美国环境类公共支出项目绩效评估体系研究

美国是世界上最先探索政府绩效管理的国家之一,在公共支出项目的绩效评估方面已经积累了较多的经验,在环境类公共支出项目的绩效评估领域已形成了较完整的评估体系.介绍了美国项目绩效评估相关法案的内容,研究了项目分级评估工具、逻辑框架法、平衡计分管法、指标法、费用效益分析法等绩效评估与管理手段在美国环境类公共支出项目绩效评估过程...     

环境因子对汾河水上公园再生水中藻类生长的影响

实验根据太原市气候状况选取了不同温度和光照梯度条件,根据实验水质特征选取了不同的氮磷浓度值,研究了温度、光照、氮磷营养盐等环境因子对再生水回用于景观用水产生的主要藻类小球藻形成水华的影响效果。结果表明,温度升高、光照强度增加和光照时间延长可促进小球藻的生长繁殖;氮磷比对小球藻的生长影响较大,其中,小球藻在氮磷比为10：1-30：1时生长繁盛,氮磷比为44：1时生长受到抑制,即磷作为限制性营养盐,可抑制水华的发生;pH和溶解氧的变化趋势与藻细胞数的变化趋势一致,可作为水体发生水华的快速监测指标。     

我国环保系统计算机2000年问题及解决对策

介绍了我国环保系统计算机２０００年问题的现状及危害,提出了各级领导部门和环境信息部门对此问题所应采取的态度和解决对策,并概述了解决该问题的几条主要技术原则。     

基于响应曲面法的环境因素对生活污水三维荧光光谱的影响

采用响应曲面法（RSM）研究温度（10~35℃）、pH（3~11）、稀释倍数（1~10）及交互作用对生活污水溶解性有机物（DOM）三维荧光光谱特性的影响规律。研究表明：生活污水DOM主要含有类色氨酸蛋白质、类酪氨酸蛋白质和类富里酸荧光峰;响应曲面分析表明,温度、pH、稀释倍数其交互作用对于类色氨酸蛋白质荧光强度的影响强弱顺序为：稀释倍数 > pH > 温度、pH-稀释倍数 > 温度-pH > 温度-稀释倍数,其中温度-pH和温度-稀释倍数对其荧光强度的影响为拮抗作用,pH-稀释倍数为协同作用;对于类酪氨酸蛋白质,单因素影响顺序为：pH > 稀释倍数 > 温度,其他情况与类色氨酸蛋白质相似;对于类富里酸,温度、pH、稀释倍数及其交互作用对其影响规律与对类色氨酸蛋白质的相似,但交互作用类型与类色氨酸蛋白质情况相反。     

环境政策对环境技术创新的影响

环境政策对技术创新具有正负两个方面的影响。本文详细分析了不同类型环境政策的技术效应 ,并阐述了环境政策的未来发展方向及其对技术创新的影响     

人工纳米材料在水-生物膜体系中的环境行为与毒性效应研究进展

随着纳米技术的飞速发展,人工纳米材料随人类活动以及纳米产品进入水-生物膜体系的环境行为以及毒性效应受到越来越多的关注。概述了纳米材料释放到水体后可能发生的环境行为及机理,阐述了纳米颗粒对生物膜中细菌活性的毒性作用,并揭示了生物膜抵抗纳米毒性的机制,为深入研究纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为及生态效应提供重要的理论依据。     

Effects of agrochemicals on the beneficial plant rhizobacteria in agricultural systems

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Conventional agriculture relies heavily on chemical pesticides and fertilizers to control plant pests and diseases and improve production....     

Effects of exposure to environmental pollutants on mitochondrial DNA copy number: a meta-analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Exposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with alteration on relative levels of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn). However, the...     

Developing environmental performance indicators for an information technology systems and services company

Improved measurement of environmental performance should be part of the regular business activities of any organisation. However, it requires a set of environmental performance indicators (EPIs) that can be applied to the particular organisation's unique functions and culture. This paper presents the development of EPIs within an information technology systems and services organisation, ICL plc. (International Computers Ltd; now Fujitsu Services Ltd). EPIs have been developed, based on the company's environmental policy and targets, and a framework for their measurement outlined. ISO 14001 certification requires that certified companies demonstrate continuous improvement in their environmental performance, and EPIs have been developed in order that the company can demonstrate such improvements year on year. The results show that a simple and logical methodology can be applied to identify EPIs that are compatible with ISO 14031. Finally, a risk assessment methodology is applied to demonstrate the effects of business constraints in the decision-making process regarding environmental programmes.     

