臭氧-接种生物滤池组合工艺去除饮用水中典型致嗅物质

通过在生物滤池表面接种MIB(2-甲基异茨醇)及geosmin(土臭素)降解菌,增强生物滤池的作用,并探讨臭氧-生物滤池组合工艺对MIB和geosmin的处理效果. 结果表明:单独接种生物滤池可使ρ(MIB)和ρ(geosmin)从初始的500ng/L分别降至125和112ng/L,MIB和geosmin的去除效果先随EBCT(空床停留时间)的延长而显著增加,但当EBCT大于20min后无明显变化;随着滤料深度的增加,滤池生物量逐渐降低,对污染物的去除率增加缓慢.在接种生物滤池前增加臭氧单元,当EBCT为20min、臭氧投加量为2mg/L时,臭氧-接种生物滤池组合工艺可去除84%的MIB和94%的geosmin,其中接种生物滤池单元中生物量随滤池深度的增加呈先增后减的趋势,滤料深度为100~200mm时,单位高度滤料的去除率最高. 采用臭氧-接种生物滤池组合工艺可有效去除水中的MIB和geosmin.      

SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程中细菌群落结构的变化

以白洋淀岸边带沉积物为接种污泥,启动了SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器.对反应器启动过程中的进出水水质进行了连续监测,并采用PCRDGGE、定量PCR和基因测序等分子生物学技术研究了系统内总细菌和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)细菌群落结构随培养时间的变化规律.结果表明:在启动过程中,总微生物菌群动态变化水平为26.6%~50.5%;微生物多样性先变小后增大,优势菌种得到重新分布;ANAMMOX细菌的群落结构变得单一化,最后系统的优势ANAMMOX细菌是Brocadia属.富集培养阶段SBR系统中ANAMMOX细菌的最大生物量达到了1.73×109copies·g~(-1)干污泥,而且总氮的去除率最高达到约82%.     

Analysis of key microbial community during the start-up of anaerobic ammonium oxidation process with paddy soil as inoculated sludge

A sequencing batch reactor(SBR)-anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) system was started up with the paddy soil as inoculated sludge. The key microbial community structure in the system along with the enrichment time was investigated by using molecular biology methods(e.g., high-throughput 16 S r RNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR). Meanwhile,the influent and effluent water quality was continuously monitored during the whole start-up stage. The results showed that the microbial diversity decreased as the operation time initially and increased afterwards, and the microbial niches in the system were redistributed. The anammox bacterial community structure in the SBR-anammox system shifted during the enrichment, the most dominant anammox bacteria were Candidatus Jettenia. The maximum biomass of anammox bacteria achieved 1.68 × 10~9 copies/g dry sludge during the enrichment period, and the highest removal rate of TN achieved around 75%.     

生物滴滤塔净化含硫混合废气

利用甲硫醚(DMS)降解菌Alcaligenes sp.SY1和丙硫醇(PT)降解菌Pseudomonas putida.S-1强化生物滴滤塔(BTF)处理DMS和PT的混合废气,研究了其挂膜启动及稳定运行阶段的降解性能,并考察了该系统同时去除H2S的能力.结果表明,BTF在DMS和PT进口浓度均为50 mg·m-3,EBRT为30 s的条件下,运行11 d即可完成挂膜启动,填料上的生物量明显增加,DMS、PT的去除率分别可达到90%和100%.系统稳定运行时,DMS和PT的最大去除负荷分别为8.7 g·(m~3·h)~(-1)和12.4 g·(m~3·h)~(-1),PT的去除效果更佳.DMS和PT混合废气在降解过程中,PT对DMS的降解有较明显的抑制作用,当PT进气浓度大于51 mg·m-3时,DMS的去除效率下降.BTF还能同时有效去除H2S,当混合废气中H2S浓度达到230 mg·m-3时,H2S去除率仍能高达98%,但是115 mg·m-3以上的H2S会对DMS的降解产生不利影响.     

