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1.
Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible parts of vegetables grown in sewage-irrigated soils in suburbs of Baoding City,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhan-Jun Xue Shu-Qing Liu Yan-Ling Liu Yong-Lu Yan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3503-3513
With the long-term application of wastewater to vegetable production fields, there is concern about potential health risks
of heavy metals contaminating the edible parts of vegetables grown in contaminated soils in the suburban areas of Baoding
City, China. The average concentration of elemental Zn in sewage-irrigated soil was the highest (153.77 mg kg−1), followed by Pb (38.35 mg kg−1), Cu (35.06 mg kg−1), Ni (29.81 mg kg−1), and Cd (0.22 mg kg−1) which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the reference soil. The results showed that long-term sewage irrigation had led to a growing accumulation
of heavy metals in the soils, especially for Cd, Zn, and Pb. Furthermore, the concentrations of elemental Cd, Zn, and Ni in
vegetables (e.g., Beassica pekinensis L., Allium fistulosum L., Spinacia oleracea L.) collected from the wastewater-irrigated soils exceeded the maximum permissible limits, and this also increased the daily
intake of metals by food. However, compared with the health risk index of <1 for heavy metals, the ingestion of vegetables
from the soils irrigated with sewage effluent posed a low health risk. Nevertheless, heavy metal concentrations should be
periodically monitored in vegetables grown in these soils together with the implementation effective remediation technologies
to minimize possible impacts on human health. 相似文献
2.
Chrastný V Vaněk A Teper L Cabala J Procházka J Pechar L Drahota P Penížek V Komárek M Novák M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2517-2536
The soils adjacent to an area of historical mining, ore processing and smelting activities reflects the historical background
and a mixing of recent contamination sources. The main anthropogenic sources of metals can be connected with historical and
recent mine wastes, direct atmospheric deposition from mining and smelting processes and dust particles originating from open
tailings ponds. Contaminated agriculture and forest soil samples with mining and smelting related pollutants were collected
at different distances from the source of emission in the Pb–Zn–Ag mining area near Olkusz, Upper Silesia to (a) compare the
chemical speciation of metals in agriculture and forest soils situated at the same distance from the point source of pollution
(paired sampling design), (b) to evaluate the relationship between the distance from the polluter and the retention of the
metals in the soil, (c) to describe mineralogy transformation of anthropogenic soil particles in the soils, and (d) to assess
the effect of deposited fly ash vs. dumped mining/smelting waste on the mobility and bioavailability of metals in the soil.
Forest soils are much more affected with smelting processes than agriculture soils. However, agriculture soils suffer from
the downward metal migration more than the forest soils. The maximum concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd were detected in a forest
soil profile near the smelter and reached about 25 g kg − 1, 20 g kg − 1 and 200 mg kg − 1 for Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively. The metal pollutants from smelting processes are less stable under slightly alkaline soil
pH then acidic due to the metal carbonates precipitation. Metal mobility ranges in the studied forest soils are as follows:
Pb > Zn ≈ Cd for relatively circum-neutral soil pH (near the smelter), Cd > Zn > Pb for acidic soils (further from the smelter).
Under relatively comparable pH conditions, the main soil properties influencing metal migration are total organic carbon and
cation exchange capacity. The mobilization of Pb, Zn and Cd in soils depends on the persistence of the metal-containing particles
in the atmosphere; the longer the time, the more abundant the stable forms. The dumped mining/smelting waste is less risk
of easily mobilizable metal forms, however, downward metal migration especially due to the periodical leaching of the waste
was observed. 相似文献
3.
