细砂比例对均匀级配石英砂滤料过滤性能的影响

石英砂过滤是去除水中颗粒物最常用的技术,其中均匀级配滤料因纳污能力较强、过滤周期较长而得到广泛应用。但目前工程设计标准中对均匀级配滤料的有效粒径（d₁₀）和均匀系数（K₆₀）的界定较为宽泛,为进一步探明滤料组成对均匀级配滤料过滤性能的影响,通过中试试验考察了不同比例细砂（<0.9,0.9~1.0 mm）的2种均匀级配滤料滤柱的除浊效果和运行特性,并采用不同表面电位和粒径的粉末活性炭作为示踪颗粒,研究2种滤料对颗粒物的截留特性。结果表明:与细砂比例较低（16%）的滤料相比,细砂比例较高（29%）的滤料出水浊度低0.2 NTU左右,滤柱水头损失平均增长速率高8.7%~31.6%、滤层含泥率高12%~27%,以滤后水浊度为控制指标时运行周期长7 h;颗粒物截留方面,2种滤料对颗粒物的截留均随着颗粒表面电负性增大和粒径减小而降低,其中细砂比例较高的滤料对颗粒物的截留受颗粒性质影响较小,表现出更稳定的截留效果。因此,适当提高均匀级配石英砂滤料中细砂比例虽然使过滤水头损失略有增加,但能获得更低的出水浊度和更稳定的颗粒物截留效果。     

木棉纤维对水中柴油的吸附性能

用木棉纤维作为吸附材料对含油废水进行吸附研究,考察了吸附平衡时间、等温吸附、以及溶液pH、溶液盐浓度等因素对油吸附的影响。溶液pH对吸附影响很小,在不同的盐浓度下吸附略有下降,木棉纤维吸附剂对0#柴油的吸附所需平衡时间为4h,在室温和pH=7左右的条件下,吸附材料对0#柴油的最大吸附量(qm)为(31±0.81)g/g,等温吸附线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模式,研究结果表明:木棉纤维对含油废水的吸附能在较短的时间达到吸附饱和,吸附量较大,对溶液环境的适应能力强,具有很好的应用前景。     

采用清洗-热脱附工艺修复石蜡基与环烷基原油污染土壤

石油污染土壤修复工艺的选择及其应用效果受原油属性影响明显。选取石蜡基和环烷基2类原油污染土壤,采用清洗预处理-热脱附方法,研究耦合工艺的修复效能,重点比较清洗对土壤粒级的分离效果,表面活性剂对石油污染物的脱附效率,药剂清洗前后的土壤热脱附修复效果等。结果表明:清洗后2种土壤的砂质组分吸附的石油类脱附率约为59.83%和36.42%,远高于黏质组分。阴离子型α-十六烯基磺酸钠脱附能力更强,石蜡基和环烷基2类油源污染土壤的石油类脱附率为46.5%和39.8%。以环烷基土壤为例,将药剂清洗后分离出的黏粒土进行热脱附,与未清洗的原污染土壤相比,前者脱附所用时间更短。400℃下热脱附3 h,石油类含量降至0.26%。采取清洗-热脱附工艺开展现场试验,清洗后粗粒级砂质土壤的石油类含量为1.56%,黏粒土脱水后热脱附,石油类含量可达到0.57%,清洗-热脱附修复污染土壤能耗低于单纯热脱附工艺。     

Aggregation of Adenovirus 2 in Source Water and Impacts on Disinfection by Chlorine

It is generally accepted that viral particles in source water are likely to be found as aggregates attached to other particles. For this reason, it is important to investigate the disinfection efficacy of chlorine on aggregated viruses. A method to produce adenovirus particle aggregation was developed for this study. Negative stain electron microscopy was used to measure aggregation before and after addition of virus particles to surface water at different pH and specific conductance levels. The impact of aggregation on the efficacy of chlorine disinfection was also examined. Disinfection experiments with human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in source water were conducted using 0.2 mg/L free chlorine at 5 °C. Aggregation of HAdV2 in source water (≥3 aggregated particles) remained higher at higher specific conductance and pH levels. However, aggregation was highly variable, with the percentage of particles present in aggregates ranging from 43 to 71 %. Upon addition into source water, the aggregation percentage dropped dramatically. On average, chlorination CT values (chlorine concentration in mg/L × time in min) for 3-log₁₀ inactivation of aggregated HAdV2 were up to three times higher than those for dispersed HAdV2, indicating that aggregation reduced the disinfection rate. This information can be used by water utilities and regulators to guide decision making regarding disinfection of viruses in water.     