生物滴滤塔净化氯代烃混合废气的研究

应用生物滴滤塔进行了二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷混合废气净化的研究,使用制药厂活性污泥挂膜,35 d后挂膜完成,对二者的去除率可分别维持在80%和75%以上.对二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷的最大去除负荷分别为13 g·(m3·h)-1和10g·(m3·h)-1.CO2的产生负荷与混合废气的去除负荷呈线性关系,生物滴滤塔对混合废气的矿化率维持在61.2%.对混合废气中二氯甲烷和二氯乙烷相互作用考察发现两者存在一定的抑制作用,同时考察了反应器运行过程中生物量的变化情况.     

异养菌与新型填料成膜性及BTF处理屠宰H2S废气

以新型填料上生物膜的微生物种群结构为研究对象,将异养脱硫细菌蜡状芽孢杆菌ZJNB-B3接种到含活性污泥和LEVAPOR新型填料的小试曝气液体反应器,研究此菌在活性污泥及在填料生物膜中的微生物多样性.在属分类水平上的物种分析结果表明,芽孢杆菌属在接种后的填料中相对丰度较高,而在活性污泥样品中相对丰度较低,其在培养了第10d的填料样品中已经达到最大相对丰度.因此该菌与新型填料的亲和性和成膜性较好.将该菌与新型填料应用于生物滴滤塔（BTF）处理屠宰污水站排放的H₂S恶臭废气,风量处理能力为2000m³/h.结果表明,经该菌强化的BTF完成启动的时间比使用普通活性污泥接种的BTF缩短7d.强化的BTF在30d的稳定期试验中,当H₂S进气浓度为4.92~9.54mg/m³时,对H₂S去除率为98%~99%.当进气H₂S在1.0~10mg/m³范围波动时,空床停留时间（EBRT）为10,21,30s时,去除率分别为94%、98%、99%以上,且受进气H₂S浓度波动的影响不大.当进口负荷为0.60~1.14g/（m³·h）时,H₂S去除率稳定在98%以上,H₂S气体排放量低于恶臭污染物排放国家标准.     

1株α-蒎烯降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从处理废气的生物滤塔内筛选到1株能高效降解α-蒎烯的菌株PT.通过菌落形态、生理生化特征、16SrRNA基因序列相似性分析及Biolog鉴定等方法,确定该菌株属于荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens).菌株PT最佳生长条件为: NaCl浓度0.00%、pH7.13、温度25.5℃,降解速率达到最大值5.22mg/(L×h).降解过程符合Haldane’s抑制生长动力学模型,最大比降解速率为0.0364h-1.菌株PT能不同程度地降解一些分子结构较为简单或与α-蒎烯结构相似的工业有机污染物.代谢产物分析表明,菌株PT在降解α-蒎烯的过程中产生柠檬油精、紫苏酸等结构较为简单的物质,它们最终被完全矿化为CO2或合成细胞自身组成物质.碳平衡分析表明,底物有机碳含量完全矿化和转化为细胞生物量的比例分别为64.83%和30.37%.     

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.     

Biodegradation of ammonia by two stage biofiltration system

The biofiltration technique for the purification of polluted air from volatile compounds was studied. The process was realized in a modified solid-state fermentation system (SSF). The ammonia removal efficiency was investigated in one and two stage systems with inert packing material and hemoautotrofic microorganisms designed DN-1 (Pseudomonas sp.), DN-2 (Nitrisomonas sp.), DN-3 (Nitrobacter sp.) and DN-13 (Sarcina sp.). The investigations were made at different ammonia concentrations in inlet gas and packing loads. A one-stage biofiltration system with the ammonia load 0.41 g/m³h ensured the biological elimination capacity 0.33 g/m³h due to the nitrification processes. A two-stage system increased the total removal efficiency as well as the biodegradation efficiency as the result of the denitrification process     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

Evaluation of co-metabolic removal of trichloroethylene in a biotrickling filter under acidic conditions

