Leaching of phosphorus from incinerated sewage sludge ash by means of acid extraction followed by adsorption on orange waste gel

Ashes from sewage sludge incineration have a high phosphorus content, approximately 8% (W/W), which indicates a potential resource of the limiting nutrient. Incineration of sewage sludge with subsequent recovery of phosphorus is a relatively new sludge treatment technique. In this article, the leaching of phosphorus by using sulfuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid by means of several batch experiments was presented. At the same time a selective recovery of phosphorus by adsorption was also discussed. The e ects of acid concentration, temperature and time on extraction were studied. The phosphorus leaching increased with the increase in acid concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the complete leaching of phosphorus took place in less than 4 h. Selective adsorption of phosphorus by using orange waste gel provided a hint for recovery of this natural resource, which eventually could meet the ever-increasing requirement for phosphorus. The overall results indicated that the incinerated sewage sludge ash can be treated with acid to e ciently recover phosphorus and thus can be considered a potentially renewable source of phosphorus.     

EDTA-2Na添加提高污泥热水解磷的回收效率和鸟粪石纯度

污水处理厂剩余污泥因富含大量的磷而成为一种资源.为了提高磷的回收效率和回收产物(鸟粪石)纯度,本文采用响应曲面法、扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线光谱法(SEM-EDS),研究了EDTA-2Na的添加对污泥热水解过程中磷的释放和回收效率的影响.结果表明,最佳磷释放条件为:EDTA-2Na浓度9.2 mmol·L~(-1)、pH=3.9、水解温度T=62℃.在此条件下,污泥中磷的释放率为77.9%,远高于未添加EDTA-2Na的磷释放率(39.7%);在pH=9,Mg/P=1.2∶1的条件下进行磷回收,与未添加EDTA-2Na情况相比,污泥中磷的回收率从30.9%提高到70.2%,鸟粪石纯度从32.5%提高到61.3%,回收的晶体沉淀主要成分为磷酸氨镁.由于EDTA-2Na可与金属离子发生络合,同时引起细胞膜和胞外聚合物的破解,使磷的回收效率和鸟粪石纯度均得到提高.     

类水滑石对污泥焚烧飞灰浸出液中磷的纯化

采用Mg-Fe型类水滑石（LDH）吸附剂提纯污泥焚烧飞灰（ISSA）浸出液中的磷,探究了吸附剂煅烧对磷吸附效果的影响及磷吸附和脱附机理.研究发现,在高浓度磷溶液（>1000mg/L）中,未煅烧的类水滑石（LDHu）磷吸附容量高于煅烧后的类水滑石（LDHc）.LDHu具有典型的层状结构,磷的吸附与脱附主要通过磷和金属离子沉淀-溶解、静电吸附-排斥、配位作用和离子交换实现.而LDHc层状结构消失,形成双金属氧化物,不存在明显的阴离子交换作用.经LDHu或LDHc吸附和NaOH溶液脱附后,ISSA浸出液均具有良好的磷纯化效果,磷相对纯度从36%分别上升至77%和69%,磷回收率分别为84%和57%.纯化后的溶液适合制备高值含磷产物.     

粉煤灰钝化污泥对土壤理化性质及玉米重金属累积的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究施用不同量及不同比例粉煤灰钝化污泥对土壤理化性质、玉米生长和重金属累积的影响。试验结果表明：施用粉煤灰钝化污泥能显著提高酸性土壤的pH值和Ca、Mg、B的含量,降低土壤的电导率和重金属的有效性。施用合适比例和合适量的粉煤灰钝化污泥能明显改善土壤的物理性质,增加土壤的N、P养分,并能显著提高玉米地上部干物重。10％和5％是高施用量和低施用量时合适的粉煤灰加入比例,施用此比例粉煤灰钝化污泥时,玉米的地上部干物重显著高于施用化肥的对照土壤或于之相当,且没有硼和重金属的毒害。     

市政污泥焚烧飞灰的工程性质

通过室内土工试验等方法分析了与市政污泥焚烧飞灰收集、运输和填埋处置相关的工程性质.结果表明,污泥焚烧飞灰含水率大多低于1.5％,比重为2.15～2.72,渗透性较强;飞灰粒径均值小于100μm,除旋风除尘器灰介于细粒土和粗粒土之间外,飞灰均属于细粒土,粒径分布较为均匀,但大多飞灰级配不良;飞灰的自然休止角为38.8～5...     

