城市小康社会安全指标体系设计

城市安全是我国小康社会安全的关键和重要组成部分,科学地设计城市小康社会的安全指标体系,对于定量地分析和认识城市安全的状况,科学地评价安全的社会价值有着现实的意义.笔者首先提出了安全小康社会的概念及其发展目标的体系和原则;然后结合我国的政府管理部门需要,定义了城市安全的12大领域,并设计了指标体系,包括社会稳定、社会治安、公共场所安全、公共卫生、交通安全、生产安全、食品安全、减灾防灾、人口安全、环境安全、能源安全及宏观综合.每个具体指标都是在研究该安全领域具体现状的基础上,经过分析影响其安全状况的重要因素设计而成的.城市小康社会安全指标体系能够应用于评价城市的总体安全状况.     

Evaluation of multi-phase atmospheric dispersion models for application to Carbon Capture and Storage

A dispersion model validation study is presented for atmospheric releases of dense-phase carbon dioxide (CO₂). Predictions from an integral model and two different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are compared to data from field-scale experiments conducted by INERIS, as part of the EU-funded CO₂PipeHaz project.The experiments studied consist of a 2 m³ vessel fitted with a short pipe, from which CO₂ was discharged into the atmosphere through either a 6 mm or 25 mm diameter orifice. Comparisons are made to measured temperatures and concentrations in the multi-phase CO₂ jets.The integral dispersion model tested is DNV Phast and the two CFD models are ANSYS-CFX and a research and development version of FLACS, both of which adopt a Lagrangian particle-tracking approach to simulate the sublimating solid CO₂ particles in the jet. Source conditions for the CFD models are taken from a sophisticated near-field CFD model developed by the University of Leeds that simulates the multi-phase, compressible flow in the expansion region of the CO₂ jet, close to the orifice.Overall, the predicted concentrations from the various models are found to be in reasonable agreement with the measurements, but generally in poorer agreement than has been reported previously for similar dispersion models in other dense-phase CO₂ release experiments. The ANSYS-CFX model is shown to be sensitive to the way in which the source conditions are prescribed, while FLACS shows some sensitivity to the solid CO₂ particle size. Difficulties in interpreting the results from one of the tests, which featured some time-varying phenomena, are also discussed.The study provides useful insight into the coupling of near- and far-field dispersion models, and the strengths and weaknesses of different modelling approaches. These findings contribute to the assessment of potential hazards presented by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) infrastructure.     

Evaluation of process safety indicators collected in conformance with ANSI/API Recommended Practice 754

At the request of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB), we examined some of the possible uses of the process safety event metrics proposed by the American Petroleum Institute and published as ANSI/API Recommended Practice 754. We examined many sources to try to estimate what the likely number of Tier 1 and Tier 2 process safety events would be at refineries. Then we calculated the statistical power that would be available to compare rates, both over time and across facilities and firms. As Tier 1 and Tier 2 are defined, it appears that the event frequencies estimated for U.S. refineries (i.e., 0.12 per 100 employees for Tier 1 and 0.26 for Tier 2) would make it unlikely that even two-fold differences in the rates would be statistically significant, except at large refineries with several thousand workers.     

积极参加’97年全国“安全生产周”活动

积极参加’９７年全国“安全生产周”活动安全生产与劳动保护是企业和整个经济生活的一个重要环节，每一个从事生产、经营的企业都无不面临这个问题。搞好安全生产与劳动保护工作，对于减少生产过程中的危险和事故；减少由此造成的经济损失和降低生产经营成本；对于保护劳...     

冶炼厂烟化炉煤粉爆炸安全监控研究

在生产过程中，烟化炉常因煤粉量供应过大而在尾气中产生大量ＣＯ，导致爆炸事故的发生。为消除此隐患，在分析事故原因的基础上，设计了烟化炉生产安全监控系统。该系统采用闭环集效控制方式，煤粉的供给量完全由系统自动控制，从而提高了烟化炉生产的安全性。     

Managing process chemicals,technology and equipment information for pilot plant based on Process Safety Management standard

Injuries, accidents or even fatalities while working in pilot plant are reported worldwide. The OSHA Laboratory Standard and Hazard Communication Standard have been used as a guideline to manage safety of laboratories and pilot plant. In spite of the implementation of these standards, incidents which result in injuries and property loss are continuously occurring. The implementation of OSHA Process Safety Management (PSM) Standard in pilot plant is expected to further reduce the risks of accidents. This paper presents a new system for managing process chemicals, technology and equipment information in pilot plant and the concept is developed based on Process Safety Information (PSI) element of PSM 29 CFR 1910.119(d). It provides organized strategies to manage documentations, communicate information, and written program for maintaining, revising and updating related information. Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is used as a foundation for data management. Implementation of this system at the CO₂ Hydrocarbon Absorption System pilot plant as a case study is examined and discussed.     

Flixborough: A final footnote

The Flixborough explosion was the largest-ever peacetime explosion in the UK. There were 28 fatalities as well as near-complete destruction on the 24 ha plant. An official Court of Inquiry was immediately established and charged with the responsibility of determining the cause(s) of the disaster and the lessons to be learnt. Reviews are made here of the evidence and arguments behind an alleged 8 in initiation to the event and briefly that of the Court's determination of failure—the simultaneous failure of two 28 in bellows attached to a temporary 20 in dog-leg pipe bridge. Both cases are seen as flawed. The only credible hypothesis appears to be one that involved the failure, most probably by fatigue, of only one of the two bellows attached to the dog-leg—this then buckled, sealing the lower reactor. The dog-leg later collapsed by the blast. This process resulted in a much smaller explosive release than either alternate hypothesis and thus may have consequences for reportable inventories and process safety. The investigation employs NIST FDS CFD analyses of the potential releases, fires and their influence.