自然灾害社会易损性评价指标体系框架的构建

按照我们对社会易损性构成的认识,从区域人口易损系统、区域社会结构易损系统和区域社会文化易损系统三方面构建了自然灾害社会易损性评价指标体系。这个指标体系是由一个内部层次分明、逻辑结构清晰的9个指数和39个指标要素构成的框架。该评价体系可以作为政府管理部门和社会公众认识自然灾害的社会属性的科学依据,也是减灾防灾的重要工具。     

考虑地震动频谱成分的高层结构易损性初步研究

历次震害表明,地震动的频谱特征与高层建筑的破坏程度密切相关。但在此前的高层建筑易损性曲线的相关研究中,并没有考虑地震动频谱特征对于易损性曲线的影响。为建立考虑频谱特征的易损性曲线,在分析已有震害案例的基础上,计算分析了两栋实际高层结构在695种工况下的时程反应,利用多因素方差分析和联合分析定量分析了地震动特征周期对高层建筑破坏的影响,并初步建立了层数约为20层的高层结构考虑地震动特征周期的结构易损性曲线,为其他高层结构易损性研究提供参考。     

区域洪灾易损性评价与区划的熵权模糊物元模型

从灾害学的角度分析了区域洪灾易损性评价涉及的影响因素,确定了洪灾易损性的评价等级与单因素评价标准。在模糊物元分析原理的基础上,探讨了洪灾易损性评价的单因素隶属函数形式,结合信息熵的概念,构建了基于熵权的区域洪灾易损性模糊物元评价模型。以大黄堡洼蓄滞洪区为例,将所建模型应用于区内建水库前、后50年一遇和建水库前、后100年一遇等4种工况下的洪灾易损性评价与区划研究中。结果表明,大黄堡水库的修建缩小了洪灾威胁的范围,降低了整体洪灾易损性的程度。     

山坡泥石流场地易损性评价

基于易损性系由受灾体自身内在性质所决定的认识，论述了山坡泥石流场地易损性的构成要索，即受灾体遭受山坡泥石流破坏机会的大小和造成损毁的难易程度。前者与受灾体和泥石流的相对空间位置等因素有关，后者主要受受灾体物质成分、结构和状态等的影响。在此基础上，提出了山坡泥石流场地易损性评价模型，并给出了评价实例。     

城市灾害易损性及其评价指标

城市化的加速使城市成为国民经济和社会发展的重要区域,同时灾害给城市发展造成了巨大的损失。通过分析易损性的维度和时空性,并在总结多因子复合函数方法、模糊综合评价方法、数据包络分析方法等易损性研究方法的基础上,结合复杂的城市系统的内部特征,从人口易损性、经济易损性、社会易损性和生态环境易损性4个方面建立适合城市灾害易损性评价的框架;探讨了包括人口迁入率和经济密度等11个城市灾害易损性指标体系。最后指出城市灾害易损性研究对城市可持续发展有重要意义。     

自然灾害研究的新趋势——社会易损性分析

社会易损性分析在自然灾害及减灾中的重要性是近期才被认识到的。本文分析了自然灾害、易损性和灾难的概念，探讨了社会易损性的内容、分析评价方法及其应用。今后应充分注意社会易损性分析在自然灾害和减灾研究中的重要性，积极开展社会易损性分析和评价研究。     

洪水冲刷和地震联合作用下砌体结构的失效风险评估∗

基于风险理论,提出一种用概率方法来考虑洪水和地震作用下砌体结构的失效风险评估方法。根据村镇建筑结构在灾害作用下的性能要求,量化结构的性能指标,分析村镇建筑结构在洪水冲刷和地震联合作用下的易损性,综合考虑洪水冲刷、地震的灾害危险性和结构易损性,通过易损性函数与联合灾害概率密度函数在灾害域上积分,获得结构在不同破坏状态下的超越概率,引入损失比和结构累计失效概率,进而获得全性能状态下的可靠度指标,并与目标可靠度指标对比,进行结构性能评估。算例展示了本文方法的建立过程,结果表明：冲刷对结构轻微破坏和中度破坏的易损性影响较小,对严重破坏和倒塌状态的易损性影响较大;洪水冲刷对结构抗震性能具有较大的影响,相比于仅考虑地震作用下,同时考虑洪水冲刷和地震联合作用时,结构各种破坏状态下的失效概率均有所增加,且随着破坏程度的加剧,冲刷对结构失效概率的影响越来越大。     

