NDA-150 树脂对垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的吸附

以NDA-150 树脂为吸附剂,研究了该树脂对垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水中有机物的吸附特性.结果表明,该树脂的吸附率受溶液的pH值影响较大,其最优pH 值为2.0.静态吸附动力学显示,树脂初期吸附速度较快,24h 内可使最终出水的COD 满足直排标准(<100 mg/L);72h基本达到吸附平衡.吸附过程符合Freundlich 方程,吸附放热,且为促进吸附过程.动态吸附脱附试验表明,1.000gNDA-150 树脂的COD 吸附量为175.6mg/g 树脂,且脱附峰比较集中,当NaOH 脱附液体积为120mL 时,有机物脱附率为99.8%.     

壳聚糖对Cu~(2+)的吸附与解吸

研究了溶液pH值、Cu2+初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间及温度对壳聚糖吸附Cu2+的影响,并对达到吸附平衡的壳聚糖进行了解吸研究。结果表明,壳聚糖对Cu2+的吸附量随pH值的升高而增大,在pH值为4.7时,基本达到吸附平衡;吸附过程同时符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型,最大吸附量为142.9 mg/g;与拟一级动力学模型相比,拟二级动力学模型可以更好地描述吸附过程;吸附剂最佳投加量为1 g/L。用0.03 mol/L H2SO4溶液做脱附液,搅拌10 min,脱附率为73.4%;经过4次脱附-吸附循环,壳聚糖平衡吸附量变化不大,具有良好的重复使用性。     

树脂吸附法回收母液中土霉素的实验研究

研究了D061大孔强酸性阳离子交换树脂从土霉素生产母液中吸附土霉素的性能,并分析了相关影响因素。结果表明,该树脂对土霉素有良好的吸附性能,符合Langmuir吸附模型。在pH=2、钠型条件下,吸附容量高达122.4mg/g干树脂;用氨水脱附,脱附率可达95%;实验表明,母液中铵根的存在,对树脂交换容量有较大的影响。     

螯合型离子交换树脂在起爆药生产废水中的应用研究

采用螯合型离子交换树脂对起爆药生产废水中的重金属离子进行了动态吸附研究,探讨了流速、温度、初始浓度等因素对动态吸附、脱附的影响,并确立了适宜的工艺条件。实验结果表明:D418离子交换树脂处理K.D起爆药生产废水中的铅离子,吸附、脱附性能稳定。上批次20mL低浓度的脱附液套用于下批次的脱附,树脂的脱附率保持稳定。适宜工艺条件为:吸附流速60mL/h,吸附温度313K,脱附流速30mL/h,脱附温度室温,脱附剂3mol/L的硝酸,用量50mL。采用离子交换树脂工艺处理起爆药生产废水中的金属离子,不仅具有较高的处理效率,同时可以避免二次污染的产生,进行回收利用,因此是一种较好的处理起爆药生产废水中重金属离子的方法。     

苄嘧磺隆对Cu2+在粘土矿物上吸附-脱附的影响

选择两种粘土矿物Ca－蒙脱石和高岭石作为吸附体，研究Cu^2 的吸附－脱附行为，以及苄嘧磺隆对Cu^2 吸附－脱附的影响，结果表明，Cu62 在比表面积、CEC大的Ca－蒙脱石上吸附量较高；而在比表面积、CEC小的高岭石上吸附量较低，蒙脱石对Cu^2 的吸附主要是静电吸附，吸附的Cu^2 较易脱附；高岭石主要通过专性吸附机制而吸附Cu^2 ，吸附的Cu^2 较难脱附，苄嘧磺隆对Cu^2 在粘土矿物上吸附－脱附的影响显著，苄嘧磺隆增加了Cu^2 在Ca-蒙脱石上的吸附，苄嘧磺隆作为桥而连接Ca-蒙脱石和Cu^2 ，苄嘧磺隆的浓度越高，Cu^2 的吸附量越大，解吸量赵低，苄嘧磺隆对Cu^2 在高岭石上吸附的影响，则是低pH值增加Cu^2 吸附，高pH值时降低Cu^2 吸附，解吸率的变化相反。     

对硝基酚在超高交联吸附树脂NDA-701上的脱附行为研究

通过碱当量选择、脱附动力学以及固定床吸附-脱附实验,研究了对硝基酚在自制的超高交联吸附树脂NDA-701上的脱附行为,考察了2个温度下不同碱当量比(MNaOH/4-NP)对树脂脱附率的影响;研究了3个脱附温度和3种MNaOH/4-NP值情况下NDA-701的脱附动力学性能;考察了NDA-701的固定床吸附性能和不同脱附...     