Use of industrial and wastewater for irrigation is on the rise in India and other developing countries because of scarcity
of good-quality irrigation water. Wastewaters contain plant nutrients that favour crop growth but leave a burden of heavy
metals which can enter the food chain and is a cause of great concern. The present study was undertaken on the long-term impact
of irrigation with treated sewage water for growing vegetables and the potential health risk associated with consumption of
such vegetable. Treated sewage water (TSW), groundwater (GW), soil and plant samples were collected from peri urban vegetable
growing areas of Northern India (Varanasi) and analysed to assess the long-term effect of irrigation with TSW on Cd, Cr, Ni
and Pb build-up in soils and its subsequent transfer into commonly grown vegetable crops. Results indicate that TSW was richer
in essential plant nutrients but contained Cd, Cr and Ni in amounts well above the permissible limits for its use as irrigation
water. Long-term application of TSW resulted in significant build-up of total and DTPA extractable Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb over
GW irrigated sites. TSW also resulted in slight lowering in pH, increase in organic carbon (1.6 g kg − 1) and cation exchange capacity (5.2 cmol kg − 1). The tissue metal concentration and relative efficiency of transfer of heavy metals from soil to plant (transfer factor)
for various groups of vegetables were worked out. Radish, turnip and spinach were grouped as hyper accumulator of heavy metals
whereas brinjal and cauliflower accumulated less heavy metals. Health risk assessment by consumption of vegetables grown with
TSW indicated that all the vegetables were safe for human consumption. However, significant accumulation of these heavy metals
in soil and plant needs to be monitored. 相似文献
4.
Herrero-Hernández E Andrades MS Rodríguez-Cruz MS Arienzo M Sánchez-Martín MJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3359-3371
The long-term variability of total Cu content from fungicides applied in a certified wine region of Spain (La Rioja) and of
other metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was evaluated in three young vineyard soils and subsoils unamended and amended with
spent mushroom substrates (SMS) over a 3-year period (2006–2008). SMS is a promising agricultural residue as an amendment
to increase the soil organic matter content but may modify the behaviour of metals from pesticide utilisation in vineyards.
Fresh and composted SMS was applied each year at a rate of 25 t ha−1 (dry-weight). Copper concentrations in the three unamended soils were 21.2–88.5, 25.5–77.1, and 29.4–78.4 mg kg−1. They exceeded natural Cu concentrations of the region and reference sub-lethal hazardous concentration for soil organism.
The concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn were largely below the sub-lethal limits. Thus, although Cu levels were lower than
those of established vineyards, vine performance, and productivity might be affected. The variation in behaviour between different
amendments for each soil was high, so a generic conclusion could not be drawn. The amendment practice seemed to have caused
temporarily Cu mobilization respect to untreated soils. Total zinc concentrations fall within the range of the natural soil
of La Rioja and were significantly affected (p < 0.05) especially by fresh state SMS addition, with increasing up to 75% respect to untreated specimen. The results indicated
a build-up of fresh sites for metal retention at both surface and subsurface level, although no accumulation of metals was
observed in the short-term period. However, the benefit for soils and the negative effects need to be monitored in the long
run. 相似文献
5.
Accumulation and tolerance characteristics of cadmium in Chlorophytum comosum: a popular ornamental plant and potential Cd hyperaccumulator 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The effects on the growth, physiological indexes and the cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Chlorophytum comosum under Cd stress were examined by pot-planting. The results showed that the tolerance index (TI) of C. comosum were all above 100 in soil Cd concentration of 100 mg kg − 1. The O2·-_{2^{\bullet}}^{-} production rate and electrical conductivity of C. comosum were significantly positively correlated to Cd adding-concentration while the MDA content increased and had significant differences
with the control. The activities of SOD, CAT, and POD all rose significantly in lower Cd concentration and the Cd threshold
of them were around 10, 50 and 20 mg kg − 1, respectively. The Cd in C. comosum root and aboveground part reached 1,522 and 865·5 mg kg − 1, respectively, in Cd concentration of soil up to 200 mg kg − 1. For the advantages of high tolerance, high accumulation, and high ornamental value, C. comosum may have tremendous application value in the treatment of Cd-contaminated soils. 相似文献
6.
Pasture selection by livestock is an essential topic for rangeland management, especially in trace element-contaminated soils.
We have studied the composition (nutrients and trace elements) of a grass-based diet from soils affected by a mine spill at
different growth stages (October 2008 to May 2009). A diet based on other plants (mainly Compositae species) was also studied (May 2009) for comparison. Faeces and mane hair of horses feeding on these pastures were also analysed.
Micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and potentially toxic trace element (As, Cd, Pb, Tl) concentrations were below the maximum
tolerable levels (MTL) for horses, except for Fe (at early growth of pastures) and Cd (in the diet based on ‘other’ plants).