洪涝灾害承灾体易损性的时空变异——以南京市为例

在分析洪涝灾害承灾体易损性影响因素的基础上,构建了评估指标体系;运用模糊综合评价模型,结合层次分析法,分别用2000年和2010年的指标数据,对南京市进行了洪涝灾害承灾体易损性评估。结果显示:①南京市洪涝灾害承灾体易损性水平最高的是城区,最低的是高淳县;②10年间南京市各县区的洪涝灾害承灾体易损性水平普遍上升,但各自上升的幅度不同;③人口密度、经济密度是决定南京市洪涝灾害承灾体易损性水平高低的主要因素。     

基于GIS的河北省滦县洪水灾害风险评价

依据灾害学理论,基于GIS技术,通过综合分析致灾因子、孕灾环境的自然属性和承灾体的社会经济属性,从形成洪水灾害的自然环境危险性和社会经济易损性两方面出发,对河北省滦县的洪水灾害综合风险进行了评价。在洪灾危险性评价中,综合考虑降水量、降水变率、地形高程、坡度、水系分布等自然因素;在洪灾易损性评价中,综合考虑人口密度、单位面积年粮食产量和GDP密度等社会经济指标;在此基础上利用GIS方法对洪灾危险性评价和易损性评价进行叠加分析,得到滦县洪灾综合风险评价结果。结果表明:洪水灾害风险主要集中在滦县东南部平原区,且以河流干流为中心向两边递减,以东部的滦河、溯河中下游、西北部的管河上游风险最高。     

基于可靠度和性能的结构整体地震易损性分析

地震风险分析包括地震危险性分析、地震易损性分析和地震灾害损失评估3个方面，其中，地震易损性分析可以预测结构在不同等级地震作用下发生各级破坏的概率，因此对结构的抗震设计、加固和维修决策具有重要的应用价值。传统的结构地震易损性分析主要采用经验方法或蒙特卡洛模拟法绘制地震易损性曲线。首先介绍地震风险分析的基本原理，然后提出结构整体地震易损性的概念，针对传统方法存在的问题，将结构的可靠度方法与基于性能的抗震设计理论结合起来，提出了基于可靠度和性能的结构整体地震易损性分析方法，并采用有限元可靠度方法进行了结构地震易损性的计算。以结构的最大层间相对变形作为整体性能指标，对某5层2跨钢框架结构进行了地震易损性分析，绘制了其在不同地震作用下对应不同性能水准要求的地震易损性曲线。     

Understanding the interacting factors that influence social vulnerability: a case study of the 2016 central Italy earthquake

This paper seeks to identify those areas that proved socially vulnerable to the earthquake that struck central Italy on 24 August 2016. The study involved four key steps. First, six relevant social vulnerability indicators were selected, based on previous conclusions in the literature. Second, the indicators were mapped using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Third, social vulnerability was assessed according to a spatial combination of the indicators. Fourth, in order to build a heterogeneity map, another approach was employed to represent the spatial variability of social vulnerability and to provide additional information on the synergistic contributions of the indicators. The results indicate that age and accessibility indicators affect the entire region under review, with highly vulnerable zones being close to small historical centres. These findings will be useful to governments, policymakers, and stakeholders with regard to implementing vulnerability mitigation strategies in Italian territories that are highly susceptible to earthquake hazards.     

供水管网系统地震易损性风险评估

供水管网易损性风险评估就是通过识别和分析系统的易损性,找出管网中相对比较薄弱的部分,为确定安全策略和采取控制措施提供理论依据。借鉴网络脆弱性评估理论和方法,基于震后供水管网的连通性分析和水力分析结果,采用分层的分析方法,以管网的拓扑位置和节点服务特性作为影响管网易损性的因素,分配给各节点一定的权值,计算其易损性指标,采用定性与定量相结合的方法评判其易损性程度。对一实际管网进行地震易损性风险评估,说明了该方法的有效性与合理性。     

Characterizing vulnerability to water scarcity: The case of a groundwater-dependent,rapidly urbanizing region

Groundwater overdraft is a resource management issue that poses a threat for the security of communities. Impacts of groundwater overdraft are influenced by the biophysical and social contexts of water management. This paper presents a method for assessing vulnerability to water scarcity in spatial terms using biophysical and social indicators. A geographic information system was used to establish areas of vulnerability based upon hydrologic variability in water resource availability within a groundwater basin, three types of water management systems, and 10 sociodemographic characteristics. Our study area is in the rapidly urbanizing Arizona Central Highlands, located ~150km north of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA. Results indicate that the most biophysically vulnerable places do not necessarily intersect with the most vulnerable populations and that local differences in vulnerability are interrelated, rather than independent, outcomes in a process of socioenvironmental transformation. Vulnerability is influenced by laws that deny access to local surface waters and lead to dependence on fossil groundwater, and by economic reliance on urbanization. Localities attempt to reduce vulnerability through the development of community water systems and the expansion of water frontiers. While such strategies may reduce local vulnerability, they are not sustainable solutions because they transfer risks to other places, and thus contribute to vulnerability elsewhere.     