硅烷偶联剂对石英砂滤料的表面改性

采用硅烷偶联剂KH-550对石英砂滤料进行表面改性,以提高滤料表面的亲油疏水性.通过正交―单因素实验,考察KH-550浓度、改性温度以及搅拌时间对石英砂滤料表面改性效果的影响.结果表明,KH-550浓度为15%、改性温度为110℃、搅拌时间为15min时改性效果最好,水的润湿重量由改性前的1.5589g减小到0.0607g,而油的润湿重量改性前后基本不变.改性后石英砂对油的吸附容量增大到0.1843,与未改性石英砂相比提高了27.72%.扫描电镜与电子能谱研究表明,KH-550以化学键的方式结合在石英砂滤料表面,形成了牢固的有机包覆层,使得石英砂滤料的亲油疏水性大大提高.     

油田回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物的快速检测和群落结构分析

利用荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,采用荧光标记的rRNA探针及其组合对胜利油田胜利采油厂回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物(Sulfate reducing prokaryotes,SRPs,包括硫酸盐还原细菌和硫酸盐还原古菌)进行检测,分析了该回注水中SRPs群落结构.结果表明:SRPs在胜利油田回注水中具有极高的种群多样性,广泛分布于4个细菌门和1个古菌门;总数可达2.86×104个/mL,占回注水中总微生物细胞的20%左右;其中优势菌属为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum),分别占回注水微生物总细胞数的8.71%(±4.45%),和12.15%(±3.90%).Desulfobacterales和Syntrophobacterales这2个目中的SRPs,Thermodesulfobacteriales以及Thermodesulfovibro属的SRPs分别占样品微生物总量的7.59%(±2.92%),3.57%(±1.39%)和2.32%(±0.80%).除此之外,也检测到了占微生物总量4.29%(±1.75%)的Archaeoglobus属的SRPs,证明了古菌类SRPs是回注水中一个不容忽视的硫酸盐还原微生物种群.FISH法能够快速、准确地检测回注水中SRPs数量,解析SRPs群落结构.     

溶液吸收/分光光度法检测空气中偏二甲肼含量

GJB2373-95采用固体吸附/分光光度法监测空气中偏二甲肼,但是采集空气中偏二甲肼所用的SG-2固体吸附剂和采样管制作繁琐,分析步骤复杂,不适合连续监测。文章以单位自行研制的偏二甲肼动态配气系统配制已知浓度空气样品为测试环境,用标定过的美国Interscan气体检测仪实时监测其浓度为13.4×10-6～13.6×10-6,采用溶液吸收法采样并简化GJB2373-95标准方法的分析步骤。依据两种方法分别做出各自的标准曲线,并采用固体吸附法和溶液吸收法各采集两个平行样,样品采样体积分别为3.28L、3.31L和3.12L、3.14L,对应各自的标准曲线,计算出两组样品偏二甲肼含量分别为10.7×10-6、11.0×10-6和12.1×10-6、12.0×10-6。经传感器实时监测值作为第三方数据比对,结果表明溶液吸收/分光光度法监测结果准确,分析步骤简单、省时。     

油脂对红壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响

本文通过室内灌水入渗试验,研究了灌溉水油脂浓度（0,1.0,3.0和10.0g/L）、灌水频率（1d1次,2d1次,4d1次）和灌溉模式（纯清水灌溉,纯含油脂灌溉水灌溉,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉）对受灌土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响.结果显示,随灌水进入到受灌土壤中的油脂主要集中在优先流通道中快速运动,优先流湿润锋处的土壤油脂浓度较高且不受灌溉水中油脂浓度的影响,表明即便是采用较低油脂浓度的灌溉水灌溉,依然对地下水系统存在较高的污染风险;高频率、低定额的含油脂灌溉水灌溉有利于进入到受灌土壤中的油脂向深层土壤运动,使得斥水性土层厚度增大,从而导致入渗水流运动的不确定性及地下水系统的污染风险均增大;油脂对受灌土壤团聚体的再团聚作用只有在其浓度较高时才能形成,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉因降低了受灌土壤的油脂浓度反而导致土壤团聚体分散和破碎.研究成果对再生水和原污水农田灌溉制度设计具有参考价值.     

纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的实验研究

为有效缓解乳化油在原位修复地下水污染过程中所产生的堵塞及修复效率降低的问题,采用升温相转变技术手段,制备纳米乳化油.并采用一维柱实验,开展微米及纳米乳化油在多孔介质中的迁移研究,对比分析微米及纳米乳化油造成多孔介质的渗透性损失、在多孔介质中的截留比率及迁移距离等问题,探究纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的效果.实验结果显示,微米及纳米乳化油所导致的中砂介质渗透性损失分别为20.40%和3.20%,乳化油截留比率分别为28.51%和20.15%.由此可见,乳化油截留是多孔介质渗透性损失的重要原因,减小乳化油粒径可有效缓解多孔介质的渗透性损失.与微米乳化油相比,纳米乳化油有效降低中、细砂介质渗透性损失84.3%和47.5%.此外,乳化油截留对多孔介质渗透性损失的影响在一定程度上也影响到其在多孔介质中的迁移距离,微米及纳米乳化油在中砂介质中的迁移距离分别为6.53 m和8.19 m.相比之下,纳米乳化油所导致的细砂介质渗透性损失为10.70%,截留比率为25.71%,迁移距离为7.36 m,说明纳米乳化油迁移效果更佳,可适用介质范围更广.     

鄱阳湖北部沙山一处平行层理砂层的释光信号回零分析及年代学研究

鄱阳湖作为中国最大淡水湖,其周边发育若干沙山。虽然此前研究多认为这些沙山为风力堆积的产物,但是这些沙山中上部还普遍保存有水成沉积构造的沉积层。选取江西省湖口县沙洲村沙山一处代表性的平行层理砂层（吴淞高程约40.3 m）为研究对象,首先对目标砂层的石英和钾长石开展光释光信号回零分析。研究结果显示该砂层的石英光释光信号和钾长石光释光信号均呈现明显的晒退不均。这种现象与沉积构造解译一致,即目标沉积层为水成堆积过程的产物。之后,对目标砂层开展年代学研究,通过对比鄱阳湖湖岸一处现代平行层理砂层的光释光年代结果,将沙洲村沙山目标砂层的年代限定为全新世大暖期（石英单片和单颗粒光释光年龄分别为(6.9±1.6) ka和(6.4±2.2) ka）。     

危险废物事故排放的湖泊水环境健康风险预测

分析了二维流场点源瞬时排放模型,并借鉴美国环保局推荐使用的健康风险评价模型,建立了一种危险废物事故排放时水环境对人体健康风险的预测方法。以电镀污泥为例验证了该方法的有效性。结果显示:该方法需要参数少且计算简单;电镀污泥中目标污染物(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)所引起的湖泊水环境非致癌风险(3.49×10-4)和致癌风险(3.21×10-11)分别小于美国标准中的可接受风险水平(1.00和1.00×10-6),风险不明显。     

Arsenic and cadmium removal from water by a calcium-modified and starch-stabilized ferromanganese binary oxide

A new calcium-modified and starch-stabilized ferromanganese binary oxide (Ca-SFMBO) sorbent was fabricated with different Ca concentrations for the adsorption of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in water. The maximum As(III) and Cd(II) adsorption capacities of 1% Ca-SFMBO were 156.25 mg/g and 107.53 mg/g respectively in single-adsorption systems. The adsorption of As and Cd by the Ca-SFMBO sorbent was pH-dependent at values from 1 to 7, with an optimal adsorption pH of 6. In the dual-adsorbate system, the presence of Cd(II) at low concentrations enhanced As(III) adsorption by 33.3%, while the adsorption of As(III) was inhibited with the increase of Cd(II) concentration. Moreover, the addition of As(III) increased the adsorption capacity for Cd(II) up to two-fold. Through analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it was inferred that the mechanism for the co-adsorption of Cd(II) and As(III) included both competitive and synergistic effects, which resulted from the formation of ternary complexes. The results indicate that the Ca-SFMBO material developed here could be used for the simultaneous removal of As(III) and Cd(II) from contaminated water.     

含砷矿区河流沉积物粒径组成及砷赋存特征

矿区河流沉积物是重金属污染物的迁移载体。研究了某含砷矿区河段沉积物砷含量分布、赋存形态及粒径对沉积物中砷水力传输的影响机制。结果表明:矿区河流沉积物中砷污染问题突出;沉积物颗粒大小不仅影响砷在沉积物组分中的分配与赋存形态,还会影响水环境中砷的传输。在矿区上游和中上游河段,沉积物均以粗砂、中砂组分为主,上游河段沉积物中砷含量为18.53 mg/kg,主要来源于原生矿物,以结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态和残渣态等稳定形式存在。中上游河段沉积物中砷含量达到3492 mg/kg,主要来源于采矿活动导致矿石中砷的氧化溶出和部分原生矿物,粗砂、中砂组分(73.90%)中砷以弱结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态和残渣态为主,分别占总砷含量的83.71%和83.82%,细砂、极细砂、粉砂中砷主要以专性吸附态和弱结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态存在,分别占总砷含量的58.72%、58.51%和73.10%。在距离矿区2,4 km处的中游、下游河段沉积物砷含量仍有371,247 mg/kg,以细砂、极细砂、粉砂为主,其中专性吸附态和弱结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态砷是主要形态;沉积物<0.25 mm(细砂、极细砂、粉砂)组分中砷含量是粗砂组分的1.5倍,<0.25 mm细颗粒沉积物对砷的水力传输起主导作用。因此,应加强废弃含砷矿区河流生态治理和水土保持,防止细泥沙入水;同时,加强下游河段沉积物生态疏浚和修复治理,防止沉积物中砷的再释放。     

