蚯蚓对生活垃圾肥效影响的研究

本文对不同来源的生活垃圾养殖蚯蚓后的肥效成份进行丁理化分析。并对其在花卉盆栽中的应用做了定量对照试验研究。结果表明,用生活垃圾养殖蚯蚓所排出的蚓粪和蚓泥是值得重视的优质有机肥料。     

高效复合微生物菌群在垃圾堆肥中的应用

利用高效复合微生物菌群对生活垃圾和污泥混合堆肥,通过测定堆肥过程中总菌数、温度、有机物、C/N比等,较系统地研究了高效复合微生物菌群在生活垃圾、污泥混合堆肥系统中的作用.试验证明:在生活垃圾和污泥共堆肥系统中,调节堆料比为厨房垃圾:污泥:粉煤灰土:成熟堆肥污泥:干草=41.6:27.8:13.8:11.1:5.5,有机物约为60%,总氮14%,全磷0.69%,全钾1.25%;初始含水率为58.5%,初始C/N比=30i供气量控制在0.8L/min·kg挥发性有机物,处理1、处理2、处理3堆料中分别接种2%、3%、5%(质量分数)的高效复合微生物菌群,与加入3%灭活菌的对照组进行对比实验.对照组、处理1、处理2和处理3堆肥系统垃圾腐熟时间分别为30d、24d、18d和12d;说明高效复合微生物菌群可以加速生活垃圾和污泥的降解,保证堆肥过程的顺利进行.处理3与对照组相比,堆腐时间缩短了18d,同时成品堆肥中含有大量具有生物活性的微生物,是一种良好的生物活性有机肥料.     

微生物处理垃圾成新宠

哈尔滨工业大学的一个科研小组最近收集、培养、配制成功一个微生物菌群，它能有效地把城市生活垃圾降解转化成有机肥料。     

城市生活垃圾分类技术有创新

据<中国环境报>报道我国城市垃圾成分复杂,废塑料含量大,含水率高,有机杂物多,这给机械化垃圾分类带来很大困难.最近,北京汉信恒业环保科技公司研制了城市生活垃圾自动破碎分类机,可将生活垃圾中95%以上的有机物和98%以上的废塑料分选出来,当垃圾含水量达70%时,仍能很好地完成垃圾分类,既能分选新鲜生活垃圾,又可分选陈旧垃圾,为制造有机肥料和解决"白色污染"创造了必要条件.     

蝗蚓在城市垃圾处理中的综合应用

通过对上海郊区垃圾的产生量及垃圾处理现状的调查，着重介绍了一种将源头分类收集、好氧堆肥与蝗蚓处理相结合的综合生态处理法，这种方法工艺简单、投资少、无二次污染，能从源头减少垃圾量，实现资源的良性循环和再生，同时处理过程中养殖的蝗蚓是一种富含蛋白质的材料源，产生的蝗蚓粪是一种高效的有机肥料。因此，这种方法处理城市垃圾具有显著的生态效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

城市生活垃圾堆放场植被恢复技术初探

本文为城市生活垃圾扶班场植被恢复的基本研究成果之一。作者着重进行了垃圾样品肥效的研究，重金属元素分析用花卉盆栽试验等。试验结果表明：城市生活坪圾在一宁条件下可成为良好有机肥料，适当处理能提高肥效，适地植物生长。垃圾堆放场的植被恢复在实践上要行，可以提供再生土地浆，是符合上前国情的一种方法。     

蚯蚓在城市垃圾中的综合应用

通过对上海郊区垃圾的产量及垃圾处理的现状的调查，着重介绍了一种将源头分类收集、好氧堆肥与蚯蚓处理相结合的生态处理法。这种方法工艺简单、投资少、无二次污染，能从源头减少垃圾量，能实现资源的良性循环和再生，同时处理过程中养殖的蚯蚓是一种富含蛋白质的材料源，产生的蚯蚓粪是一种高效的有机肥料。因此，这种方法处理城市垃圾具有显著的生态效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