污泥灰对模拟染料废水的吸附研究

以南京市江心洲污水处理厂污泥为原料热解制得污泥灰,并将其用于吸附直接耐酸大红4BS和活性艳红K-2BP模拟染料废水.考察了吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、温度和pH值对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学特征进行了探讨.结果表明,反应温度、吸附时间和吸附剂投加量对吸附效果有影响,而废水pH变化则不会引起脱色率的较大改变.室温下,4BS和K-2BP的最佳污泥投加量分别为3g·L-1、10g·L-1.4BS在最佳反应条件（反应时间为25min,反应温度为40℃）下,脱色率可达93%;K-2BP在最佳反应条件（反应时间为150min,反应温度为40℃）下,脱色率约为73%.     

基于酸浸焚烧污泥灰中的磷释放及蓝铁矿生成

酸浸焚烧污泥灰(ISSA)是一种湿化学法提取磷(P)的工艺,因其操作简单、损耗低而被广泛应用.以烘干污泥为对照,通过考察不同温度(600～900℃)下ISSA中的磷形态和矿物相转变,研究了H₂SO₄和HCl作为提取液的酸浓度、酸浸时间和液固比对ISSA样品释磷性能以及对Ca、Al、Mg、Fe等关键金属元素浸出行为的影响,最终通过酸浸、阳离子交换树脂(CER)纯化和沉淀三步反应得到磷回收产物.结果表明:ISSA样品磷的形态以非磷灰石态无机磷(NAIP)为主,且部分NAIP会随着焚烧温度的升高转变为磷灰石态无机磷(AP);同时,污泥样品经两种提取液酸浸后,金属元素Ca、Al、Mg释出量最多,其中Ca、Mg元素的浸出量随焚烧温度的升高变化不大,而Al的浸出量随焚烧温度的升高急剧降低;相比其他焚烧温度,800℃条件下ISSA释磷性能更好,且H₂SO₄酸浸释磷性能优于HCl酸浸,当H₂SO₄浓度为0.10mol/L、液固比为150mL/g、酸浸时间为150min时释...     

离子交换树脂在污泥处理中的应用及展望

离子交换树脂(IER)因其不溶性以及可循环利用性被广泛用于废水处理,但目前仍缺乏其对污泥应用研究的综述。本文汇总了污泥中常见IER类型(阳离子交换树脂、阴离子交换树脂以及螯合树脂),并介绍了树脂的基本特性以及适用的污泥方向,其中阳离子交换树脂,尤其是强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂,适用范围最广。IER在污泥中的应用归为4类,分别为去除/回收重金属、回收磷、胞外聚合物提取以及调理污泥,并阐述了基本应用机理以及优缺点。针对IER在污泥中应用的不足,提出未来的研究方向,包括改性或开发新型IER去除/回收污泥中的重金属,优化IER直接回收污泥中磷的方法,改进IER调理污泥的方式以及开发新型分离IER与污泥的手段。本文有助于研究人员更好的了解IER在污水厂污泥中的应用现状,优化IER处理污泥的应用方式以及开发应用于污泥处理的新型IER。     

污泥灰渣中重金属煅烧脱除规律研究及安全性评价

污泥目前被认为是磷酸盐矿的二次资源,焚烧处理可实现污泥中磷资源的浓缩富集,但其中重金属毒性问题尚待解决.该文以污泥焚烧灰渣为研究对象,利用马弗炉进行煅烧实验,通过改变反应时间(从10 min到60 min)、温度(从900℃到1200℃)及CaCl2的添加量(以Cl计,从1.5%到8.0%)研究重金属(Pb、Zn和Cu)的去除率及在煅烧灰渣中的赋存形态.结果表明:Pb有较高的去除率,且其去除率均随温度、时间及Cl含量的升高而升高,在1200℃、Cl含量为5.0%的时候有最大值为82.4%;Zn的去除率受温度的影响较大,高温时Zn有较高的去除率,且在1100℃时有最大值为83.9%;Cu的去除率较低,而在温度为1100℃时有最大的去除率为68.2%.就煅烧灰渣中重金属的赋存形态而言,各种工况下Pb在煅烧灰渣中均以残渣态存在;Zn在煅烧灰渣中主要也是以残渣态存在;Cu在煅烧后还存在一定的酸溶态,在900℃、煅烧10min时煅烧灰渣中酸溶态可达29.2%.增加CaCl2的添加量可以促进重金属的去除,同时使煅烧底渣中的重金属更稳定.地累积指数(Igeo)评价结果显示,煅烧底渣中的这3种重金属的污染程度都降低了.     