Effects of environmental methylmercury on the health of wild birds, mammals, and fish

Wild piscivorous fish, mammals, and birds may be at risk for elevated dietary methylmercury intake and toxicity. In controlled feeding studies, the consumption of diets that contained Hg (as methylmercury) at environmentally realistic concentrations resulted in a range of toxic effects in fish, birds, and mammals, including behavioral, neurochemical, hormonal, and reproductive changes. Limited field-based studies, especially with certain wild piscivorous bird species, e.g., the common loon, corroborated laboratory-based results, demonstrating significant relations between methylmercury exposure and various indicators of methylmercury toxicity, including reproductive impairment. Potential population effects in fish and wildlife resulting from dietary methylmercury exposure are expected to vary as a function of species life history, as well as regional differences in fish-Hg concentrations, which, in turn, are influenced by differences in Hg deposition and environmental methylation rates. However, population modeling suggests that reductions in Hg emissions could have substantial benefits for some common loon populations that are currently experiencing elevated methylmercury exposure. Predicted benefits would be mediated primarily through improved hatching success and development of hatchlings to maturity as Hg concentrations in prey fish decline. Other piscivorous species may also benefit from decreased Hg exposure but have not been as extensively studied as the common loon.     

Effects of environmental biomass-producing factors on Cd uptake in two Swedish ecotypes of Pinus sylvestris

A factorial design was used to study direct effects of external biomass-producing factors such as light, temperature and photoperiod on cadmium (Cd) uptake and indirect effects, via change in biomass production in two ecotypes of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris). The aim was to find out if the external factors affect the Cd uptake directly or via change in biomass production, and if the effect differs between ecotypes. Seedlings were grown under 10 combinations of external factors, i.e. temperature (15 and 20 degrees C), light intensity (50 and 200 micromol photons m(-2) S(-1)), photoperiod (18 h light/8 h darkness and continuous light) and external Cd concentration (totally 1.88 and 7.50 micromol). The treatment lasted for 18 days and Cd concentrations in roots and shoots were determined by AAS. The results showed that an increased biomass production increased the total Cd uptake but had a dilution effect on the Cd concentration, especially in the root tissues. The external factors tested did not have any direct effects on the Cd untake, only in the case of Cd translocation to the shoot did the higher temperature show a direct increase, but only in the southern ecotype. The two ecotypes reacted differently in Cd uptake and translocation to the external factors studied. The relative Cd uptake creased with increasing photoperiod in the northern but not in the southern ecotype. The southern ecotype decreased the Cd concentration in the shoot with increased light intensity caused by a dilution effect due to extensive shoot growth of this ecotype. The conclusion is that the uptake in pine seedlings is mainly regulated via biomass production, and not directly by light and temperature and that resulting plant Cd contents to a certain extent depend on plant origin.     

Effects of land urbanization and internet penetration on environmental sustainability: a cross-regional study of China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - China has pledged to peak its carbon dioxide emissions (CEM) before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The energy consumption related to...     

实验室信息管理系统在环境保护领域的建设与应用探讨

介绍了环境监测实验室的业务特点;概述了国内外实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)的发展现状;选择了适合环境监测业务的LIMS软件产品,并在此基础上作进一步开发以满足环境监测业务的可拓展性;提出了LIMS需要完善功能的建议.同时,指出在环境保护领域引入LIMS,在一定程度上提高了分析数据的准确性和环境监测实验室管理水平.     

Effects of carcinogens on the partition of cells in aqueous polymeric two-phase systems

Discrimination between malignant cells and their normal counterparts by surface properties has been demonstrated by means of two-phase aqueous polymer systems. Primary cultures of normal rat fibroblasts were treated with carcinogens DMBA and DEN. Nonmaliguant mouse fibroblasts of permanent line $\text{C}{}_3\text{HlOTl}\text{2}$ were treated with carcinogen DB(a,h)A. These treatments change their partition in the direction of their malignant counterparts. Noncarcinogenic phenanthrene affected the cell partition in the reverse direction. The possibility of using two-phase aqueous polymer systems for testing carcinogenic chemicals is discussed.     

