosed water tank, were also recorded. Additionally, the mass burning rate of the flame on the water surface was evaluated, and a new correlation between the ratio of flame length and width was established. The results indicated a large dimensionless heat release rate (Q*) and a continuous release flow rate in a limited burning area. This study could provide greater understanding of the mechanisms of LNG release and combustion behavior under water.     

Impact of leakage location and downwind storage tank on the gas dispersion in a typical chemical tank storage area

Toxic gas leakage in a tank area can have catastrophic consequences. Storage tank leakage location (particularly for high leakage) and downwind storage tanks potentially influence gas diffusion in tank areas. In this study, we developed a numerical and experimental method to investigate the impact of a high leakage location and downwind storage tank on gas diffusion based on three (1.05H, 0.90H, and 0.77H, H was the tank height, 22m) leakage field experiments on the leeward side of storage tank, which have been not conducted before. The experiments revealed an unexpected phenomenon: the maximum ground concentration first decreased and then increased with increasing leakage height. The simulations illustrated that the differences in micrometeorological conditions caused the maximum ground concentration of gas emitted from the roof to be higher than that emitted from the tank wall near the storage tank height. The downwind storage tank 1) had little influence on the entire diffusion direction but altered the local diffusion pattern; 2) reduced the maximum ground concentration (∼18.7%) and the distance from the emission source (approximately a storage tank diameter); and 3) had strong influences on the concentration, velocity, turbulence, and pressure on the leeward side. The concentration negatively correlated with the velocity, pressure, and turbulence in the middle of the two storage tanks on wind centerline. Our results can improve understanding of gas dispersion in tank areas and provide references for mitigating loss and protecting lives during emergency response processes.     

LNG加气站槽车卸车直供过程泄漏后果分析

为研究LNG加气站槽车直接供液过程泄漏后果严重程度,采用HAZOP辨识槽车供液和储罐供液典型泄漏场景,基于PHAST分析不同泄漏场景下LNG液池半径、蒸汽云扩散距离及积聚时长、爆炸超压和池火热辐射影响范围,定量评价槽车供液可能造成的事故后果扩大程度.结果表明:槽车供液泄漏事故的LNG液池最大半径、蒸汽云最大扩散距离、爆...     

Experiment and simulation research of evolution process for LNG leakage and diffusion

The frequent occurrence of LNG leakage accidents has caused serious economic loss and environmental damage. Experiments and simulations can be combined to obtain the transient process of LNG leakage and diffusion. This paper analyzed LNG leakage diffusion rules with experiment results obtained by depleting 1.4t LNG. The vapor clouds and LNG concentration are measured, which can be a comparison with the simulation results. Computational fluid dynamics and gas diffusion theory were chosen as the theoretical basis, simulating the transient process of LNG gasification to obtain the diffusion concentration rules. The simulation of LNG diffusion is divided into two parts: LNG leakage at the source and atmospheric diffusion. The maximum concentration of methane in the experiment was 4.1%, and the maximum concentration in the simulation was 4.6%. The results show good agreement of the deviation statistics, which fall in the standard recommendation value range. Then we make a prediction of the dangerous concentration area and the flammability hazard zone of LNG leakage accident. The simulation results show that the range of the lower wind direction danger area firstly increases and then decreases, and the maximum distance of IDLH increases firstly and arrived at the peak of 52  m at 300s.     

泄漏孔高度对液氯槽罐车泄漏后果的影响研究

为研究液氯槽罐车在道路运输过程中,罐体泄漏孔高度对液氯泄漏扩散过程的影响,本文基于计算流体力学软件Fluent,建立不同高度泄漏孔对应的罐体气相、液相空间泄漏的理论模型,计算不同泄漏模型的泄漏量,研究不同风向、风速、泄漏孔径对氯气泄漏扩散过程的影响。结果表明:风向对2种泄漏模式的扩散范围影响不显著;风速较小时,气相空间泄漏的致命范围大于液相泄漏;风速较大时,液相空间泄漏的致命范围远远大于气相空间;同时,两者受风速的影响具有相似点,风速越大泄漏扩散相对稳定后的氯气浓度值越低;气相、液相泄漏模式的致命范围均随泄漏孔径的增大而增大。研究成果可为液氯槽罐车泄漏事故应急救援、应急处置提供依据。     