以垃圾焚烧底灰为骨料的脱水污泥固化试验

针对机械脱水污泥强度低,难以安全填埋的问题,采用生活垃圾焚烧底灰作为骨架材料和水泥、石灰、石膏作为固化剂,开展污泥固化试验研究,并通过无侧限抗压强度试验、耐水性试验、浸出毒性试验对固化效果进行评价.结果表明,较优的固化剂种类为水泥和石膏,掺入量为污泥干基的50%,无侧限抗压强度可以满足填埋要求.最优垃圾焚烧底灰掺入量为100%,固化污泥增容比小于1.0,能够起到减容作用.水泥、石膏固化污泥耐水性能均较好.浸出毒性试验结果表明,最优固化剂种类为石膏,浸出液Cu、Zn、Pb离子浓度及COD值均较原泥大幅降低,可以起到良好的稳定化效果,且浸出液pH值接近中性,对生态环境影响较小.     

摩尔配比对MAP沉淀法回收模拟废水中磷的影响

以磷浓度50mg/L的实验室模拟废水为研究对象,考察了以鸟粪石(MAP)形式回收磷的最佳摩尔配比,并借助X-衍射(XRD)对不同摩尔配比条件下得到的沉淀物进行分析。试验结果表明,在pH=9.5时,以鸟粪石形式回收磷的最佳Mg:N:P=4:1.6:1。对沉淀物的XRD分析发现,在pH=9.5,当固定Mg:P=1.6时,N:P=1时沉淀物中基本不含MAP,当N:P=2时,生成的沉淀物中混有少量的副产物Mg(3PO)42,当N:P2时则生成较纯的MAP;当固定N:P=4时,Mg:P=2是生成较纯的MAP的临界值,超过此比例则生成副产物Mg(3PO)42;当反应按照理论配比投加氨氮和镁盐时,所得产物基本不是MAP,而是副产物Mg(3PO)42。故鸟粪石沉淀结晶反应中应尽量提高氨氮配比,并避免投加过量的镁盐,以保证回收产物的纯度。     

利用剩余活性污泥的生物吸附降低城市污水污泥重金属含量

对香港沙田和广州大坦沙污水处理厂的污水、污泥作了初步的生物吸附试验，结果表明：少量活性的污泥能够显著降低污水中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ的浓度，污泥浓度为０。．０６ｇ／Ｌ时，广州污水上述３种重金属的去除率分别为８２％，６９％和５１％，因此回流活性污泥到一沉池可有效降低上述金属进入生物反应池。     

皂角苷和柠檬酸联合去除厌氧消化污泥中重金属的研究

以武汉某污水处理厂未厌氧消化与厌氧消化的污泥(分别为S1和S2)为研究对象,通过振荡淋洗实验,研究了皂角苷(质量分数0.1%~2.0%)和柠檬酸(0~1 mol·L~(-1))联合对2种污泥中Ni、Pb、Zn的去除效果,确定皂角苷和柠檬酸联合淋洗的最佳浓度组合,并采用BCR连续提取法分析淋洗前后3种重金属的形态变化.结果表明,皂角苷和柠檬酸联合对污泥中3种重金属均有较好的去除效果,Ni、Pb、Zn的最高总去除率分别为76.02%、59.93%和15.94%.综合分析,1%的皂角苷与0.4 mol·L~(-1)的柠檬酸联合淋洗的去除效果最好,2种污泥中重金属去除率的大小均为未厌氧消化污泥(S1)厌氧消化污泥(S2).与未厌氧消化污泥相比,厌氧消化污泥Ni的残渣态、Pb的可还原态及Zn的可氧化态含量明显增加,而Ni的可还原态含量减少.联合淋洗后S1、S2中约80%的酸溶态和可还原态的Ni、Zn被去除,Pb的可还原态分别去除67.07%和58.06%;且各重金属残渣态所占比例大幅度增加,其中,Pb的增加最为明显,所占比例超过90%.     

