3种氧化铁矿物/亚铁体系还原转化芳香硝基化合物的比较

氧化铁矿物和亚铁广泛存在于厌氧环境中。亚铁-氧化铁共存的表面结合铁反应体系可由氧化铁矿物表面吸附部分亚铁离子形成。实验研究了磁铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿3种氧化铁矿物表面结合铁对硝基苯的反应活性及其动力学。在p H 7.5时,3种氧化铁矿物对Fe(Ⅱ)离子的吸附能力强弱顺序为针铁矿磁铁矿赤铁矿。氧化铁矿物对Fe(Ⅱ)的吸附能力是表面结合Fe(Ⅱ)体系还原硝基苯反应的前提条件,而吸附Fe(Ⅱ)形成的表面活性物质种类是体系还原硝基苯能力的关键因素。3种氧化铁矿物的还原能力依Fe2O3/Fe(Ⅱ)、α-Fe OOH/Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe3O4/Fe(Ⅱ)次序增强。氧化铁矿物/Fe(Ⅱ)体系对硝基苯的还原转化可用准一级动力学模拟。     

铁表面改性石英砂去除混凝出水中的Cr(VI)

为了增加混凝出水中Cr(VI)的去除率,使用铁表面改性的石英砂进行了不同条件下的Cr(VI)吸附实验,实验结果表明,在实验p H值(2.0~13.0)范围内,表面附着的铁具有较高的稳定性。铁表面改性后石英砂的等电点向碱性范围内移动,有助于吸附去除带负电的Cr(VI)。随着吸附时间的增加,改性石英砂对Cr(VI)的去除能力逐渐提高。Cr(VI)的浓度逐渐减少,改性石英砂对Cr(VI)的吸附动力下降,110 min后,吸附基本达到平衡。腐殖酸对于Cr(VI)在改性滤料表面吸附的影响主要体现在与Cr(VI)的竞争吸附和对Cr(VI)的还原作用。随着Cr(VI)浓度的增加,Cr(VI)的去除率呈现先增大后降低的趋势,当Cr(VI)浓度为2.0 mg/L时去除率达到最高。未改性的石英砂对于混凝沉后水中的剩余Cr(VI)无明显的去除作用。当使用改性砂柱对AS混凝出水进行过滤时,30 min之内Cr(VI)的去除率仍然能够达到接近100%。当体系中无腐殖酸存在,Al_(30)做混凝剂时,Cr(VI)在较短的时间(20 min)通过滤柱。     

α-碱性氧化铁的制备及其对铬(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

本文对α-碱性氧化铁的制备及其对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附性能作了研究。确定了制备α-碱性氧化铁的适宜条件。结果表明,在确定的条件下所制得的α-碱性氧化铁对铬(Ⅵ)有良好的吸附性。其饱和吸附量为17mg/g;最佳吸附酸度为pH 5～6;溶液中共存的一价、二价阳离子和一价阴离子对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附基本无影响,而高价阴离子则严重干扰铬(Ⅵ)的吸附,吸附铬(Ⅵ)后的α-碱性氧化铁用0.5mol/l硫酸进行洗脱再生,效果良好,再生后的α-碱性氧化铁对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附性能基本不变。所制得的α-碱性氧化铁用于电镀厂含铬(Ⅵ)废水处理,结果满意。     

氧化石墨烯-铁氧化物改性石英砂表面性能表征及其对腐殖酸的吸附特性研究

普通石英砂(RQS)滤料对腐殖酸(HA)的去除能力非常有限。以三氯化铁与氧化石墨烯(GO)为改性剂,对RQS进行改性,得到氧化石墨烯-铁氧化物改性石英砂(GO-IOCS),研究其吸附特性,并运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等手段进行表征。结果表明:(1)GO-IOCS对初始质量浓度低于5mg/L的HA溶液,吸附去除率高达98.57%,约为RQS的5倍;(2)GO-IOCS表面负载均匀密集的颗粒,且具有利于吸附的大量官能团(如—OH、C—O、C=O、Fe—O—C等);(3)GO-IOCS和RQS对HA的吸附动力学特性都符合准二级动力学模型,前者对HA的吸附速率约为后者的3倍;(4)GO-IOCS对HA的吸附除了静电作用外,还包括离子交换作用。     

铁盐改性砂制备及其吸附Zn~(2+)的性能研究

通过改变石英砂表面的物理化学性质,提高石英砂的吸附效率,考察其对废水中的Zn~(2+)去除效果.以石英砂为载体,分别用反复高温加热法和反复碱性沉积法制备了三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂,测定2种方法制备的铁盐改性砂的表面含铁量、铁盐的酸稳定性及比表面积,并比较2种铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的吸附效果.结果表明,三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂的比表面积分别为2.468、4.247 m~2/g,比石英砂比表面积分别提高6.910、12.612倍;在pH为中性条件下,石英砂对Zn~(2+)去除率为43%左右,三氯化铁改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除率达到70%左右,硝酸铁改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除率达到85%左右,表明铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除能力比石英砂有很大提高;铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的吸附有一定容量,表面的活性中心越多,吸附能力越大;铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的去除率随着pH的升高而增加,当pH>8.5时,Zn~(2+)去除率可达90%左右.     