沿海地区台风灾害系统脆弱性过程诊断与评估以福建省为例——以福建省为例

基于自然灾害系统理论，分析了导致和影响台风灾害系统脆弱性过程的主要因素，并提出了脆弱性的诊断思路。通过分析，建立了台风灾害发生过程和灾害发生以后的脆弱性评估指标体系和评估模型，构建了台风灾害系统脆弱性综合指数模型，并以福建县域为单元，对福建省台风灾害系统脆弱性过程进行评价。研究表明，福建省台风灾害系统脆弱性呈上升趋势，空间上高值区集中分布在沿海地区，有从东部沿海向西部扩展的趋势。反映台风强度和福建人口、经济地区差异显著，建议应该制定区域综合减灾模式，逐步降低脆弱性，提高防御台风灾害能力。     

沿海地区台风灾害系统脆弱性过程诊断与评估——以福建省为例

基于自然灾害系统理论,分析了导致和影响台风灾害系统脆弱性过程的主要因素,并提出了脆弱性的诊断思路。通过分析,建立了台风灾害发生过程和灾害发生以后的脆弱性评估指标体系和评估模型,构建了台风灾害系统脆弱性综合指数模型,并以福建县域为单元,对福建省台风灾害系统脆弱性过程进行评价。研究表明,福建省台风灾害系统脆弱性呈上升趋势,空间上高值区集中分布在沿海地区,有从东部沿海向西部扩展的趋势。反映台风强度和福建人口、经济地区差异显著,建议应该制定区域综合减灾模式,逐步降低脆弱性,提高防御台风灾害能力。     

Assessing climate change and health vulnerability at the local level: Travis County,Texas

We created a measure to help comprehend population vulnerability to potential flooding and excessive heat events using health, built environment and social factors. Through principal component analysis (PCA), we created non‐weighted sum index scores of literature‐reviewed social and built environment characteristics. We created baseline poor health measures using 1999–2005 age‐adjusted cardiovascular and combined diabetes and hypertension mortality rates to correspond with social–built environment indices. We mapped US Census block groups by linked age‐adjusted mortality and a PCA‐created social–built environment index. The goal was to measure flooding and excessive heat event vulnerability as proxies for population vulnerability to climate change for Travis County, Texas. This assessment identified communities where baseline poor health, social marginalisation and built environmental impediments intersected. Such assessments may assist targeted interventions and improve emergency preparedness in identified vulnerable communities, while fostering resilience through the focus of climate change adaptation policies at the local level.     

Characterizing vulnerability to water scarcity: The case of a groundwater-dependent, rapidly urbanizing region

Groundwater overdraft is a resource management issue that poses a threat for the security of communities. Impacts of groundwater overdraft are influenced by the biophysical and social contexts of water management. This paper presents a method for assessing vulnerability to water scarcity in spatial terms using biophysical and social indicators. A geographic information system was used to establish areas of vulnerability based upon hydrologic variability in water resource availability within a groundwater basin, three types of water management systems, and 10 sociodemographic characteristics. Our study area is in the rapidly urbanizing Arizona Central Highlands, located 150 km north of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA. Results indicate that the most biophysically vulnerable places do not necessarily intersect with the most vulnerable populations and that local differences in vulnerability are interrelated, rather than independent, outcomes in a process of socioenvironmental transformation. Vulnerability is influenced by laws that deny access to local surface waters and lead to dependence on fossil groundwater, and by economic reliance on urbanization. Localities attempt to reduce vulnerability through the development of community water systems and the expansion of water frontiers. While such strategies may reduce local vulnerability, they are not sustainable solutions because they transfer risks to other places, and thus contribute to vulnerability elsewhere.     

The creation of vulnerability to natural disaster: Case studies from the Dominican Republic*

This paper argues that natural disasters are not a category of events which can be separated from the broader Issues of development, since economic change can create vulnerability to natural disaster. The analysis of case studies from the Dominican Republic shows how the development of large scale commercialized agricultural production has created such vulnerability by reducing or restricting the resource base of certain sectors of the population. It b suggested that the vulnerable state of a population should be considered as much a cause of natural disaster as the extreme physical phenomena Involved. Therefore there Is a need both for a broader framework for analysis of disasters and for strategies to reduce such vulnerability to be an Integral part of long term development planning.