Plants grown on sewage sludge in South China and its relevance to sludge stabilization and metal removal

The production of sewage sludge in China has been increasing sharply in order to treat 40% of the municipal sewage in 2005 as planned by central government. The main sludge disposal method is landfill owing to heavy metal contamination, but it presents an attractive potential for agricultural land application. Experiments were carried out to study the simultaneous metal removal and sludge stabilization byplants. The sludge samples were collected from Datansha Wastewater Treatment Plant of Guangzhou, it contained excessive Cu and Zn comparedwith the Chinese National Standard for Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge. Plants growing on sludge beds were investigated to follow their growthand metal uptake. 30 sludge plants were identified during 1 year‘s observation. A Zn high-accumulating and high growth rate plant( A/ocas/amacrorrhiza) was selected and grown on sludge beds in plots. The water, organic matter, heavy metals and nutrients contents, the E. colinumber and the cress seed germination index were monitored for the slu,ge samples collected monthly. The plant growth pparameters and its heavy metals contents were also determined. The sewage sludge treated by plants could be stabilized at about 5 months, the E. coli numberwas significantly decreased and the cress seed germination index attained 100%. Crop on sludge could ameliorate the sludge drying. Theexperiments are continuing to find out the appropriate plant combination for simultaneous sludge stabilization and metal removal for an acceptableperiod. Comparisons between the proposed processes and other methods for treating produced sludge such as composting, chemical and bacterial.     

污水污泥中重金属的细菌淋滤效果研究

通过驯化分离和加富培养源自污泥自身的氧化亚铁硫杆菌，采用序批式试验，初步研究了其对污泥中重金属生物淋滤的效果。研究表明，污泥起始驯化阶段大约需要16天，随后采用选择性培养基对氧化亚铁硫杆菌进行2次共1周的分离与加富培养即可获得活性较高的硫杆菌菌液。采用此菌液对供试厌氧消化污泥中重金属进行生物淋滤，通过8天时间，污泥中Cu和Zn的去除率分别达93％和85％。     

Solubility of ion and trace metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and alkaline mine tailing

Stabilized sewage sludge （SS） by fly ash （FA） and alkaline mine tailing as artificial soil, to be applied on the ecological rehabilitation at mining junkyards, offers a potentially viable utilization of the industrial by-product, as well as solves the shortage of soil resource in the mine area. An incubation experiment with different ratios of SS and FA was conducted to evaluate the solubility of ions and trace elements from stabilized sewage sludge. Results showed that fly ash offset a decrease in pH value of sewage sludge. The pH of （C） treatment （FA：SS = 1：1） was stable and tended to neutrality. The SO4^2- and Cl^- concentrations of the solution in the mixture were significantly decreased in the stabilized sewage sludge by alkaline fly ash and mine tailing, compared to the single SS treatment. Stabilized sewage sludge by FA weakened the nitrification of total nitrogen from SS when the proportion of FA in the mixture was more than 50%. The Cr, Ni, and Cu concentrations in the solution were gradually decreased and achieved a stable level after 22 days, for all treatments over the duration of the incubation. Moreover stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and/or mine tailing notably decreased the trace metal solubility. The final Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations in the solution for all mixtures of treatments were lower than 2.5, 15, and 50 μg/L, respectively.     

磷回收技术的研发现状及发展趋势

磷是地球上一种不可自然再生的有限资源,磷的这一属性近年来已诱使国际磷矿石价格一路飙升,较10年前翻了6番.与此同时,全球范围内普遍存在着陆地磷矿产资源日益匮乏与水环境中磷含量过高而导致水体富营养化这一矛盾.这样的资源与环境现状目前正推动着以回收磷代替去除磷之理念的快速传播与研发技术的实际应用;从污水以及动物粪尿中发掘第二磷矿的设想目前正被国际社会所日益青睐.2009年5月第4届从污水中回收营养物国际会议高度浓缩了当今世界有关磷回收技术的研发与应用现状.以此次会议内容为主线,结合其他方面最新研究与应用成果,首先对磷回收偏爱产物——鸟粪石形成的pH等重要反应条件之基础性研究成果进行了概述.其次,详细阐述了磷回收技术的研发进展,除传统的化学沉淀、结晶、吸附/解吸附等方法外,还着重介绍了尿液源分离、MBR、纳米技术、丝状聚磷微生物、生物浸取/生物富集、生物铁工艺等新型磷回收技术,以及动物粪尿磷回收、污泥及肉骨焚烧灰回收磷与生物质磷回收技术.最后,以实例说明磷回收产物在农业和水产养殖业方面的尝试效果,并对磷回收未来技术发展趋势进行了宏观展望.     

