石灰对生物炭和腐殖酸阻控水稻Cd吸收的效应

采用田间试验,研究了石灰-生物炭和石灰-腐殖酸两种联合修复剂及其不同施用量对酸性土壤中稻米Cd含量、产量和品质的影响,并对不同处理修复效果进行综合评估.结果表明,两种联合修复剂能显著降低稻米Cd含量17.39%~45.96%,降低土壤有效Cd含量18.29%~29.88%,.生物炭、腐殖酸施用量分别为5000,6000kg/hm²时,稻米Cd的降低效果最佳.石灰-生物炭处理中,降低稻米Cd含量的主要因子为土壤pH和土壤有效Cd含量（P<0.05）,而石灰-腐殖酸处理则为土壤有机质含量与土壤有效Cd含量（P<0.05）.施加修复剂后稻米产量可达6637~7890kg/hm²,直链淀粉含量达到19.47%~27.26%;当腐殖酸施用量为7500kg/hm²时可使稻米产量提高10.97%,而石灰-生物炭处理对稻米产量无显著影响;采用层次分析法确定了稻米Cd含量、稻米产量、稻米品质和修复费用在修复效应评估中所占权重为0.608、0.150、0.102、0.140,综合评估结果显示土壤-水稻系统Cd阻控效应的联合修复技术为：在施用1200kg/hm²石灰的基础上同时施加6000kg/hm²腐殖酸.     

生物质炭和石灰对酸化紫色土的改良效果

为改良酸化紫色土,作者采用连续30 d的室内培养实验,研究了生物质炭和石灰单独和配合施用对紫色土酸度和肥力特征的改良效果。结果表明:单独或混合施用生物质炭和石灰均能提高紫色土的pH值,降低土壤的交换酸、交换性H~+和交换性Al~(3+)的含量,且随着改良剂用量的增加,对土壤酸度的改良效果越明显。由于生物质炭的物质组成丰富,富含碱性物质、盐基离子、磷素和有机质。施用生物质炭后能显著提高土壤中水溶性和交换性盐基离子、有机质和有效磷的含量。而单独施用石灰处理仅对土壤的交换性和水溶性Ca~(2+)含量有显著的提高效果,而对土壤其余盐基离子、有机质和有效磷含量影响不显著。由于生物质炭对土壤酸度有突出的改良效果,不同处理间的改良效果大小关系为:生物质炭和石灰配合施用生物质炭单独施用石灰单独施用,说明生物质炭与石灰配施或单独施用生物质炭是快速改良酸化紫色土的有效办法。     

钙镁磷肥对石灰、海泡石组配修复镉污染稻田土壤的影响

改良剂组配(例如羟基磷灰石和沸石)可有效降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性,抑制水稻对重金属的积累,从而提高农产品的安全水平.本文通过田间试验,研究钙镁磷肥施用对石灰、海泡石组配降低稻田土壤有效态Cd含量、水稻各部分中Cd含量的影响.结果表明,施用钙镁磷肥可显著促进石灰、海泡石组配的钝化修复效果.与石灰、海泡石组配处理相比,施用钙镁磷肥,土壤中有效态Cd含量和糙米中Cd含量显著降低,在施用2 250 kg·hm^-2钙镁磷肥的条件下,土壤中Cd²⁺发生沉淀或络合反应生成难溶性磷酸镉而降低土壤酸可提取态、可还原态和可氧化态Cd的占比,土壤中有效态Cd含量显著(P<0.05)降低46.97%,糙米中Cd含量降低至0.04 mg·kg^-1,低于《食品安全国家标准》(GB 2762-2017)中糙米镉限量(0.2 mg·kg^-1)标准,且糙米产量增加28.34%.相关性分析结果表明,水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量与土壤中有效态Cd含量,水稻糙米中Cd含量与根和茎叶中Cd含量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01...     