基于土壤系统结构的喀斯特流域水文干旱分析——以贵州省为例

干旱是全球性普遍发生的一种自然现象,而喀斯特流域水文干旱不能简单归因于“气候异常、降水量减少”。论文将利用面向对象分类技术,提取土壤类型、土壤相对覆盖度、土壤相对粗糙度、土壤相对湿度的遥感信息;从土壤系统结构与土壤系统功能的关系角度,分析土壤单因素单因子、单因素双因子耦合以及多因素耦合对流域水文干旱影响。研究表明:①土壤单因素单因子对流域水文干旱影响,即是土壤通道对降雨的土壤径流影响的体现;②土壤单因素双因子耦合对流域水文干旱影响,取决于其单因子对流域水文干旱影响的程度;③土壤多因素耦合对流域水文干旱影响,即是土壤通道耦合对降雨的土壤径流影响的综合体现。因此,通过论文的研究,从土壤系统结构的角度,揭示了流域水文干旱的驱动机制,为喀斯特地区水资源的利用提供了理论基础。     

土壤质地和湿度对SVE技术修复苯污染土壤的影响

土壤蒸汽抽提技术(soil vapor extraction,SVE)是一种安全、经济、高效的土壤治理技术,广泛应用于包气带土壤中挥发性有机污染物的去除.本研究选取有机污染物苯为对象,通过一维土柱通风模拟,分析了土壤质地(壤砂土、粉壤土和黏土)和湿度(0%、10%和20%)对SVE技术修复苯污染土壤的影响.结果表明,由于受到粉壤土有机质和黏土的通透性影响,这两组实验的SVE修复效率(68.3%和43.4%)小于壤砂土实验组(98.5%);此外,20%和10%湿度条件下的壤砂土土柱模拟实验会出现拖尾现象,而且湿度越大,SVE的修复效率越低.     

非均质含水土层中石油运移的电阻率监测

通过自制三维有机玻璃水槽建立非均质土层,设立浅层和内部两个泄漏点,模拟流动相原油在含水土层中的运移及水位波动条件下的重分布过程,并利用自制高密度电极排及电法仪揭示相应的电阻率响应特征.结果表明：原油在土壤中运移受泄漏源位置、泄漏量及土层结构的影响.同一土层内部泄漏点横向扩散较垂向明显,浅层泄漏点为四周扩散,泄漏量越大污染范围越宽,土层渗透性越高污染深度越深.原油泄漏后存在高阻和低阻异常2种情况,土层结构简单且含油率较高时高阻异常明显;土层组分较复杂尤其是盐分和粘土矿物含量较高,或含水率和含油率较低时,易出现低阻异常.水位升高后土层整体电阻率降低,原油向污染区中心集中;水位下降后电阻率升高,原油向四周分散,水位波动使原油进一步弥散.受内部泄漏点影响,垂向深度上离泄漏点越近（0.08m）污染越重,除此之外泄漏点下部（0.15m）原油含量高于上部（0.04m）,显示内部泄漏点原油下移较上移明显.     

腾格里沙漠南缘沙层含水量与水分平衡研究

为了揭示腾格里沙漠沙层含水量和水分运移及平衡等科学问题,对甘肃民勤和宁夏中卫不同沙丘进行了含水量研究。结果显示,腾格里沙漠南缘沙层含水量空间变化明显,在垂向上分层清楚,水平方向上流动沙丘的含水量高于半固定和固定沙丘, 沙漠东南缘沙层含水量明显高于西南缘。甘肃民勤沙层含水量高值层段出现在剖面中上部;宁夏中卫毛管水带之上沙层含水量较高,指示沙层水分来自大气降水。研究区沙层水分主要以薄膜水的形式存在,在降水较多的沙漠东南缘出现了沙漠区极少出现的高含量薄膜水。该区沙层水分具正平衡特点,属于沙层水理性质决定的沙漠地区特殊的水分正平衡,这能够较好地解释极端干旱的沙漠区湖泊较多和地下水资源较为丰富的原因。论文还提出了研究区水分运移的两种模式。     

