完善机制 强化管理 提高城市环境综合整治水平

“八五”以来,济南市以防治大气、水、噪声和工业固体废物污染为重点,积极开展城市环境综合整治。在经济以较快速度发展的情况下,环境污染得到一定程度的控制,城市环境质量有所改善,综合服务功能进一步增强。在实际工作中,我们的具体做法和主要体会是：一、建立和完善管理体制是搞好城市环境综合整治定量考核的关键城市环境综合整治是一项规模宏大的系统工程,需要全社会的共同努力、为切实加强对这项工作的领导,我市成立了市长任主任、分管副市长任副主任及政府各部门主要负责同志组成的济南市环境保护委员会·综合协调各方面的工作…     

抓重点办实事开展城市环境综合整治

“七·五”期间,我市从实际出发,抓重点,办实事,积极开展城市环境综合整治,取得了明显成效。在经济迅速发展和人口增长的情况下,环境污染没有发展,基本控制在“六五”的水平上。城区大气环境质量除氮氧化物含量略有增加外,二氧化硫、总悬浮微粒、漂尘的含量明显减少;湘江衡阳段水域中汞、铅、镉、砷等重金属     

中国环境管理中的公众参与

中国．的普通公民越来越关注其生存环境的质量，越来越多的城乡居民热心于环境保护，并积极参与环境管理，本文简要论述我国公众参与环境管理的途径。一、公众参与环境管理是一项宪法权利我国公众参与环境管理的权利是有法律保障的，《中华人民共和国宪法》宣布：“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。……人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事务，管理社会事务。”这一规定赋予了人民参与环境保护和管理的宪法权利，1989年的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》也规定，一切公民都有权监督和检举违反环保法的行…     

论环境管理的公众参与和舆论监督

我国的环境管理，在积累了丰富的经验，取得巨大成绩的同时，也存在不少薄弱的环节，环境管理乏力，环境保护有法不依、执法不严，在建设项目的环境管理上．“先上车，后补票”，甚至“上了车，不补票”，“三同时”不落实等种种情况时有发生。造成这种状况的原因是多方面的，诸如人们的环境意识淡薄，特别是有的领导急功近利，甚至不惜以牺牲环境为代价来换取短期的经济快速发展，还有环境保护执法的体制障碍等等。此外，笔者通过对环境管理好的单位和地区、环境管理困难、环境违法行为充斥于环保领域这样正、反两方面实例的对比分析，认为…     

永安市城市环境综合整治的作法与思考

介绍了永安市10多年来城市环境综合整治定量考核工作的主要作法，对“十五”期间继续深入开展城考工作提出建议。     

城市环境综合整治定量考核制度实施现状

本文介绍了我国实施城市环境综合整治定量考核制度的现状,概述了此项管理制度在城市环境综合整治中的作用,同时对现有考核的指标体系进行了剖析,并指出了城市环境综合整治定量考核在新形势下所面临的机遇。     

城市环境综合整治系统工程研究方法

本文提出了城市环境综合整治系统工程研究方法的总体框架,并对研究中使用的模型方法做了分类讨论。     

浅谈我国城市环境综合整治的途径

本文从我国城市环境的现状出发,阐述了我国城市环境保护的历程,并在理论分析的基础上,提出了我国目前城市综合整治的基本途径。     

建立和完善公众参与环境与发展综合决策机制的探讨

建立环境与发展综合决策的公众参与制度对实施可持续发展战略,实行政治民主具有重要的意义。公众参与环境与发展综合决策具有政策和法律依据,要采取切实有效的措施保障公众在环境与发展决策中的参与权。     

公众参与环境管理的理论与实践创新

建设项目环境管理公示制度、环境违法行为有浆举报制度和工业企业环境行为信息公开化制度,是目前我国公众参与环境管理制度的实践创新,这些制度的实施对维护公民的合法环境权益,完善环境管理制度,促进我国环境事业的发展具有重要意义。     