改良剂连续施用对农田水稻Cd吸收的影响

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了在Cd重度污染土壤上施用有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施1a后,第2a连续施用和不再施用改良剂对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd吸收的影响.结果表明,有机肥、石灰单施及石灰与有机肥配施均能显著提高稻田土壤pH值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻各部位Cd含量,第1a有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低35.9%、69.2%和65.4%.与对照相比,第2a连续施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理下,稻田土壤pH值分别显著升高0.27、0.57和1.05个单位,土壤有效态Cd分别显著降低26.6%、29.7%和59.4%;糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低63.1%、79.5%和83.6%,其中,第2a连续石灰与有机肥配施处理下糙米中Cd含量为0.20mg/kg,达到《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2017）中糙米限量值.第2a不再施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低49.2%、69.7%和75.4%.双因素方差分析结果表明其值与连续施用改良剂的处理无显著性差异.上述结果表明,石灰与有机肥配施可有效降低污染稻田土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd含量,施加后一年内可不施或减少改良剂施用量.     

低积累水稻品种联合腐殖酸、海泡石保障重镉污染稻田安全生产的潜力

以某铅锌矿开采区周边重镉污染稻田(全Cd含量为2.52 mg·kg~(-1))以及Cd低积累型晚粳稻品种嘉33为对象,研究了Cd低积累水稻嘉33与改良剂腐殖酸、海泡石联合对重镉污染稻田的农产品安全输出的保障潜力.结果表明,重镉污染稻田上嘉33仍表现出良好的低镉积累特性,改良剂腐殖酸、海泡石单独或联合投加,可降低水稻各器官中Cd的积累,以及茎对根吸收的Cd和精米对茎中Cd的转运系数,且降低量随着改良剂施用量的增加而增加.当施用5.250 t·hm~(-2)的腐殖酸、或6.750 t·hm~(-2)的海泡石、或1.125 t·hm~(-2)的腐殖酸和3.375 t·hm~(-2)的海泡石搭配施用均可使嘉33精米中Cd含量低于国家的限量指标(GB 2762~(-2)012),其精米中Cd含量分别为(0.171±0.01)、(0.184±0.01)和(0.181±0.01)mg·kg~(-1).腐殖酸单施、海泡石单施以及腐殖酸与海泡石配施均能促进土壤Cd向残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态转化,显著降低土壤中有效Cd含量,降低Cd的生物有效性,进而降低了水稻各器官中Cd含量.其中海泡石单施、腐殖酸与海泡石配施降低土壤中有效Cd含量效果优于腐殖酸单施.同时,相比于腐殖酸单施、海泡石单施,腐殖酸和海泡石搭配施用对土壤养分的影响更趋友好,除了土壤碱解氮含量无明显性变化外,对应的土壤速效磷、速效钾及有机质含量均随改良剂施用量增加而升高.综上结果,意味着在重镉污染土壤上,低Cd积累水稻品种联合腐殖酸和海泡石配施是实现重镉污染土壤安全生产的优选措施.     

不同添加剂对铅冶炼污染石灰性土壤的修复及土壤性质的影响研究

探讨了污水处理厂脱水污泥、枯草和磷矿粉对受铅冶炼污染的石灰性土壤(全Pb、Cd、Zn含量分别为2337、21.4、486 mg·kg-1,DTPA提取态Pb、Cd、Zn含量分别为1035、14.5、68.7 mg·kg-1)中重金属的稳定效果及对土壤性质的影响.其中,污泥和枯草均按200 g·kg-1(干重)的用量施用,磷矿粉按n(P)∶n(Pb)=2∶1比例施用,培养80 d.研究结果表明,单独施用污泥可使土壤DTPA-Pb含量降低18.0%(p0.05),并可显著降低土壤pH,增加土壤氮、磷有效性和电导率、DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Zn含量,其中,DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Zn含量增加比例均达到10%以上.单独施用枯草可使土壤DTPA-Pb含量降低10.7%(p0.05),土壤有机质含量增加26.4%(p0.05),对土壤其它性状影响较小.磷矿粉单独施用时对土壤性质影响较小.与污泥单独施用相比,磷矿粉与污泥配合施用时,可使土壤DTPA-Cd含量降低11.9%.     