Values of potential ingestion of Fe by horses were higher than 10 mg kg body weight − 1 day − 1. Cadmium concentrations in some pasture samples (those composed of Compositae species) were higher than 3 mg kg − 1. Potential toxicity of such Cd levels in pastures is uncertain, since a high disparity of criteria about MTL by cattle exists
(between 0.5 and 10 mg kg − 1 diet). Nutrient concentrations were adequate for horses, which could counteract possible harmful effects derived from trace
element ingestion. The analyses of excreta and mane hair point to the low risk of toxicity derived from the consumption of
these contaminated pastures. However, the ingestion of regenerating pastures (autumnal samples) should be avoided due to the
greater risk of ingestion of contaminated soil attached to the plant material. Management of these pastures by grazing requires
periodic monitoring. Special attention should be given to Fe and particularly Cd (non-essential element) which accumulates
in animal organs, where it could provoke uncertain long-term effects. 相似文献
7.
Díaz A Arnedo R Céspedes-Sánchez R Devesa R Martin-Alonso J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):539-548
A performance study of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
(ICP-OES) was applied for the monitoring of the labile fraction of metals Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, in Sant
Joan Despí Drinking Water Treatment Plant located in the South of Barcelona’s Metropolitan Area (Spain). The DWTP monitoring
protocol was optimized by working for 1 day of deployment (24 h) with the DGT device in contact with both treated and river
water matrixes. Additionally, it was demonstrated that an increase in the deployment time of 1 week did not decrease the evaluated
concentrations of the studied metals. The quality parameters of the DGT device and ICP-OES determination, such as limit of
quantification, accuracy expressed as relative error (%) and reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation, were
evaluated. Good results were obtained for all the metals in ultrapure water; limits of quantification ranged from 1.5 μg L − 1 for cadmium to 28 μg L − 1 for zinc when deployment time of 24 h was used and from 0.2 μg L − 1 for cadmium to 4 μg L − 1 for zinc when this time was increased by 1 week. Accuracy and precisions lower than or equal to 10% were obtained at a parametric
concentration value of the metals regulated in the European Drinking Water Guidelines (98/83/EC). DGT deployment was tested
in river and treated water, and good results were obtained for Cd, Ni, Co and Zn, whereas for the other metals, a continuous
control of their metallic labile fractions was monitored. Therefore, DGT device allows the continuous monitoring of the labile
metal species in a drinking water treatment plant. 相似文献
8.
Heavy metal pollution of water resources can be apprehended in East Singhbhum region which is a highly mineralised zone with
extensive mining of copper, uranium and other minerals. Ten groundwater samples were collected from each site and the heavy
metal analysis was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analysis of the results of the study reveals that the concentration
of iron, manganese, zinc, lead, copper and nickel in groundwater of Bagjata mining area ranged 0.06–5.3 mg l − 1, 0.01–1.3 mg l − 1, 0.02–8.2 mg l − 1, 1.4–28.4 μg l − 1, 0.78–20.0 μg l − 1 and 1.05–20.1 μg l − 1, respectively. In case of Banduhurang mining area, the range was 0.04–2.93 mg l − 1, 0.02–1.1 mg l − 1, 0.01–4.68 mg l − 1, 1.04–33.21 μg l − 1, 1.24–18.7 μg l − 1 and 1.06–14.58 μg l − 1, respectively. The heavy metals were found to be below the drinking water standards (IS:10500 1993) except iron (0.3 mg l − 1) and manganese (0.1 mg l − 1). The hazard quotients of the heavy metals for drinking water were below 1 posing no threat due to intake of water to the
people for both the areas. 相似文献
9.