管廊内泄漏口朝向对天然气管道泄漏扩散影响的模拟分析*

为掌握综合管廊内天然气输气管道泄漏口朝向对气体扩散的影响,使用FLUENT软件对4种不同朝向的泄漏口泄漏过程进行3维数值模拟,对比分析不同工况下气体浓度分布。结果表明:泄漏形成的射流产生强烈气体掺混,降低泄漏口附近气体浓度梯度;随着距泄露孔距离的增加,气体受惯性力作用减弱,并在浮力作用下抬升。管廊纵截面气体浓度场可分为泄漏口附近的均匀区和距离泄漏口较远的分层区。在均匀区内,探测器高度上气体质量分数纵向分布呈阶梯状;距泄漏口较远距离(大于20 m),泄漏口朝向对探测器高度上气体浓度纵向分布影响较小。基于稳态气体分布控制方程,提出气体在分层区内纵向分布关系式。当泄漏口刚好位于2探测器中央（最不利工况）时,泄漏孔朝向为X+（管道距离壁面较远侧）的泄漏气体在喷出后与空气接触时间长,产生涡量更大,使气体在管廊纵向上蔓延速度降低,探测器响应时间相对较长。     

Mutual effects between dynamic leakage behavior and the pressure/temperature in a LNG tank with external heat fluxes

The objective of this work is to investigate and model the mutual effects between the dynamic pressure/temperature in the LNG tank and the leakage behavior with external heat fluxes. The results suggest that the pressure and temperature in tank during leakage change with the comparison results between the heat flux consumed in liquid boil-off and the external heat flux supplied. At the liquid leakage stage, when the external heat flux is not very high, the pressure in tank tends to increase significantly, even results in tank explosion. It increases more and more heavily with higher and higher external heat fluxes. At the vapor leakage stage, large amount of vapor spray out, which results in a high generation rate of vapor by the liquid boil-off. The pressure in tank normally decreases to be low, which is unfavorable for the LNG tank explosion. Therefore, at this vapor leakage stage, blocking the leakage hole as soon as possible is not always a right choice for fire fighters. Finally, it is suggested that reducing the heat flux into the tank, either at the liquid leakage stage or in vapor one, is key to the tank safety.     

浮顶油罐密封圈油气分布数值模拟

浮顶油罐一二次密封空间内的油气在雷击作用下可导致起火事故。为研究浮顶油罐一二次密封空间内的油气浓度影响因素,利用CFD方法进行了数值模拟,并建立了浮顶油罐实验模型,检测一二次密封空间内不同位置处的油气体积分数,两者表征的油气浓度情况较吻合;借助该模拟方法进一步分析温度、风速和二次密封泄漏面积对浮顶油罐一二次密封空间内的油气浓度的影响,研究结果表明:①二次密封泄漏面积增加,密封空间内的油气浓度降低。②温度上升,一二次密封空间的油气浓度升高;当风速较高时,温度对油气浓度变化趋势的影响也更大。③风速增加时,空间内的油气分布差异变大,油气浓度最大值变大。     

化工罐区重质气体多源泄漏扩散实验研究

在模拟实验平台开展了罐区重质气体多源泄漏扩散的实验研究,考察多泄漏源同时泄漏时,泄漏源在罐区的位置、泄漏源间距对罐区重质气体漏扩散过程的影响。结果表明:泄漏源越靠近罐区边缘,重质气体扩散范围越大;泄漏源越靠近罐区中心区域,周围罐的阻碍作用较大,中心区域的重质气体浓度越高;泄漏源间的间距越小,泄漏源中间区域的重气浓度越大,泄漏源间的间距增大,气体扩散范围也增大,事故影响范围越大;泄漏压力、体积速率总和相同时,在一定的距离范围内,多源同时泄漏时空间各点的重质气体浓度与各泄漏源单独泄漏时空间各点重质气体浓度总和基本一致。     

LNG接收站选址安全距离研究

天然气作为一种清洁、优质能源在我国得到越来越广泛的应用,液化天然气(LNG)接收站的发展有助于解决我国能源紧张问题,促进能源供应多元化,但随之而来的安全问题也引起企业和社会的高度重视。对LNG接收站工艺做了简单介绍,分析其存在的危险有害因素,并对LNG接收站选址时的安全距离进行较深入的研究。参考了国内外主要规范,对规范要求的安全距离及采用挪威船级社Phast 6.6软件进行事故模拟确定的安全距离进行对比分析,事故模拟考虑了可燃气体扩散及火灾热辐射的影响范围。通过研究,对LNG接收站选址时与周边环境应保持的安全距离有更深入的认识。     