Participatory diagnosis in urban planning: proposal for a learning process based on geographical information

Urban planning involves compromise between the diverse and often contradictory issues supported by the different stakeholders. The literature generally agrees on the need to broaden the participation base to overcome this difficulty. However, participation should not be limited to problem solving, but should also take place in the problem setting phase. This paper proposes a participatory diagnosis process for structuring the problem setting phase. We describe an experiment in a participatory diagnosis conducted with the residents of a Geneva neighborhood. The experiment began by identifying the residents' concerns, which were then reformulated under broader issues. Some 20 spatial indicators were built using GIS tools, and were then applied in a second phase of resident consultations to assess the relative importance of each issue. The ensuing priority issues formed the core of the diagnosis. The approach emphasized comparison between the daily experiences of residents and so-called official information (i.e. census tract, traffic measurement, and so on). The residents were therefore involved in a learning process that allowed them to consolidate or modify their opinions. The process led to the emergence of a clearly defined collective awareness that supplanted individual aspirations.     

我国环境管理模式的转变

本文通过对我国的环境管理发展历程分析后认为,我国的环境管理模式已由过去单一的管理模式转变为强化执法监督、加大投入、注重技术相互结合的综合型管理模式,在继续强化执法监督的同时,不断提高环保投入的比例和不断增加科技含量,是环境管理发展的趋势。     

区域海岸带环境资源综合管理的理论与实践

海岸带环境资源综合管理,是对海岸带资源可持续开发利用模式下的现代综合管理。本文在对区域海岸带环境资源综合管理的内涵及管理目标进行分析的基础上,以秦皇岛海岸带环境资源实施综合管理为例,提出了区域海岸带环境资源综合管理的评价过程及模式。     

Definition of Homogeneous Environmental Management Units for the Catalan Coast

Geographical areas constitute the basic implementation locus for integrated coastal zone management strategies and activities. Because the definition of territorial planning objectives may be affected by socioeconomic and environmental characteristics, one of the main steps in the process involves dividing the coast into homogeneous environmental management units (HEMUs). This article presents a general and simple method for regionalizing the landside of a coastal zone into HEMUs and illustrates it through application to the Catalan coast. Socioeconomic and natural (biophysical) subsystems were selected as the most appropriate dimensions of the regionalization process. Dimensions were described using 11 spatial themes, which were managed in a geographic information system environment that proved to be an adequate tool for the purpose. A final coastal zone map of four classes of HEMUs connected to local administrative units was obtained, and because it reflects the current natural and socioeconomic dynamics, it can be considered as an initial step in the planning process for the Catalan coast. Although the proposed method was developed based on the characteristics of the Catalan coast, it is general enough to be adapted and applied to most developed or developing coastal areas.     

Urban regeneration and democratization of information access: CitiStat experience in Baltimore

This article explores the potential of a GIS-based approach to city management - Baltimore's CitiStat e-government program - for meeting the goals of sustainable urban regeneration. The argument advocated here builds on the widely held recognition that the application of ICTs in general can lead to both new forms of inclusion and exclusion of citizens. Therefore attending to the 'digital divide' is a relevant issue because cities are complex environments where outcomes of interventions are uncertain and widening participative arenas to different actors can increase the possibilities to regenerate declining urban areas in a more democratic way.     

On the Design of Computer-Based Models for Integrated Environmental Science

The current research agenda in environmental science is dominated by calls to integrate science and policy to better understand and manage links between social (human) and natural (nonhuman) processes. Freshwater resource management is one area where such calls can be heard. Designing computer-based models for integrated environmental science poses special challenges to the research community. At present it is not clear whether such tools, or their outputs, receive much practical policy or planning application. It is argued that this is a result of (1) a lack of appreciation within the research modeling community of the characteristics of different decision-making processes including policy, planning, and (2) participation, (3) a lack of appreciation of the characteristics of different decision-making contexts, (4) the technical difficulties in implementing the necessary support tool functionality, and (5) the socio-technical demands of designing tools to be of practical use. This article presents a critical synthesis of ideas from each of these areas and interprets them in terms of design requirements for computer-based models being developed to provide scientific information support for policy and planning. Illustrative examples are given from the field of freshwater resources management. Although computer-based diagramming and modeling tools can facilitate processes of dialogue, they lack adequate simulation capabilities. Component-based models and modeling frameworks provide such functionality and may be suited to supporting problematic or messy decision contexts. However, significant technical (implementation) and socio-technical (use) challenges need to be addressed before such ambition can be realized.     