In this study an assessment is made of the negative impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops sampled along the
Khoshk River channel in suburban area of Shiraz City, SW Iran. For this purpose, samples of soil profiles (0–60 cm in depth)
and crops were collected from two wastewater irrigated sites and a tube well-irrigated (control) site. Total concentrations
of the five heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr) and their phytoavailable contents were determined. The Pollution Load Indexes
(PLIs) and Contamination Factors (CFs) for soils and Hazard quotients (ΣHQ) for some vegetables were also calculated. The
results showed the use of untreated wastewater has caused the following changes as compared to control site: (1) a 20–30%
increase in organic matter content of soil; (2) increase in pH by 2–3 units; (3) significant concentration increase in Ex-Ca
especially in top layers of soil resulting in high CEC; (4) build up of heavy metals (notably Pb and Ni) in topsoil above
Maximum Permissible Limits (MPLs) indicating a moderate contamination (PLI > 1, CF > 2.5); (5) contamination of some vegetables
(spinach and lettuce) with Cd due to its high phytoavailability in topsoil causing a HQ > 1; (6) excessive accumulation of
Ni and Pb in wheat due to continual addition of heavy metals through long-term wastewater application. The study concludes
that strict protection measures, stringent guidelines and an integrated system for the treatment and recycling of wastewater
are needed to minimize the negative impacts of wastewater irrigation in the study area. 相似文献
10.
Marcussen H Joergensen K Holm PE Brocca D Simmons RW Dalsgaard A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,139(1-3):77-91
Extensive aquatic or semi-aquatic production of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) for human consumption takes place in Southeast Asia. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of 38
elements in soil and water spinach cultivated under different degrees of wastewater exposure in Hanoi, Vietnam. The results
showed no effect of wastewater use on the overall element concentrations in soil and water spinach. Mean soil concentrations
for selected potentially toxic elements at the studied field sites had the following ranges 9.11–18.7 As, 0.333–0.667 Cd,
10.8–14.5 Co, 68–122 Cr, 34.0–62.1 Cu, 29.9–52.8 Ni, 32.5–67.4 Pb, 0.578–0.765 Tl and 99–189 Zn mg kg−1 dry weight (d.w.). In all samples Cd, Pb and Zn soil concentrations were below the Vietnamese Guideline Values (TCVN 7209-2002)
for agricultural soils whereas As and Cu exceeded the guideline values. Maximum site element concentrations in water spinach
were 0.139 As, 0.032 Cd, 0.135 Cr, 2.01 Cu, 39.1 Fe, 57.3 Mn, 0.16 Ni, 0.189 Pb and 6.01 Zn mg kg−1 fresh weight (f.w.). The site and soil content of organic carbon were found to have high influence on the water spinach element
concentrations whereas soil pH and the total soil element concentrations were of less importance. The estimated average daily
intake of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn for adult Vietnamese consumers amounts to <11% of the maximum tolerable intake proposed
by FAO/WHO for each element. It is assessed that the occurrence of the investigated elements in water spinach will pose low
health risk for the consumers. 相似文献
11.
A five-stage sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, As,
V and Ba) in a biosludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant of Stora Enso Oyj Veitsiluoto Mills at Kemi, Northern
Finland, into the following fractions: (1) water-soluble fraction, (2) exchangeable fraction, (3) easily reduced fraction,
(4) oxidizable fraction, and (5) residual fraction. The biosludge investigated in this study is a combination of sludge from
the primary and secondary clarifiers at the biological wastewater treatment plant. Extraction stages (2)–(4) follow the protocol
proposed by the Measurements and Testing Program (formerly BCR Programme) of the European Commission, which is based on acetic
acid extraction (stage 2), hydroxylamine hydrochloride extraction (stage 3), and hydrogen peroxide digestion following the
ammonium acetate extraction (stage 4). The residual fraction (stage 5) was based on digestion of the residue from stage 4
in a mixture of HF + HNO3 + HCl. Although metals were extractable in all fractions, the highest concentrations of most of the metals occurred in the
residual fraction. From the environmental point of view, it was notable that the total heavy metal concentrations in the biosludge
did not exceed the maximal allowable heavy metal concentrations for sewage sludge used in agriculture, set on the basis of
environmental protection of soil by European Union Directive 86/278/EEC, and by the Finnish legislation. The Ca (98.6 g kg−1; dry weight) and Mg (2.2 g kg−1; dry weight) concentrations in the biosludge were 62 and 11 times higher than the typical values of 1.6 and of 0.2 g kg−1 (dry weight), respectively, in arable land in Central Finland. The biosludge had a slightly alkaline pH (∼8.30), a high loss-on-ignition
value (∼78%) and a liming effect of 10.3% expressed as Ca equivalents (dry weight). This indicates its potential as a soil
conditioner and improvement agent, as well as a pH buffer. 相似文献
12.