水雾协同微波脱附再生树脂吸附剂

以溶剂热法合成的聚二乙烯苯（PDVB）树脂为吸附剂,苯、甲苯、二氯甲烷为典型的非极性吸附质,对比单一微波和超声雾化水协同微波条件下树脂的脱附再生效果,考察微波功率、水雾量、吸附质种类等对树脂脱附效果的影响.结果表明,PDVB 树脂在单一微波作用下对非极性有机分子的脱附率约为50%,而在超声雾化水协同作用下,PDVB 对苯、甲苯、二氯甲烷的脱附率均可达到90%以上.同时脱附床层的温度始终保持在40℃以下,不会造成树脂高温老化,多次吸附/脱附循环再生后,树脂结构仍能保持稳定,表明在微波条件下引入超声雾化水可强化体系的微波吸收能力,实现树脂吸附剂的快速脱附再生.     

除草剂灭草烟在土壤中的吸附、脱附

对咪唑啉酮类除草剂灭草烟在8种土壤的吸附、脱附进行了研究,对振摇时间、温度、土壤pH值的影响作了探讨,并对吸附、脱附常数与土壤的理化性质的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,灭草烟在土壤中吸附常数和土壤〔H^＋〕（OM％）呈正相关,灭草烟在土壤中脱附的难易程度与土壤有机质含量呈负相关     

2,4-二硝基酚在离子交换树脂上吸附与微波脱附

研究了717强碱阴离子交换树脂对水中2,4-二硝基苯酚(2,4-DNP)的吸附解吸性能,探讨了吸附的热力学和动力学特性及其微波脱附性能。结果表明:在pH=4～11时,该树脂对2,4-DNP有较强的吸附能力。Freundlich吸附等温方程能很好地描述吸附平衡数据,吸附过程为放热、熵减的自发过程。吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是吸附速率的主要控制步骤,可采用HSDM模型描述。以1mol/L HNO3+C2H5OH溶液作为脱附剂,采用微波辅助脱附再生,微波辐照累计5min时,酚脱附率可达90%以上。     

壳聚糖改性竹制粉末活性炭吸附剂对微囊藻毒素的吸附特性研究

研究了壳聚糖改性的竹制粉末活性炭吸附剂对饮用水中微囊藻毒素Microcystin-RR(MCRR)的吸附效果和机理.结果表明,这种新合成的吸附剂具有一定的孔结构,比表面积为203.63m·2g-1,平均孔径为7.23nm,并且具有较高比例的介孔分布,这种特性使得其对最长分子尺寸为2.86nm的MCRR具有较好的捕捉效果.吸附动力学实验表明,接触时间达到100min后,吸附趋于稳定,该吸附剂对MCRR的吸附行为可以用Langmuir模型(Ce/Qe=0.014Ce+0.81,R2=0.99)和Freundlich模型(lnQe=0.61lnCe+1.04,R2=0.99)较好地描述;在中性条件下该吸附剂对MCRR的最大吸附量达到69.93μg·g-1,具有较强的吸附能力.受吸附剂本身等电点及MCRR分子带电性能的影响,吸附剂对MCRR的吸附受pH影响较大,在pH=3时吸附能力最强;此外,天然有机物(NOM)的存在会对MCRR的吸附产生明显的竞争作用.脱附实验表明,改变脱附溶液的pH对提高脱附效率影响不大,甲醇作为脱附剂具有较好的脱附效果,脱附率可达到96%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.