液化石油气球罐泄漏危险的预防和控制探讨

阐述了液化石油气球罐的特点。对液化石油气球罐的泄漏危险性进行了分析,主要存在的泄漏危险有泄漏物质易燃易爆、易发生泄漏、受热易膨胀导致泄漏、泄漏气体易积聚、泄漏事故具有隐蔽性、泄漏物质具有毒害性。根据液化气泄漏危险性分析,提出了预防和控制液化石油气球罐泄漏危害的安全措施:加强设备质量管理,杜绝泄漏现象;合理设置球罐,降低泄漏风险;规范安全操作,减少泄漏量;防止泄漏气体积聚;设置防泄漏安全装置;及时发现泄漏;设置消防给水及灭火设施;妥善处理泄漏事故。     

室外液氯泄漏条件下室内气体浓度影响因素的研究

以液氯储罐泄漏为研究对象,运用ALOHA软件进行模拟分析。结果表明,泄漏后相同地点室外浓度均远高于室内浓度,室内气体的浓度随距离的增加而减小,浓度峰值的出现在时间上较室外有延迟。研究了液氯室外泄漏情况下影响室内气体浓度的各种因素。随着换气次数的增加,室内气体的最高浓度不断增加,浓度下降的速率也增大。风速和地面粗糙度的增加均会降低室内气体的最高浓度。室内气体的最高浓度随温度的上升而有所增加,但影响并不显著。连续泄漏时,室内外浓度均低于瞬时泄漏时的浓度。连续泄漏时室内浓度上升到最高值时需要的时间较长。     

障碍物对天然气喷射火影响的数值模拟研究

为研究障碍物控制天然气喷射火对周围设施危害的有效性,基于流体力学基本原理与湍流模型,采用FDS模拟软件,分别研究高度为10 m的障碍物宽度和障碍物与泄漏孔间距对喷射火的影响。研究得出:障碍物对喷射火阻挡效果明显,减缓了火焰在速度方向的传播;障碍物越宽,控制火焰向前传播的效果越好,障碍物后方受火焰高温和热辐射危害越小,但随着宽度的增加,后方温度和热辐射下降率减小,障碍物宽3 m时,对火焰控制效果最好;随着障碍物与泄漏孔间距增加,障碍物后方热辐射先增加后减小,间距为5 m时,障碍物对火焰的控制效果最好,此时喷射火下游受保护的区域最宽。研究结果可为储气罐发生泄漏火灾事故处置及应急设施设计提供参考。     

基于稳定风场的埋地天然气管道泄漏数值模拟

针对目前城镇埋地管道天然气泄漏研究模拟工况简单、可信性较低等问题,考虑障碍物对环境风场的影响,利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件建立天然气管道三维泄漏模型,将模拟过程分为环境风场的稳态模拟和管道泄漏扩散的瞬态模拟两步,分析天然气泄漏扩散规律。结果表明:在风场稳态模拟中,建筑物附近风场受干扰明显,上游形成小范围的低速滞留区,下游形成较长的尾迹。在天然气泄漏扩散瞬态模拟中,土壤层天然气受风速影响较小,气体在近地面及贴近建筑物侧积聚,扩散范围随时间逐渐趋于稳定,泄漏扩散达到稳定后表现出土壤层积聚、气云沉降、贴近建筑物积聚、气云扩散局限性的特征。风速主要影响天然气的扩散高度,对水平方向的扩散范围影响较小,风速与天然气扩散高度成反比。     

Numerical simulation of LNG dispersion under two-phase release conditions

The use of LNG (liquefied natural gas) as fuel brings up issues regarding safety and acceptable risk. The potential hazards associated with an accidental LNG spill should be evaluated, and a useful tool in LNG safety assessment is computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. In this paper, the ADREA-HF code has been applied to simulate LNG dispersion in open-obstructed environment based on Falcon Series Experiments. During these experiments LNG was released and dispersed over water surface. The spill area is confined with a billboard upwind of the water pond. FA1 trial was chosen to be simulated, because its release and weather conditions (high total spill volume and release rate, low wind speed) allow the gravitational force to influence the cold, dense vapor cloud and can be considered as a benchmark for LNG dispersion in fenced area. The source was modeled with two different approaches: as vapor pool and as two phase jet and the predicted methane concentration at sensors' location was compared with the experimental one. It is verified that the source model affect to a great extent the LNG dispersion and the best case was the one modeling the source as two phase jet. However, the numerical results in the case of two phase jet source underestimate the methane concentration for most of the sensors. Finally, the paper discusses the effect of neglecting the ?9.3° experimental wind direction, which leads to the symmetry assumption with respect to wind and therefore less computational costs. It was found that this effect is small in case of a jet source but large in the case of a pool source.     