Sundaray SK Nayak BB Kanungo TK Bhatta D 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):1157-1179
Dynamics of heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cd in surface water of Mahanadi River estuarine systems
were studied taking 31 different stations and three different seasons. This study demonstrates that the elemental concentrations
are extremely variable and most of them are higher than the World river average. Among the heavy metals, iron is present at
highest concentration while cadmium is at the least. The spatial pattern of heavy metals suggests that their anthropogenic
sources are possibly from two major fertilizer plants and municipal sewage from three major towns as well as agricultural
runoff. The temporal variations for metals like Fe, Cu, and Pb exhibit higher values during the monsoon season, which are
related to agricultural runoff. Concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd exceed the maximum permissible limits of surface water quality
in some polluted stations and pose health risks. Dissolved heavy metals like Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Pb exhibit a non-conservative
behavior during estuarine mixing, while Zn, Cu, and Co distribution is conservative. Distribution of cadmium in the estuarine
region indicates some mobilization which may be due to desorption. The enrichment ratio data suggest that various industrial
wastes and municipal wastes contribute most of the dissolved metals in the Mahanadi River. The Mahanadi River transports 18.216
× 103 t of total heavy metals into the Bay of Bengal and the calculated rate of erosion in the basin is 128.645 kg km − 2 year − 1. 相似文献
13.
To assess the potential for treated wastewater irrigation to impact levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and salinity
in irrigated soils, levels of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and environmental covariates were measured in a treated wastewater holding pond (irrigation source water), water leaving
the irrigation system, and in irrigated soils over 2 years in a municipal parkland in Arizona. Higher E. coli levels were measured in the pond in winter (56 CFU 100 mL−1) than in summer (17 CFU 100 mL−1); however, in the irrigation system, levels of FIB decreased from summer (26 CFU 100 mL−1) to winter (4 CFU 100 mL−1), possibly related to low winter water use and corresponding death of residual bacteria within the system. For over 2 years,
no increase in FIB was found in irrigated soils, though highest E. coli levels (700 CFU g−1 soil) were measured in deeper (20–25 cm) soils during summer. Measurements of water inputs vs. potential evapotranspiration
indicate that irrigation levels may have been sufficient to generate bacterial percolation to deeper soil layers during summer.
No overall increase in soil salinity resulting from treated wastewater irrigation was detected, but distinct seasonal peaks
as high as 4 ds m−1 occurred during both summers. The peaks significantly declined in winter when surface ET abated and more favorable water
balances could be maintained. Monitoring of seasonal shifts in irrigation water quality and/or factors correlated with increases
and decreases in FIB will aid in identification of any public health or environmental risks that could arise from the use
of treated wastewater for irrigation. 相似文献
14.
Tapia J Vargas-Chacoff L Bertrán C Peña-Cortés F Hauenstein E Schlatter R Jiménez C Tapia C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3141-3151
The concentrations of cadmium, lead, manganese and zinc were determined in the fish species Micropogonias manni captured in Budi Lake, Araucanía Region (Chile). The measurements were made by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the analysis
considered the sex, weight and size of the species; the representative samples were taken from the liver and muscle tissue.
The method was validated using certified reference material (DOLT-1). The ranges of concentrations found in the muscle tissue
were: Cd, not determinate (n.d.)–0.26; Pb, n.d.–1.88; Mn, 0.02–12.17 and Zn, 0.48–39.04 mg kg−1 (dry weight). The concentrations in muscle tissue were generally lower than those found in the liver. With respect to the
average concentrations recorded for each metal in the edible part of the fish (muscle tissue), it was found that the levels
of Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn are within the ranges published by other authors in similar works and below the maximum concentration
limits permitted by current legislation (FAO/WHO 2004; EU 2001) and do not constitute a health hazard for consumers of this species. The results were subjected to statistical analysis
to evaluate the correlations between the content of the various metals and the sex, weight and size of each sample. 相似文献
15.