Forecasting industrial water demand in Huaihe River Basin due to environmental changes

A framework is proposed for forecasting industrial water demand in the context of climate change, economic growth, and technological development. The framework was tested in five sub-basins of Huaihe River of China, namely Upstream of Huaihe River (UH), Middlestream of Huaihe River (MH), Downstream of Huaihe River (DH), Yishusi River (YSSR), and Coastal River of Shandong Peninsula (CSP) to project future changes in industrial water demand under different environment change scenarios. Results showed that industrial water demand in Huaihe River basin will increase in the range of 10 to 44.6% due to economic development, water-saving technological advances, and climate change. The highest increase was projected by general circulation model (GCM) BCC-CSM1–1 (179.16 × 108 m³) and the lowest by GCM GISS-E2-R (132.4 × 10⁸ m³) in 2020, while the GCM BNU-ESM projected the highest increase (190.57 × 10⁸ m³) and GCM CNRM-CM5 the lowest (160.41 × 10⁸ m³) in 2030. Among the different sub-basins, the highest increase was projected in MH sub-basin where industrial water demand is already very high. On the other hand, the lowest increase in industrial water demand was projected in UH sub-basin. The rapid growth of high water-consuming industries and increased water demand for cooling due to temperature rise are the major causes of the sharp increase in industrial water demand in the basin. The framework developed in the study can be used for reliable forecasting of industrial water demand which in turn can help in selection of an appropriate water management strategy for adaptation to global environmental changes.     

The effect of ink types and printing processes on flotation deinking efficiency of wastepaper recycling

Wastepaper is the largest fraction of solid waste. Flotation deinking plays an essential role in the product quality and process cost of wastepaper recycling. This paper investigated the effect of ink types and printing processes on flotation deinking. Examination of ink types in this study revealed that newsprint oil-based offset-cold and offset-heat inks contain substantial oil (45 to 60%) and resin (5 to 35%); water-based ink contains water (40%) and resin (polystyrene, 30%); and these inks are liquids with densities around 1 g/cm³ at 25 °C. On the other hand, photocopy and laser-print toners were found to be solid powders with particle diameters of about 20 μm, densities of 1 to 1.5 g/cm³, and a composition that consists primarily of styrene-acrylate copolymers (60 to 90%). Except for water-based ink, which is water soluble, all inks in their initial state are hydrophobic. It was found that for newsprint oil based offset-cold inks there is little change in their surface chemical properties, and their hydrophobic character is retained. These inks in the newsprint wastepaper pulp can be effectively removed by flotation. On the other hand, it was found that during the printing processes, the toner particles undergo polymerization (fusion) and oxidation with the subsequent formation of peroxide bonds due to exposure to heat, light, and oxygen (air). The fusion due to polymerization causes bonding to the paper fibers and the creation of larger toner particle sizes. The oxidation creates a greater polarity at the toner particle surface. These effects account for the poor efficiency in the flotation deinking of office waste. In order to improve office wastepaper recycling, it is evident, based on this study and policy considerations, that there is a need to find ways of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of flotation deinking by modification of the surface properties of printed toner particles, or designing new toner particles.     

‘Emulsion locks’ for the containment of hydrocarbons during surfactant flushing

Reversible double water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsions were developed to contain subsurface hydrocarbon spills during their remediation using surfactant flushing. Double emulsions were prepared by emulsifying CaCl₂ solutions in canola oil, and subsequently by emulsifying the W/O emulsions in aqueous sodium alginate solutions. The formation of double emulsions was confirmed with confocal and optical microscopy. The double emulsions reversed and gelled when mixed with the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB). Gels can act as ‘emulsion locks’ to prevent spreading of the hydrocarbon plume from the areas treated with surfactant flushing, as shown in sand column tests. Shear rheology was used to quantify the viscoelastic moduli increase (gelation) upon mixing the double emulsion with SDS and CPB. SDS was more effective than CPB in gelling the double emulsions. CPB and SDS could adsorb at the interface between water and model hydrocarbons (toluene and motor oil), lowering the interfacial tension and rigidifying the interface (as shown with a Langmuir trough). Bottle tests and optical microscopy showed that SDS and CPB produced W/O and O/W emulsions, with either toluene or motor oil and water. The emulsification of motor oil and toluene in water with SDS and CPB facilitated their flow through sand columns and their recovery. Toluene recovery from sand columns was quantitated using Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The data show that SDS and CPB can be used both for surfactant flushing and to trigger the gelation of ‘emulsion locks’. Ethanol also gelled the emulsions at 100 mL/L.