Environmental strategies: A case study of systematic evaluation

A major problem facing environmental managers is the necessity to effectively evaluate management alternatives. Traditional environmental assessments have emphasized the use of economic analyses. These approaches are often deficient due to difficulty in assigning dollar values to environmental systems and to social amenities. A more flexible decisionmaking model has been developed to analyze management options for coping with beach erosion problems at the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area in New Jersey. This model is comprised of decision-making variables which are formulated from a combination of environmental and management criteria, and it has an accept-reject format in which the management options are analyzed in terms of the variables. Through logical ordering of the insertion of the variables into the model, stepwise elimination of alternatives is possible. A hierarchy of variables is determined through estimating work required to complete an assessment of the alternatives for each variable. The assessment requiring the least work is performed first so that the more difficult evaluation will be limited to fewer alternatives. The application of this approach is illustrated with a case study in which beach protection alternatives were evaluated for the United States National Park Service.Portions of this paper have been excerpted from Sherman and Garès (1978).     

Systematic regional planning for multiple objective natural resource management

On-ground natural resource management actions such as revegetation and remnant vegetation management can simultaneously affect multiple objectives including land, water and biodiversity resources. Hence, planning for the sustainable management of natural resources requires consideration of these multiple objectives. However, planning the location of management actions in the landscape often treats these objectives individually to reduce the process and spatial complexity inherent in human-modified and natural landscapes. This can be inefficient and potentially counterproductive given the linkages and trade-offs involved. We develop and apply a systematic regional planning approach to identify geographic priorities for on-ground natural resource management actions that most cost-effectively meet multiple natural resource management objectives. Our systematic regional planning approach utilises integer programming within a structured multi-criteria decision analysis framework. Intelligent siting can capitalise on the multiple benefits of on-ground actions and achieve natural resource management objectives more efficiently. The focus of this study is the human-modified landscape of the River Murray, South Australia. However, the methodology and analyses presented here can be adapted to other regions requiring more efficient and integrated planning for the management of natural resources.     

An Ecological and Economic Assessment Methodology for Coastal Ecosystem Management

An adaptation of the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response methodology is presented in this work. The differential DPSIR (ΔDPSIR) was developed to evaluate impacts on the coastal environment and as a tool for integrated ecosystem management. The aim of the ΔDPSIR is to provide scientifically-based information required by managers and decision-makers to evaluate previously adopted policies, as well as future response scenarios. The innovation of the present approach is to provide an explicit link between ecological and economic information related to the use and management of a coastal ecosystem within a specific timeframe. The application of ΔDPSIR is illustrated through an analysis of developments in a Southwest European coastal lagoon between 1985 and 1995. The value of economic activities dependent on the lagoon suffered a significant reduction (ca. −60%) over that period, mainly due to a decrease in bivalve production. During that decade the pressures from the catchment area were managed (ca. 176 million Euros), mainly through the building of waste water treatment plants. Notwithstanding this, the ecosystem state worsened with respect to abnormal clam mortalities due to a parasite infection and to benthic eutrophication symptoms in specific problematic areas. The negative economic impacts during the decade were estimated between −565 and −315 million Euros, of which 9–49% represent the cost of environmental externalities. Evaluation of these past events indicates that future management actions should focus on reducing the limitation on local clam seeds, which should result in positive impacts to both the local socio-economy and biodiversity.