石英砂负载氧化铁吸附除磷的热动力学研究

通过吸附动力学实验及等温吸附实验,考察了在10～40℃的温度条件下石英砂负载氧化铁(IOCS)吸附磷的热动力学性质.结果表明:准二级反应动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型可分别较好地描述IOCS对磷的吸附动力学及吸附等温线实验结果(R2≥0.98);吸附速率及吸附容量随温度的增加而增加.吸附速率k从0.0095增加到0.0173,吸附容量从0.06 mg/g增加到0.08 mg/g.根据标准吉布斯自由能变(△G0＜0)和标准反应焓变(△H0＞0)值判断,IOCS对磷的吸附是自发的、吸热的化学吸附反应.     

锶在改性介质中的吸附规律及其影响因素研究

通过室内等温静态批量平衡吸附实验,采用2种常见的等温吸附方程(Freundlich方程、Langmuir方程)对锶在3种不同润湿性的石英砂中的吸附行为进行了回归拟合。结果表明,介质润湿性对锶的吸附会产生重要的影响,润湿性较强的亲水性石英砂的吸附性能明显优于疏水性石英砂;从Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程拟合结果来看,两者均具有理想的相关性,但普通石英砂和亲水性石英砂的等温吸附式更符合Langmuir方程,而疏水性石英砂采用Freundlich方程拟合的相关性更好。     

涂铁多孔陶瓷对水中亚甲基蓝的动态吸附

研究了涂铁多孔陶瓷填料柱对水中亚甲基蓝（MB）的动态吸附性能。探讨了填料高度、MB初始质量浓度和流速对穿透曲线的影响;分别用BDST模型、Thomas模型和线性回归对动态吸附实验数据拟合,获得了相关参数,并研究了填料的再生性能。结果表明,涂铁多孔陶瓷（IOCPC）能有效去除水中MB,填料层升高,穿透曲线上的穿透点向右移动,穿透时间延长;而随流速、MB初始质量浓度的增大,穿透曲线上的穿透点向左移动,穿透时间缩短。用BDST模型能准确预测穿透时间,误差＜5%;用Thomas模型可较好地描述了MB浓度为10和50 mg/L、初速为2 mL/min时IOCPC对MB的吸附动力学,相关系数分别为0.99和0.93,平衡吸附容量分别为0.078和0.13 mg/g。对吸附饱和后的涂铁多孔陶瓷可用pH=3的硝酸再生,重复使用3次穿透曲线上的穿透点基本不变。     

α碱性氧化铁的制备及其对铬吸附性能的研究

本文对α碱性氧化铁的制备及其对铬的吸附性能作了研究。确定了制备α－碱性氧化铁的适宜条件。结果表明，在确定的条件下所制得的α－碱性氧化铁对铬有良好的吸附性。其饱和吸附量为１７ｍｇ／ｇ；最佳吸附酸度为ＰＨ５－６；溶液中共存的一价，二价阳离子和一价阴离子对铬的吸附基本无影响，而高价阴离子则严重于扰铬的吸附；吸附铬后的α－碱性氧化铁用０．５ｍｏｌ／ｌ硫酸进行洗脱再生，效果良好，再生后的α－碱性氧化铁对铬的     

氧化铁改性砂联合生物预处理对氨氮的吸附特性

对含氨氮(NH_3-N)的微污染原水,采用自制氧化铁改性石英砂(iron oxide coated sand,IOCS)滤料强化过滤与生物预处理技术联合,进行强化处理与吸附效果研究。结果表明,采用强化挂膜法,生物预处理反应器的生物膜成熟期约为7 d,其对氨氮的去除率为60%~70%,但反应器中存在亚硝酸盐氮积累的现象。IOCS与生物预处理技术联合,对NH_3-N的平均去除率为84.67%,出水NH_3-N浓度均低于0.5 mg/L,NO_2~--N含量趋于0;而普通石英砂(RQS)在同等条件下,对氨氮的去除效果不稳定,平均去除率为74.31%,出水NH_3-N平均浓度未达标,对NO_2~--N平均去除率仅有33.29%。在4m/h滤速工况下,与生物预处理技术联合,IOCS和RQS对NH_3-N最高去除率分别为94.3%和82.72%。IOCS与RQS的表面形态结构存在明显差异:前者的表面结构更加复杂多孔,比表面积大,有利于生物牢固附着;后者表面较光滑,比表面积小,挂膜后生物易脱落。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.