风速对LNG泄漏扩散过程影响的数值模拟

为研究环境风速对液化天然气(LNG)泄漏扩散过程的影响,采用Fluent建立LNG连续泄漏计算流体力学模型,开展不同风速下LNG泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟研究。结果表明,LNG泄漏扩散分为扩散初期、扩散中期、扩散后期3个阶段,扩散过程中LNG从低温重气逐渐转变成轻质气体。环境风速对气云的扩散主要体现在:低于5级风时,云团以两侧卷吸为主,气云表现为"叶状分叉"、中间低两端高,此时气云横风向扩散较快,甲烷扩散距离与冻伤距离随风速增大而增大;而高于5级风时,云团以顶部卷吸为主,气云表现为云团坍塌、中间高两端低,此时气云垂直风向扩散较快,甲烷扩散距离与冻伤距离随风速增大而减小。初步建立了LNG蒸气云爆炸风险范围与冻伤区域和泄漏时间、环境风速的函数关系,可为爆炸风险区域和低温冻伤区域的预测提供理论支撑。     

An integrated quantitative hazard analysis method for natural gas jet release from underground gas storage caverns in salt rock. I: Models and validation

It is very important and necessary to perform quantitative hazard analysis for possible accidental leakage from an underground gas storage cavern in salt rock. An integrated quantitative hazard analysis method for natural gas jet release from salt caverns is presented in this paper, which was constituted by a revised model for gas leakage rate calculation, a consequence analysis and a model of probability assessment for harm. The presented method was validated by comparing the analytical results with the data collected from the real accidents (including the leakage, jet fire, fireball and vapor cloud explosion). It is indicated that the proposed method was more accurate than the TNT equivalence method for vapor cloud explosion and gave more reasonable results when applied to the consequence analysis for the thermal radiation from jet fire and fireball.     

城市综合管廊燃气舱室输气管道泄漏扩散规律研究

为了掌握输气管道在城市综合管廊舱室泄漏扩散的基本规律,采用FLUENT软件,针对管廊正常通风—泄漏报警—事故通风—警报解除的全过程进行动态分析。首先在正常通风速度建立的稳态风场中,模拟天然气在不同管输压力下发生小孔泄漏后的报警时间,根据首个响应的报警器的位置判断泄漏源位置。结果表明,当泄漏孔径为20 mm,通风速度为1.92 m/s,且泄漏源处于2个报警器中间时,管输压力为200,400,800 kPa时对应的报警时间分别为10.4,6.7,4.5 s。事故通风速度下,对不同管输压力的天然气扩散进行分析,当天然气朝逆风侧扩散时,随动量逐渐减小而到达不同的边界坐标。同时,环境大气压的降低不仅会缩短报警器的首次报警时间,还能延长总扩散距离。预测所得的天然气爆炸上下限浓度区移动速度有助于动态了解处于爆炸上下限浓度之间气体的实时位置。解除报警时间与进风口风速呈近似线性关系,可为现场救援队伍选择经济通风量提供理论指导。     

Release and dispersion behaviour of carbon dioxide released from a small-scale underground pipeline

The development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) brings challenges for safety issues regarding carbon dioxide (CO₂) transmission pipelines. Once a pipeline is punctured or full-bore ruptured, the leaked CO₂ is hazardous to personnel and the environment. Small-scale devices were established with the aim of studying the release and dispersion behaviour of gas and liquid CO₂ from a punctured underground pipeline. A sandbox was built to simulate the underground conditions. The parameters of the sand used in the experiments were tested. CO₂ concentrations on the ground and temperatures around the release orifice in the sand were analysed. The results indicate that in the CO₂ gas release experiments, the CO₂ concentration on the sand surface decreases with increasing horizontal distance in the form of a power function. CO₂ concentrations in upward release are slightly larger than those in horizontal release at the same location but are obviously bigger than values in downward release. The temperature-drop region is much smaller than that in air. A frozen ice ball can be generated near the release orifice during the gas phase of the CO₂-release process. In the liquid phase of CO₂-release experiments, a large amount of dry ice is generated near the release orifice. Dry ice can only be generated in the area close to the release orifice, especially in the near-field area.