红壤重金属复合污染修复的生态环境效应与评价指标

通过对重金属复合污染红壤菜园土和水稻土的培育试验,研究施用有机肥和石灰对红壤中生物有效性重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb)含量、土壤微生物和植物生理过程的影响.试验结果表明,石灰对土壤重金属污染的修复效果比有机肥好.施用石灰降低了0.05mol/L HCl提取的土壤生物有效性Cu和Pb的含量,施用猪粪后显著增加了土壤生物有效性Cd的含量,红薯植株中重金属含量的变化与此一致.土壤生物有效性重金属含量与可溶性有机碳(DOC)呈极显著相关.施用石灰和有机肥后,土壤微生物数量增加,3大菌中放线菌数量与生物有效性重金属的含量之间显著相关,但微生物生物量碳只与土壤生物有效性Cd含量显著相关.红薯根系中重金属含量与土壤生物有效性重金属含量之间显著相关,但在茎叶中只有Cu表现出显著相关性.施用石灰和有机肥后红薯的生理指标大多增加.土壤生物有效性Cu、Pb含量与红薯的平均蒸腾速率、净生物量和叶面积指数之间表现出很好的相关性,但土壤生物有效性Cd含量与红薯生理指标相关性不强.在红薯苗期,土壤生物有效性Cu、Pb与红薯的日平均净光合速率和蒸腾速率之间相关显著.因此作物生长期的生理指标可以指示土壤重金属生物有效性的变化.     

水稻品种及典型土壤改良措施对稻米吸收镉的影响

水稻镉污染是我国当前重要的农产品安全问题,湖南攸县"镉大米"事件造成了严重的社会影响.针对南方酸性土壤镉污染特征,进行了"镉大米"治理技术研究.结果表明,当地主栽水稻品种株两优06的稻米Cd含量在大同桥和网岭镇的平均值分别为0.167 mg·kg-1和0.127 mg·kg-1,为其它品种的20%左右;石灰和矿物肥处理能够使稻米Cd含量降低到对照的20%~30%,覆膜处理使稻米Cd含量与对照相比降低约50%,而覆膜+生物炭+硅肥叶面肥处理能够降低80%左右,硅肥叶面肥单独施用及叶面肥和追肥配合施用能够显著降低稻米中的Cd含量90%以上;BCR法分析土壤Cd形态结果发现,供试大田土壤中Cd的弱酸可提取态比例较高,绝大多数样品达到55%以上,而施用石灰能够显著降低土壤中的弱酸可提取态和可还原态比例,增加残渣态比例,变化幅度达到20%左右;土壤Cd含量与p H值是影响稻米对Cd吸收的重要因素.     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞植物活性的影响

以植物水培试验就腐殖酸（富里酸、棕色胡敏酸和灰色胡敏酸）对矿物结合汞（CaCO₃－Hg,Fe₂O₃-Hg,MnO₂-Hg,膨润土-Hg,高岭土-Hg）的植物活性的影响进行了探讨,并以土壤作印证试验.结果表明,溶解态无机汞是最有效的植物可吸收形态．腐殖酸对土壤、矿物结合汞的植物活性的影响,与其对矿物汞的络合溶解能力以及所形成的络合汞向无机汞转化的能力有关;矿物结合汞在不同环境条件下存在的稳定性及释放汞的潜力则是制约腐殖酸效应的内在因素.反应时间决定着二者作用进展的程度.     

石灰组配有机改良剂对农田铅镉污染土壤微生物活性的影响

农田铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）污染已成为危害全球土壤环境质量的主要问题之一,开展安全有效的Pb、Cd污染土壤修复材料研究对保障农产品安全及人体健康具有重要意义.采用室内盆栽试验,探讨0.2%石灰配施不同剂量（1%、2%和5%）的腐殖酸或生物质炭对Pb、Cd污染土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量,以及对基础呼吸强度、微生物量碳含量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:①与CK（不施加改良剂,对照组）相比,两种组配改良剂处理均能显著降低污染土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量,以石灰配施5%生物质炭效果最佳,其有效态Pb、Cd含量较CK分别降低了96.30%和98.10%.②石灰配施腐殖酸或生物质炭均能显著提高土壤基础呼吸强度和微生物量碳含量.③两种组配改良剂处理均会促进土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,其中石灰配施2%生物质炭对土壤脲酶活性的促进作用最显著,较CK最大提高了47.42%;石灰配施5%生物质炭对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的促进效果最佳,较CK最大提高了113.56%.④相关分析表明,土壤基础呼吸强度、土壤过氧化氢酶活性均与土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量呈极显著负相关（p < 0.01）;土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量均呈极显著正相关（p < 0.01）.研究显示,应用石灰配施腐殖酸或生物质炭对土壤重金属有效态含量有显著降低作用,对土壤微生物基础呼吸强度、土壤微生物量碳含量及相关土壤酶活性均有增强作用.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.