Effects of added PAHs and precipitated humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to environmental Black carbon

Black carbon (BC; soot and charcoal) can be an extremely strong sorbent for organic compounds. In a previous study, sorption of d(10)-phenanthrene (d(10)-PHE) to BC in an unmodified contaminated sediment was found to be nine times less than that for BC isolated from this sediment. To find out the mechanism of this sorption attenuation (competition for BC sites between d(10)-PHE and native PAHs or blocking of BC sites by natural organic matter), we determined the effect on d(10)-PHE-BC sorption isotherms of additions of either PAHs or precipitated humic acid. Addition of humic acid did not significantly decrease BC sorption, whereas PAH additions (equal to the native PAH content in the original sediment) did, by about one order of magnitude. Therefore, competition between d(10)-PHE and the native PAHs could explain the whole attenuation of sorption to BC in unmodified sediments.     

Effects of herbicide stress on wheat cultivars from organic and conventional cropping systems

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings grown from seeds produced in “organic”; (non‐chemical) and “conventional”; cropping systems are characterized by a) similar rates of root and shoot growth, b) equal sensitivity to phytotoxicity by the herbicide glyphosate, and c) equivalent basal activity of the enzyme glutathione S‐transferase (both in the roots and in the shoots). In addition, treatment of these seedlings with glyphosate leads to significantly higher contents of this enzyme both in the shoots and in the roots. However, time‐course and dose‐response investigations indicate significant differences in the induction pattern of glutathione S‐transferase: the response of “conventional”; wheat seedlings takes place earlier and with higher efficiency, than that of the “organic”; ones.     

环境pH对香溪河流域磷矿废石释磷特性的影响

为了评价三峡库区香溪河流域内所堆存的磷矿废石对地表水体的磷污染风险,以香溪河支流高岚河流域内具有不同风化时间的6座磷矿废石堆体为研究对象,依据US EPA Method 1313所规定的实验方法,开展了9种不同pH(2.0~13.0)条件下磷矿废石磷素浸出特性的实验研究,探讨了液相环境pH对磷矿废石磷素浸出浓度的影响。结果表明:在酸性环境下磷矿废石的磷素浸出浓度与pH呈负相关关系;中性及碱性环境下的磷素浸出浓度总体上低于酸性条件,其大小与环境pH之间无显著关系存在,但在pH=10.5±0.5范围内存在小幅升高;自然条件下磷矿废石堆体内部的液相环境为弱碱性(pH=7.8~8.8),且不会受当地酸雨长期淋滤的影响,在此条件下6种磷矿废石的磷素平均浸出浓度为0.7 mg/L,超标率为33 %。因此,研究区内的磷矿废石堆体可以形成点源形式的磷污染。在香溪河库湾水体富氧化问题日趋严重的前提下,应考虑将流域内堆存的磷矿废石作为第II类一般工业固体废物进行妥善处置,以降低其对香溪河库湾水体环境的磷污染风险。     

Effects of environmental factors on organochlorine pesticide residues in soils of the Guanting Reservoir area, China

Topsoil samples from 56 sites around the Guanting Reservoir, China, were measured for HCH and DDT concentrations. The total soil HCH content (including alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-isomers) in these soil samples ranged from 0 to 7.33 ng x g(-1), with a mean of 0.69 ng x g(-1). These levels were considerably lower than those of the total DDT soil contents (including pp'-DDE, pp'-DDD, op'-DDT, and pp'-DDT), which ranged from 0 to 76.01 ng x g(-1), with a mean of 9.46 ng x g(-1). DDT was also found to be the major pollutant in the soil samples, accounting for approximately 93% of the total organochlorine pesticide (OCP) contents. Several environmental factors including land use, soil texture, soil taxonomy, and microbial biomass were considered to be responsible for the OCP levels observed. The data provide some insight into the effects of environmental conditions such as soil formation, agricultural cultivation, nutrient enrichment, and other anthropogenic activities on the degradation of OCPs in soils. Although the OCP residues currently are below the maximum limits set for use on agricultural land in China, and only rarely would such levels pose significant ecological concern, OCPs are highly persistent in soil and bioaccumulative. The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation, especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.