道路车辆电气和电子部件的电气要求与性能试验研究

本文基于国际标准ISO 16750关于道路车辆电气负荷试验和主流车企使用的供货规范,针对3.5 t以下汽车电气和电子部件,对于部件的功能状态、功能等级划分及其对应工作电压范围的要求等内容进行了详细阐述;对于现行标准中关于12 V供电的系统电气安全和性能试验有技术内容增补和变更的部分,进行了详尽的研究,主要包括三项关键试验:瞬态欠压、电源电压的缓慢下降和上升、多电源电压均衡电流。     

宇航器结构的加速热循环

欧洲空间研究和技术中心(简称ESTEC)的加速热循环设备ATC—1和ATC—2,是为进行轻重量的太阳电池组件或其它宇宙飞船的结构试验而设计的,与近地轨道相比,其加速系数达到50。本文介绍其工作原理、临界设计特点和操作经验,并将这种试验方法的特性和经济性与常规的真空热循环作了比较。报道至今已做的或准备做的试验概况和获得的试验结果。专门探讨有关太阳电池的内部连接问题。     

雾化介质阻挡放电联合电晕放电对染料溶液脱色研究

实验将介质阻挡放电与电晕放电组合在一个反应器内,以靛蓝二磺酸钠溶液为实验废水,将高压电极上通入50Hz交流高压电,在常压空气中形成介质阻挡放电-电晕放电系统,放电产生的低温等离子体及其活性基团作用于染料分子。考察了电源电压、电极间距、处理时间对染料溶液脱色率和能量效率水平的影响,确定反应器工作状态为介质阻挡放电系统电极间距30mm、电晕放电系统电极间距25mm、电源电压20kV。     

双台振动技术在运输试验中的应用

为考核航天器在运输环境下的环境适应性，依据双台振动控制原理，设计并搭建了双台振动试验系统。以大尺寸、大质量产品为试验对象，开展了双台运输振动试验技术研究。研究了不同相干系数、相位参数设置对试验结果的影响，并对比分析了各工况下的加速度时间历程曲线。研究结果对大型航天器运输振动试验的实施具有参考意义。     

标准动态

<正>航天科技五院总环部《空间系统—磁试验》国际标准正式发布1月,由中国航天科技集团有限公司五院总环部主导编制的ISO 21494《空间系统—磁试验》正式批准发布。这是总环部主导编制发布的第二个技术类国际标准。该标准制定的主要目的是提供实施航天器系统级、分系统级和部组件级的磁试验方法,填补了国际标准体系中专门用于航天器产品的磁试验标准的空白,对航天     

航天器研制中的环境试验及其发展趋势(下)

航天器是一类十分特殊的高科技产品,在它寿命期间所经受的环境十分复杂和多样化。环境试验是验证航天器设计和制造质量的主要和经济有效的手段。有其特殊的一套试验理论和做法。本文介绍了在航天器研制过程中环境试验的应用和试验的主要类型。并对21世纪航天器环境试验的发展趋势。     

航天器研制中的环境试验及其发展趋势(上)

航天器是一类十分特殊的高科技产品，在它寿命期间所经受的环境十分复杂和多样化。环境试验是验证航天器设计和制造质量的主要和经济有效的手段。有其特殊的一套试验理论和做法。本文介绍了在航天器研制过程中环境试验的应用和试验的主要类型。并介绍了21世纪航天器环境试验的发展趋势。     

瞬态电磁干扰测量研究

航天器在工作过程中会遭遇各种瞬态电磁脉冲干扰,可能会导致航天器内部电气系统误动作或功能失效,因此瞬态电磁干扰的测量和分析具有重要意义。对瞬态电磁干扰测量的原理和系统组成进行研究,开展瞬态测量系统的指标标定和验证,并在此基础上对典型航天产品产生的瞬态电磁干扰进行测量,为航天器瞬态电脉冲干扰防护设计提供技术支撑。     

直流老炼状态监控和故障处理系统设计

本文针对国内多数单位在器件筛选过程中老炼试验样品种类杂,批次多,试验过程记录的数据量大的现状,利用虚拟仪器软件编程,通过IBM服务器终端作为上位机与多台老炼电源通信,从而对多批老炼试验进行网络控制和实时监测,并分析老炼过程中采集到的电学参数判断老炼试验的状态,自动采取相应的故障处理措施,实现了紧急中断试验、快速保护试验样品,提供试验异常时的电参数波动数据的功能,具有很强的实用性。     

分布式环境应用系统运行状态监控方法研究

环境信息化是环保能力建设的重要组成部分,是涵盖环保各项业务的一项基础性工作。随着环境保护相关应用系统的不断增加,极大增加了系统的运行维护难度,获取准确的系统运行信息、准确定位问题节点已经成为进行应用系统监控管理的重点和难点。针对环境信息化的发展现状和分布式系统的特点,本文将系统监控管理的对象分为应用类对象和系统类对象两类,并给出一种应用系统运行状态监控对象模型,明确的监控对象的确立方式,建立监控对象间的依赖关系,从而建立影响应用系统运行状况的因素拓扑关系。论述了应用类资源和系统类资源监控信息的获取方法,包括操作系统、中间件等系统类资源的监控机制,以及实时拨测、基于性能工具的监控、集成监控机制等应用类资源监控机制。给出了应用系统运行状态监控体系的技术架构,对各组成部分的主要功能进行了描述。在此基础上建立的应用系统运行状态监控系统能对应用系统的运行状态进行全面周期监控,并能准确定位问题发生的关键部位。     