This study investigated the removal of hydrophobic trichloroethylene (TCE) in the presence of methanol (co-metabolite) in a biotrickling filter, which was seeded with fungi at pH 4. Starvation was chosen as the biomass control strategy. Two systems, Biofilter I (methanol:TCE 70:30) and Biofilter II (methanol:TCE 80:20) were run in parallel, each with varying composition ratios. The TCE loading rates for both biofilters ranged from 3.22 to 12.88 g/m³/hr. Depending on the ratio, methanol concentrations varied from 4.08 to 27.95 g/m³/hr. The performance of the systems was evaluated and compared by calculating removal kinetics, carbon mass balance, efficiencies and elimination capacities. Methanol was observed to enhance TCE removal during the initial loading rate. However, methanol later inhibited TCE degradation above 6.44 g TCE/m³/hr (Biofilter I) and 3.22 g TCE/m³/hr (Biofilter II). Conversely, TCE did not impede methanol removal because over 95% methanol elimination was consistently achieved. Overall, Biofilter I was able to outperform Biofilter II due to its greater resistance towards methanol competition.     

生物强化去除吡啶的特性及微生物种群动态变化分析

在接种活性污泥的序批式反应器中投加固定化吡啶降解菌Paracoccus sp.KT-5,强化吡啶的生物降解,并与未投加固定化微生物的反应器进行对照,通过末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）分析手段,探讨了运行过程中生物强化与未强化反应器中微生物群落结构的动态变化,并探讨了生物强化反应器的去除效果.结果表明,投加固定化吡啶降解菌可以加速反应器的启动.当吡啶初始浓度为195.6～586.8 mg.L-1,随着反应器的运行,投加固定化菌株的强化作用并不明显;但当吡啶初始浓度为782.4～2 934 mg.L-1,投加固定化菌株显示出优势.T-RFLP分析结果表明,投加的固定化菌株KT-5作为优势菌始终存在于反应器的固定化生物相和悬浮生物相中.     

真菌-细菌修复石油污染土壤的协同作用机制研究

提出并研究了真菌和细菌协同强化原位修复石油污染土壤.从中原油田石油污染土壤中筛选出刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae),在泥浆体系中考察了Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解过程.结果表明,混合培养体系中细菌和真菌的数量最高分别为其纯培养体系的3倍和20倍,细胞衰亡则被明显推迟;混合培养体系中石油烃的去除率高于真菌和细菌纯培养体系石油烃去除率的总和;采用多次接种新鲜菌种的培养方式能够强化混合培养体系对石油烃的降解.在石油烃污染土壤中接入由Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae所组成的真菌-细菌微生物制剂实施原位修复,结果表明,Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解不受土著微生物的抑制,最适工艺条件为:水和木屑含量分别为25%和6%(质量分数),Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae接种量分别为2.5×104和2.5 × 107CFU/g.接种上述真菌-细菌40 d后石油烃去除率可达约65%,而土著微生物对石油烃去除率为16.0%.     

萘厌氧降解菌群的富集及氧化还原介体的强化

为揭示氧化还原介体（ROMs）对萘厌氧降解的强化作用,以萘为唯一碳源富集到中温萘厌氧降解菌群.通过Illumina MiSeq测序对接种污泥和富集培养物进行了细菌群落结构解析,并考察了固定化蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸（AQDS）、蒽醌-2-磺酸（AQS）和腐殖酸强化萘厌氧降解的特征.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,Pseudomonas、Thauera、和Georgfuchsia是该富集培养物中的优势萘降解菌,其相对丰度分别为52.4%、13.8%和17.6%.在污泥接种量为0.23g/L和萘初始浓度10mg/L条件下,富集菌群9d内对萘的降解率约为64%.ROMs强化试验结果表明,3种ROMs对萘的厌氧降解均有一定的促进作用.其中,AQDS的强化效果最为显著,当AQDS浓度为0.8mmol/L,培养至第7d时,萘的去除率为92.0%,比同期的对照组高1.2倍.此外,硝酸盐对ROMs强化萘厌氧降解的影响研究结果表明,在NaNO₃浓度为0~0.8g/L范围内,萘的降解速率随着硝酸盐浓度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势.当NaNO₃浓度为0.6g/L时,萘的去除率在第6d就达到了91.0%,比对照组提高了15.2%.由此可见,在厌氧条件下添加适量硝酸盐可提高ROMs对萘降解的强化效果.     