中国村镇生活垃圾特性及处理现状

目前,我国农村生活垃圾的产量已超过一亿吨,而由于我国农村经济发展迅速,使得生活垃圾的产量以很高的速度增长,从而使得环境受到了严重污染。农村生活垃圾堆积不但会占据农业用地,垃圾腐蚀还会影响作物生长,威胁农民身体健康。受到地区不同气候以及经济发展水平的影响,各个农村生活垃圾的都表现出了不同的特征。本文对村镇生活垃圾的产量和各地村镇生活垃圾的组成特点进行分析,并对其处理现状进行了详细说明,最后为保证村镇的生活环境与生态环境的可持续发展提出了相关建议。     

生活垃圾源头分类制取RDF技术分析

强调垃圾源头分类收集在垃圾高效焚烧处理中的重要性。介绍了一种新的城市生活垃圾处理方式——垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的技术及其研究情况。基于源头分类方式对沈阳城市生活垃圾组分、热值等进行分析,探讨了垃圾衍生燃料技术在我国城市生活垃圾处理领域的应用前号。     

城市生活垃圾高效资源化建设体系的研究

通过对国内外垃圾处理现状以及我国目前垃圾管理与处置存在的问题分析,从维系城市这一人工生态系统的角度提出了城市生活垃圾高效资源化利用体系,人类在构建城市生态系统的物质循环中必须认清自己既是这一系统的生产者、消费者,又是该系统的分解者,这样才能确保生态系统物质的良性循环。该体系由垃圾产业化民营集团经营,下设社区生活垃圾处理中心、社区生活垃圾后续处理中心。为城市垃圾生态、高效转化提供了思路。     

厨余垃圾与粪便现场处理工艺研究及设计

提供一套厨余垃圾与粪便的现场处理工艺,并根据单元小试研究数据研制出中试装置,用于模拟处理一个单元居民楼的厨余垃圾与粪便。设计处理量0. 2t d ,包括真空收集、固形物厌氧消化、消化污泥造粒制肥、混合污水的厌氧好氧处理等整套处理工艺,实现了厨余垃圾及粪便的源头收集、现场减量处理,同时可产出菌肥和沼气。     

粪便与厨余垃圾现场处理研究

研究了粪便与厨余垃圾的源头真空管道收集及现场生物处理技术,根据系统工艺设计方案进行了分单元的小试.研究表明:真空便器的冲水量约为1L/次,破碎1kg垃圾用水0.4～0.6L;厌氧消化反应器进料粪便占40%,厨余垃圾占60%,水分控制在93%左右,C/N=25∶1左右,pH控制在6.2～7.3之间,最佳搅拌频率为6h/d,总停留时间28d;ABR反应器对混合上清液的COD去除率可达91%;用驯化得到的解磷、解钾菌株与消化污泥混合制取菌肥,解磷菌对土壤有效磷增强度67.5%,解钾菌对土壤有效钾增强度33.4%.     

Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects

Fertilizer nitrogen (N) use is expanding globally to satisfy food, fiber, and fuel demands of a growing world population. Fertilizer consumers are being asked to improve N use efficiency through better management in their fields, to protect water resources and to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while sustaining soil resources and providing a healthy economy. A review of the available science on the effects of N source, rate, timing, and placement, in combination with other cropping and tillage practices, on GHG emissions was conducted. Implementation of intensive crop management practices, using principles of ecological intensification to enhance efficient and effective nutrient uptake while achieving high yields, was identified as a principal way to achieve reductions in GHG emissions while meeting production demands. Many studies identified through the review involved measurements of GHG emissions over several weeks to a few months, which greatly limit the ability to accurately determine system-level management effects on net global warming potential. The current science indicates: (1) appropriate fertilizer N use helps increase biomass production necessary to help restore and maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) levels; (2) best management practices (BMPs) for fertilizer N play a large role in minimizing residual soil nitrate, which helps lower the risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions; (3) tillage practices that reduce soil disturbance and maintain crop residue on the soil surface can increase SOC levels, but usually only if crop productivity is maintained or increased; (4) differences among fertilizer N sources in N₂O emissions depend on site- and weather-specific conditions; and (5) intensive crop management systems do not necessarily increase GHG emissions per unit of crop or food production; they can help spare natural areas from conversion to cropland and allow conversion of selected lands to forests for GHG mitigation, while supplying the world's need for food, fiber, and biofuel. Transfer of the information to fertilizer dealers, crop advisers, farmers, and agricultural and environmental authorities should lead to increased implementation of fertilizer BMPs, and help to reduce confusion over the role of fertilizer N on cropping system emissions of GHGs. Gaps in scientific understanding were identified and will require the collaborative attention of agronomists, soil scientists, ecologists, and environmental authorities in serving the immediate and long-term interests of the human population.     

土壤水分资源生产能力及其利用研究

采用人工控制土壤贮水量，在陕西关中气候条件下，研究作物土壤水分生产能力结果表明：土壤水分生产能力小麦最高为１７．５９ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ），谷子１１．６１ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ），豌豆１０．３３ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ），油菜１０．６ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ）；获得一定籽粒产量的最低土壤水分临界值约为：小麦１６０ｍｍ，豌豆１５０ｍｍ，谷子和油菜３００ｍｍ，土壤水分超过此临界值后，增加水分，作物产量大幅度提高，但当水分超过一定量（豌豆３００ｍｍ，小麦４００ｍｍ，谷子５００ｍｍ，油菜６５０ｍｍ时），产量则渐趋于稳定；低供水多施肥和高供水少施肥土壤水分的无谓消耗增加，不利于提高土壤水分的生产能力，必须量水施肥，才能提高土壤水分生产能力。     

化肥减量有机替代对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮磷养分及作物产量的影响

化肥减量配施有机肥是实现环境友好,保持耕地质量的国家战略,对防治土壤污染和实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义.以三峡库区紫色土旱坡地为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了在油菜/玉米轮作模式下,对照处理、常规施肥、优化施肥、生物炭（化肥减量配施生物炭）及秸秆还田（化肥减量配施秸秆还田）这5个处理对土壤氮、磷形态、作物氮磷含量、肥料利用率及作物产量的影响.结果表明,土壤铵态氮含量在油菜季的秸秆处理最高,为4.51 mg·kg^-1.各处理玉米季的土壤铵态氮和碱解氮含量均明显高于油菜季.化肥减量配施有机肥可以保障并提高土壤全氮的含量.其中,秸秆处理的油菜季和玉米季土壤全氮含量均最高,分别为0.56 g·kg^-1和0.60 g·kg^-1.秸秆处理的油菜季土壤有效磷含量最高（0.76 mg·kg^-1）.化肥减量配施有机肥的土壤全磷含量较常规处理没有显著差异（P>0.05）.化肥减量配施有机肥表现出略有增产的趋势,其中生物炭处理的油菜产量最高（2328 kg·hm^-2）;常规处理的玉米产量最高（5838 kg·hm^-2）.无论油菜季还是玉米季,各化肥减量处理较常规处理都普遍提高了氮肥和磷肥的农学利用率.在紫色土地区中,化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆还田均有利于改善土壤养分、提高化肥利用率,达到减少氮肥、磷肥施用量和提高作物产量的效果.     