The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) pollution in regional agricultural soils was investigated. Seventy soil samples collected
from surface layers (0–20 cm) and horizons of five selected pedons in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in Guangzhou,
China were analyzed, and the vertical variation and spatial variability of TPH were evaluated. The TPH concentration in top
soils around the petrochemical complex ranged from 1,179.3 to 6,354.9 mg kg − 1, with the average of 2,676.6 mg kg − 1. Furthermore, significant differences between land-use types showed that the TPH concentration in top soils was strongly
influenced by accidental spills. Both the TPH trends in pedons and the identified hot-spot areas also showed that the accidental
explosions or burning accidents were mainly responsible for the pollution. The results reported here suggest that the regular
monitoring and inspection shall be conducted for safety and to avoid or minimize the accidents, and the effective measures
should be taken to remediate the contaminated areas and to assure that the important industrialization of Guangzhou area would
not mean human health risks near the petrochemical complex. 相似文献
16.
Isolation and characterization of metal resistant-tolerant rhizosphere bacteria from the serpentine soils in Turkey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Despite the number of studies describing metal hyper-accumulating plants and their associated bacteria in various regions
and countries, there is no information on rhizosphere microbial potential of the Turkish serpentine soils. This study aimed
to explore the rhizosphere microbial diversity of Ni-resistant, hyper-accumulating plants grown on Ni-rich soils and their
metal tolerance–resistance characteristics. One hundred ninety-one locations were visited to collect soil and plant samples
from different serpentine regions of Western Turkey. Following bioavailable and total Ni analysis of collected samples, the
seeds of the selected plants with higher Ni content were taken to the growth/germination test in a range of serpentine soils
in a growth chamber condition. In order to investigate the rhizosphere microbial diversity, Isatis pinnatiloba and Alyssum dasycarpum which were able to germinate and grow well in the preliminary tests, were introduced to 6-month greenhouse experiment in
the range of three serpentine soils with higher bioavailable Ni content. I. pinnatiloba had a better stimulatory effect on
the rhizosphere microbial diversity. A total of 22 bacterial isolates were identified from different soil conditions in the
end of experiment. Following microbial identification and confirmation tests, 11 isolates were found to be resistant and tolerant
to the increasing concentrations of Ni, Pb, Cd and Zn in the range of 50–2,000 mg L − 1, which was considerably higher than those indicated by earlier studies. The strains isolated and identified from the Turkish
serpentine soils were the members of genera Arthrobacter,
Bacillus,
Microbacterium and Staphylococcus. 相似文献
17.
Remeteiová D Rusnák R Kucanová E Fióová B Ružičková S Fekete I Horváth M Dirner V 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):1121-1130
In this work are presented results of the complex study of two significant solid environmental samples: gravitation dust sediments
(industrial pollutants, potential source of risk elements input to soils) and soils (component of the environment, potential
source of risk elements input to food web). The first phase of this study was focused on the study of the significant chemical
properties (phase composition, content of organic and inorganic carbon) of the dust and soil samples. In the second phase,
the fractionation analysis was used on the evaluation of the mobility of chosen risk elements (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the studied
samples. The single-step extractions were applied in the order of the isolation of the element forms (fractions), with different
mobilities during defined ecological conditions by utilization of the following reagents: 1 mol dm − 3 NH4NO3 for isolation of the “mobile” fraction, 0.05 mol dm − 3 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.43 mol dm − 3 CH3COOH for isolation of the “mobilizable” fraction, and 2 mol dm − 3 HNO3 for isolation of all releasable forms. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it is possible to state that different
origins and positions of solid environmental samples in the environment reflect in different chemical properties of their
matrix. The different properties of the sample matrix result in different mobilities of risk elements in these kinds of samples.
The fractionation analysis with single-step extraction for isolation element fractions is the method most suitable for easy
checking of environmental pollution and for evaluation of risk elements cycle in the environment. 相似文献
18.