非稳态条件下生物滴滤塔净化甲苯废气的实验

在接近于工业应用的非稳定条件下,以陶粒为填料,恶臭假单胞菌为单一菌源,甲苯为目标污染物,对生物滴滤塔的抗负荷冲击与抗饥饿能力进行研究。结果表明,停留时间及进气污染负荷的瞬间变化不会造成滤塔处理性能明显下降,仅为7%左右,12h内基本恢复,最大去除能力为136.49g/(m3.h);碳源与氮源的突然中断以及短期的闲置,对滤塔处理性能的影响均较小;填料层中水分的含量是影响滤塔处理性能的一个重要因素。     

不同生物量苦草在生命周期的不同阶段对水体水质的影响

在玻璃温室大棚内,模拟太湖的水、土、植物情况,研究了不同生物量苦草在1年内生命周期中不同阶段对水体水质的影响.研究结果表明,不同生物量的苦草在对水体水质的影响有较大的差异,此差异受苦草生长状况的影响显著.通过单因素方差分析得出从整个生命周期看,苦草生物量为992.00g时,对水体pH值影响最大,不利于苦草吸收NH4+-N和ρ(TOC)的降低;为496.00g时,水体ρ(DO)的周年平均值处于较高水平,约8.65mg/L;为228.00g时,有利于ρ(TP)的降低,不利于其吸收NO3--N和ρ(TN)的降低.其中,生长期,苦草对水体营养盐的去除率随生物量的增加不断增大,当生物量达到2380.00g时,去除率放缓;衰亡期,苦草生物量为168.00g时,水体TN去除率取得极大值,为784.00g时,水体TP去除率取得极小值.最终确定214.00g的苦草残余生物量为最佳滞留量,此时苦草密度为118.00g/m2.     

生物滴滤床对H2S废气的去除效率研究

本试验采用生物滴滤床(BTF)工艺净化制药厂污水站H2S废气。装置采用实验室分离纯化的菌种经现场培养扩增后所得的高浓度混合菌菌液,在8d内迅速完成启动;试验过程H2S气量为11.3m3/h,平均浓度为385.6mg/m3,平均空床停留时间(EBRT)为13.5s,H2S的平均去除效率96%,且去除率稳定。随着污染物在BTF内EBRT的减少,去除率逐渐减小;H2S去除负荷极限ECmax为209.6g/(m3.h),且80%的去除负荷由填料床的下层承担;增加液体喷淋量有助于强化处理效果,但液膜厚度对净化效率有着负面影响,循环液中的SO42-累积浓度>28g/L时,去除率低于90%。试验结果表明,BTF系统运行稳定,适应性好,应用于工业废气处理是可行的。     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭固定化菌球处理二氯甲烷的研究

本研究以聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭为复合载体、自行筛选的高效降解菌Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13为目标菌制备固定化小球,用于去除二氯甲烷,同时优化了固定化小球的制备条件.结果表明,当聚乙烯醇浓度为8%,海藻酸钠浓度为5%,CaCl₂浓度为2%,活性炭浓度为1%,包菌量为0.6 g,钙化时间为8 h时,复合固定化细胞对DCM的降解速率达到最高为18.2 mg·L^-1·h^-1,同时活性炭的添加对小球的机械强度也有显著提升.与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞具有更好的热稳定性与pH稳定性,并且固定化细胞的重复利用性较好,连续处理9批底物后,DCM降解速率仍保持在13.4 mg·L^-1·h^-1以上.吸附动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,在固定化载体中加入1%活性炭后,小球对DCM的吸附量明显提高,而且吸附能在更短的时间内达到平衡.吸附动力学符合准二级反应动力学方程,复合载体对DCM的吸附遵循Langmuir吸附模型（R²>0.99）.     

Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months. The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%, and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/(m³.day) was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity, and the cell size was quite uniform. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval, the cellular diameter was 0.6--1.0 μupm, and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%--85% of the whole cell volume. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community (accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250). Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp., a new anammox species. In addition, the average effluent suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of outlets I (above the non-woven carrier) and II (below the non-woven carrier) were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L, respectively. This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively, which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.