Effects of a winter legume on phosphorus,potassium, calcium and magnesium cycling in a humid subtropical agroecosystem

Phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium cycling were compared in sorghum agroecosystems with winter legume (Trifolium incarnatum L.) or inorganic fertilizer nitrogen inputs. The system with fertilizer N input had winter rye (Secale cereale L.) as a winter cover crop. Nutrient uptake by winter and summer crops, double acid extractable soil nutrients, soil pH and soil ammonium/nitrate ratio were measured. The legume took up more of all nutrients than the rye and also provided higher amounts of available nutrients in soil for the subsequent summer crop. Soil pH was also increased in the clover-N treatment. Nutrient uptake by winter crops is important for reducing leaching losses and chemical fixation of nutrients in humid subtropical regions.     

Effect of land management on soil microbial N supply to crop N uptake in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania

In Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation of available soil N during early crop growth, when N loss by leaching generally occurs, is important to improve crop productivity. In a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania, we assessed the potential role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source to conserve the available soil N until later crop growth, which generally requires substantial crop N uptake. We evaluated the effect of land management [i.e., no input, plant residue application before planting (P plot) with or without fertilizer application, fertilizer application alone, and non-cultivated plots] on the relationship between soil N pool [microbial biomass N (MBN) and inorganic N] and crop N uptake throughout the ∼120-d crop growth period in two consecutive years. In the P plot, MBN clearly increased (∼14.6-29.6 kg N ha⁻¹) early in the crop growth period in both years because of immobilization of potentially leachable N, and it conserved a larger soil N pool (∼10.5-21.2 kg N ha⁻¹) than in the control plot. Especially in one year in which N leaching was critical, increased MBN maintained a larger soil N pool in the P plot throughout the experimental period, and a delay of increased MB C:N ratio and a substantial decrease in MBN was observed, indicating better soil microbial N supply for crop N uptake during later crop growth. Therefore, plant residue application before planting should enhance the role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source, leading to the conservation of potentially leachable N until later phase of crop growth, especially in years in which N leaching is relatively severe. Although further studies are necessary, our results suggest that plant residue application before planting is a promising option to achieve better N synchronization.     

太湖流域肥料施用策略调整对典型作物系统氮磷流失的影响

太湖流域种植业肥料施用强度普遍较高，且以化学肥料为主要形态.因肥料投入不适宜，种植业氮、磷流失问题显著.2015年以来，各地区积极对种植业肥料施用策略进行调整，但当前工作主要基于粮食作物系统且仍停留在化肥施用总量削减和有机肥施用面积提升层面上，缺少菜地、果园、茶园作物系统的相关数据以及对农业环境问题的响应.对此，以苏州市吴中区为太湖流域典型农区代表，研究2019～2021年稻田、菜地、果园和茶园这4类作物系统肥料策略调整对氮、磷流失的影响.结果表明，肥料源养分投入强度的调控是决定氮、磷流失的关键；适宜的有机肥替代比例有助于降低氮、磷流失风险，但有机肥施用需考虑时机并尽可能搭配农用机械.肥料效率是兼顾农业生产过程环境友好、生产主体经济效益的核心，也是后期肥料施用策略调整的导向.稻田系统的肥料施用策略调整应重视养分中不同元素配比，菜地系统应以种植结构调整为抓手，茶园、果园系统可从复合系统视角制定同时满足茶、果生长的施肥策略，助力构建满足农业绿色发展需求的作物系统.     

土壤中元素磷的地球化学

土壤磷素包括无机磷和有机磷。由于生物有效性的不同 ,无机磷和有机磷又可分为各种形态的无机磷和有机磷组分。土壤磷素的生物地球化学行为受多种因素的影响。为此本文概述了土壤中元素磷的地球化学行为及其影响因素。     

粉煤灰、建筑垃圾、粘土对垃圾渗透液吸附行为的研究

为确保城市地下水源不受垃圾填埋场渗透液的污染，本文通过垃圾淋溶试验测定垃圾中有机物、重金属的含量．并选择粉煤灰、建筑垃圾、粘土作为垃圾场填埋底层，考察其对垃圾淋溶液污染物的吸附作用，为大连市垃圾填埋场选择填埋底层及填埋厚度提供设计参数．