Principles for retrofitting coal burners for oxy-combustion

Experiments were performed in a 1.5 MW pilot-scale furnace to investigate the differences between air- and oxy-fired flame behavior from a pulverized coal oxy-research burner designed for flexible operating conditions. The flame behavior was characterized by recording video images of the flames and by measuring radiation intensity along the flame length. Various strategies relating air- and oxy-fired operation of the burner primary register were investigated where the oxy-fired burner primary mass, momentum and velocity were matched to the air-fired conditions. Matching either burner primary mass or momentum under oxy-fired conditions with air-fired conditions resulted in a flame stabilized within the quarl. Matching primary velocity with air-fired conditions resulted in a detached flame indicating a delay in flame ignition for the oxyfired conditions. A decrease in primary velocity of 13% was necessary in order to stabilize a flame within the quarl similar to the air-fired case. Additional experiments also showed a flame could be stabilized with no oxygen enrichment of the primary (～3 vol.%, dry O₂ in the primary). Experiments where oxygen was injected at the burner face indicated injection at the boundary of the primary and secondary flow paths strongly attach a flame and injection at the coal rich primary flow path increased the radiative intensity of the flame.     

Measuring for success in communications for permits

Today, U.S. corporations are discovering the merit of combining the principles of total quality environmental management (TQEM) into their measurement and communications programs. This approach has been particularly productive in the permitting process that is necessary for starting, expanding, or sustaining plant operations—a procedure that can easily be thwarted in the absence of a prominent and aggressive communications component. The need to benchmark and measure such a communication program'S progress is critical both for internal management and for environmental regulators concerned that an applicant demonstrate a high degree of public involvement.     

A design for environment methodology for evaluating materials

Industrial ecology is a new multidisciplinary field of study requiring that economic activity be integrated with, and have minimal impact on, surrounding natural systems. This systems-based approach is beginning to be implemented in private firms through the development of Design for Environment (DFE) methodologies and tools which support the integration of technological and environmental considerations in all economic activities. As part of this development process, a matrix system is proposed by the author by which the environmental and energy costs embedded in materials as used in generic applications may be identified, facilitating environmentally and economically efficient selection of materials. This Material Environmental Evaluation Matrix is supported by checklists which inform the evaluation process. A set of completed matrices for major materials in common applications forms the basis for an Environmentally Efficient Materials Database (EEMD). Once completed, the EEMD would inform consumers, product and process designers, business planners and managers, regulators and government purchasers, public interest groups, and others in their choice of optimal, environmentally and economically efficient, material options.     

The case for an integrated programme for commodities

This article argues that much of the economic criticism of the Integrated Programme for Commodities has been based on outdated and simplistic models and that fears of ‘dirigisme’ and price raising derive from a misunderstanding of the fundamental focus of the IPC on price stabilization. Moreover, the proposed IPC would, it is argued, generate benefits significantly in exces of its costs, which themselves have often been exaggerated. The article concludes by arguing that compensatory finance should be viewed as complementary to, not competitive with, the IPC.     

Benchmarking for continuous performance improvement: Tactics for success

Benchmarking is a powerful management technique that can help improve an organization's environmental performance on a number of dimensions. Benchmarking is not a cookbook solution but a systematic process of searching for the organization that is the best at a given process (“best-in-class”) and continually adopting or adapting new processes to accelerate improvement. As a continual process including planning, analysis, integration, action, and maturity phases, benchmarking should be integrated into the planning stage of the management system. Once processes are strategically identified, they can be improved within the company's Total Quality Management program. Many benefits, such as teamwork and job satisfaction, accompany benchmarking, but the greatest companywide advantage is becoming more competitive. Finding a suitable partner is crucial to the success of the benchmarking process. This article shows the traditional one-on-one approach is the most effective because it saves time and money that allows organizations to learn from each other. In addition, examples of where benchmarking partners may be found, as well as several success indicators in the benchmarking process, are presented. Since the ultimate intent of benchmarking is positive change, the difference between reengineering and continuous performance improvement and the role benchmarking plays in each is also discussed.     

美国环保署农药地下水风险评估模型

在介绍美国农药环境风险评估的概念、分级、地下水农药监测情况及水资源的立法保护等基础上,重点阐述了美国环保署在农药登记管理过程中使用的2个地下水风险评估模型,即SCI-GROW和PRZM-GW模型。SCI-GROW是以好氧条件土壤半衰期和土壤有机碳分配系数为自变量的经验线性回归模型,而PRZM-GW则是描述农药在土壤中运动的一维、有限差分模型。本文通过对美国环保署这2个特点鲜明的模型的介绍,希望能为我国的农药地下水风险评估及模型的开发提供一个新视角。     

Environmental flows for rivers and economic compensation for irrigators

Securing flows for environmental purposes from an already fully utilized river is an impossible task--unless users are either coerced into freeing up water, or offered incentives to do so. One sensible strategy for motivating users to liberate volumes is to offer them economic compensation. The right amount for that compensation then becomes a key environmental management issue. This paper analyses a proposal to restore and maintain ecosystems on a stretch of the Río Conchos in northern Mexico, downstream from a large irrigation district that consumes nearly all local flows. We present here estimates of environmental flow requirements for these ecosystems and compute compensation figures for irrigators. These figures are derived from crop-specific irrigation water productivities we statistically estimate from a large set of historical production and irrigation data obtained from the district. This work has general implications for river ecosystem management in water-stressed basins, particularly in terms of the design of fair and effective water sharing mechanisms.     

A method for evaluating areas for national park status

A procedure for evaluating different areas as national parks based on a scoring system is proposed. A National Park Evaluation Form (NPEF) evaluating natural, cultural, and recreational resources in accordance with international criteria for national parks is presented. The evaluation points given to an area indicate the possibility of the area becoming a national park. In this method, subjectivity and bias have been minimized by a special application of the Delphi technique. The method outlined here could help in the efforts of selecting and establishing national parks in many countries.