采用厌氧发酵和冷冻微波联合处理剩余污泥并回收氮磷

为了实现从剩余污泥中高品位回收鸟粪石（MAP,MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O）,本研究考察了厌氧发酵、冷冻+微波两种污泥预处理方式促进污泥中氮、磷的释放及回收效果.试验结果表明：污泥厌氧发酵在温度30℃、pH=12、发酵时间4 d时,PO₄^3--P和HN₄⁺-N的最大释放量分别为224.50 mg·L^-1（即7.24 mmol·L^-1）和278.17 mg·L^-1（即19.87 mmol·L^-1）,PO₄^3--P物质的量浓度远小于HN₄⁺-N物质的量浓度.冷冻+微波联合预处理在冷冻温度-20℃、冷冻时间48 h、微波初始pH=3、微波时间9 min时,PO₄^3--P和HN₄⁺-N的最大释放量分别为1011.84 mg·L^-1（即32.64 mmol·L^-1）和220.82 mg·L^-1（即15.77 mmol·L^-1）,PO₄^3--P物质的量浓度高于HN₄⁺-N物质的量浓度.根据污泥上清液中的氮、磷含量,将厌氧发酵与冷冻+微波两种污泥预处理后的上清液按体积比1：9进行混合,使Mg：N：P物质的量比为1.6：1.4：1时,PO₄^3--P的最高回收率为99.11%,HN₄⁺-N的最高回收率为73.46%.X射线衍射（XRD）结果显示,回收的沉淀物主要为鸟粪石晶体.将两种污泥预处理后的上清液进行混合,有效地解决了污泥上清液中由于氮、磷比例失衡所导致的回收率下降的问题,从而实现以鸟粪石的形式高效回收剩余污泥中的氮、磷.     

中国城市污泥重金属和养分的区域特性及变化

通过对我国111个城市共193个污水处理厂污泥的重金属及有机质和氮磷钾含量进行了分析和统计,并与2003年的数据进行了对比,同时也按照南北和东中西的区域划分进行了区域统计.结果表明,相对于2003年,Zn、Pb的平均含量有所降低,而Cu、Cr、Ni、As、Hg的平均含量则有所增加,Cd的含量大幅增加;有机质、氮、磷含量均略有增加,钾的含量变化不大.北方污泥中Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni的含量要低于南方污泥,Pb、As和Hg的含量则远大于南方污泥.Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg、Ni的含量由东向西逐渐降低; Cr的含量则为中部最高; As的含量由东向西逐渐升高.北方污泥的有机质、钾含量都要大于南方污泥,而氮、磷含量则小于南方污泥.污泥的有机质、氮由东向西逐渐升高,磷的含量则逐渐降低,中西部污泥的钾含量大于东部污泥.     

Changes of Cu, Zn, and Cd speciation in sewage sludge during composting

The potential toxicity risks from heavy metals depend on their chemical speciation. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method were employed to investigate changes in heavy metal speciation （Cu, Zn, and Cd） of sewage sludge during forced aeration composting, and then to identify whether the composting process would reduce or enhance their toxicities. Throughout the composting process, the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, and organic matter-bound fractions of Cu were converted to the residual Cu fraction. The organic matter-bound Cu fraction greatly contributed to this transformation. Residual Zn fraction was transformed to the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and organic matter-bound fractions after composting. The residual Zn fraction was a major contributor to the organic matter-bound Zn fraction. The availability of Cu and Zn was reduced by composting such that the risk of heavy metal toxicity decreased with prolonged treatment times. Additionally, attention should be paid to the increased availability of Cd in sewage sludge after composting treatment.