Water quality assessment: surface water sources used for drinking and irrigation in Zaria,Nigeria are a public health hazard 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chigor VN Umoh VJ Okuofu CA Ameh JB Igbinosa EO Okoh AI 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3389-3400
We assessed the quality and pollution status of source surface waters in Zaria, Nigeria by monitoring the nature, cause and
extent of pollution in Samaru stream, Kubanni River and Kubanni dam over a period of 10 months, between March and December
2002. A total of 228 water samples was collected from 12 sites and analysed for a total of ten physicochemical and one bacteriological
quality indicators, using standard methods. Aesthetic water quality impairment parameters were also observed. The mean values
of most water quality parameters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both the stream and river than in the dam. There was no significant correlation between faecal coliform counts
(FCC) and water temperature (in the range 15–33°C); pH (5.77–7.32); and turbidity (1.4–567 NTU). The high FCC ranged from
2.0 × 101 to 1.6 × 106 MPN/100 ml and exceeded the WHO standards for drinking water and water used for fresh-produce irrigation, and correlated
positively (P < 0.05) with conductivity (in the range 68–1,029 μS/cm); TDS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); TSS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); Cl (7.5–181 mg/l); PO4−P (0.01–0.41 mg/l); NO3−N (0.6–3.8 mg/l) and BOD5 (0.1–14.9 mg/l). The main pollution sources were municipal wastewater, stormwater runoffs, the ABU sewage treatment plant,
abattoir effluents and irrigation farms treated with chemical fertilisers. We conclude that these water bodies are potentially
hazardous to public health and that proper sewage treatment and river quality monitoring are needed to warn against hazards
to public health. 相似文献
19.
The Odiel salt marshes (Marismas del Odiel) are an important nature area declared a Biosphere Reserve, but they are greatly
affected by pollution from the Odiel River. Surface sediments from this area were analysed using the latest version of the
BCR sequential extraction procedure to determine the fractionation of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn among four geochemical
phases (acid-soluble, reducible, oxidisable and residual). The total content of each of the metals and As was also determined.
The results showed high concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, with maximums of 791 mg kg−1 of As, 8.5 mg kg−1 of Cd, 2,740 mg kg−1 of Cu, 1,580 mg kg−1 of Pb and 3,920 mg kg−1 of Zn. The concentrations of Cr, Mn and Ni were low since there are no sources of pollution by them in the area. A comparison
of the metal and As levels with the sediment quality guidelines showed that the pollution is sufficient to produce noxious
effects in aquatic organisms in most of the Odiel salt marshes. Based on the chemical distribution of the elements, it was
found that Cd and Zn were the most mobile (i.e., elements that can pass easily into the water under changing environmental
conditions). However, Cr, Fe, Ni and As were present in the greatest percentages in the residual fraction, which implies that
these elements are strongly linked to the sediments. 相似文献
20.
Pollution, fractionation, and mobility of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in garden and paddy soils from a Pb/Zn mining area 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Ming Lei Yong Zhang Sardan Khan Pu-feng Qin Bo-han Liao 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,168(1-4):215-222
This study was conducted to investigate the pollution load index, fraction distributions, and mobility of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in garden and paddy soils collected from a Pb/Zn mine in Chenzhou City, China. The samples were analyzed using Leleyter and Probst’s sequential extraction procedures. Total metal concentrations including Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum permissible limits for soils set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, and the order of the pollution index was Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu, indicating that the soils from both sites seriously suffered from heavy metal pollution, especially Cd. The sums of metal fractions were in agreement with the total contents of heavy metals. However, there were significant differences in fraction distributions of heavy metals in garden and paddy soils. The residual fractions of heavy metals were the predominant form with 43.0% for Pb, 32.3% for Cd, 33.5% for Cu, and 44.2% for Zn in garden soil, while 51.6% for Pb, 40.4% for Cd, 40.3% for Cu, and 40.9% for Zn in paddy soil. Furthermore, the proportions of water-soluble and exchangeable fractions extracted by the selected analytical methods were the lowest among all fractions. On the basis of the speciation of heavy metals, the mobility factor values of heavy metals have the following order: Cd (25.2–19.8%) > Cu (22.6–6.3%) > Zn (9.6–6.0%) > Pb (6.7–2.5%) in both contaminated soils. 相似文献