Copper and trace element fractionation in electrokinetically treated methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge

The effect of electrokinetic treatment (0.15 mA cm(-2)) on the metal fractionation in anaerobic granular sludge artificially contaminated with copper (initial copper concentration 1000 mg kg(-1) wet sludge) was studied. Acidification of the sludge (final pH 4.2 in the sludge bed) with the intention to desorb the copper species bound to the organic/sulfides and residual fractions did not result in an increased mobility, despite the fact that a higher quantity of copper was measured in the more mobile (i.e. exchangeable/carbonate) fractions at final pH 4.2 compared to circum-neutral pH conditions. Also addition of the chelating agent EDTA (Cu2+:EDTA4- ratio 1.2:1) did not enhance the mobility of copper from the organic/sulfides and residual fractions, despite the fact that it induced a reduction of the total copper content of the sludge. The presence of sulfide precipitates likely influences the copper mobilisation from these less mobile fractions, and thus makes EDTA addition ineffective to solubilise copper from the granules.     

Microbial community dynamics in a chemolithotrophic denitrification reactor inoculated with methanogenic granular sludge

Denitrification is applied in the tertiary treatment of wastewater to reduce nitrogen pollution. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD)-FISH, cloning, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to follow the evolution of the microbial composition and structure of granular sludge in chemolithotrophic denitrifying bioreactors fed with nitrate and thiosulfate. FISH oligonucleotide probes for the chemolitoautotrophic denitrifiers Thiobacillus denitrificans and Thiomicrospira denitrificans were designed and their utility tested. CARD-FISH and cloning data showed that bacterial diversity in the biofilms changed during the reactor operation. Chemoorganotrophic fermentative Gram-positive strains in the phyla, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, were dominant in the methanogenic inoculum, both in terms of biodiversity and in number. Other significant phyla were Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi. After 6 months of operation, Proteobacteria became dominant (83% of the clones). The diversity of Gram-positive bacteria was partially maintained although their abundance decreased notably. After 110 d of operation, the abundance of Tb. denitrificans cells increased considerably, from 1% to 35% of total DAPI-stained cells and from no isolated clones to 15% of the total clones. Tm. denitrificans only represented a minor fraction of the microorganisms in the sludge (1-4% of the DAPI-stained cells). These findings confirm that Tb. denitrificans was the dominant chemolitoautotrophic denitrifying microorganism in the bioreactors. The Archaeal diversity remained almost unchanged and it was represented mostly by Methanosaeta soehngenii. SEM results indicated a considerable loss in the integrity of the sludge granules during the operation, with risk of sludge buoyancy.     

好氧颗粒污泥降解苯酚

以人工配水启动SBR,逐步提高进水苯酚浓度,探究好氧颗粒污泥对苯酚的降解能力,同时分析苯酚对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响。经过55 d的运行,进水苯酚浓度逐渐增到3 000 mg/L,苯酚、COD及NH+4-N去除率分别达到了98.33%、97.27%和57.58%,好氧颗粒污泥表现出对苯酚的良好的去除能力。扫描电镜照片显示投加苯酚后的颗粒污泥表面更加光滑,结构更为紧凑。胞外聚合物红外光谱分析表明投加苯酚前后好氧颗粒污泥EPS的主要组分没有明显改变。苯酚毒性刺激了颗粒污泥分泌更多胞外聚合物,胞外聚合物中多糖含量由初始的12.70 mg/g VSS增加到35.17 mg/g VSS,蛋白含量由4.93 mg/g VSS增加到8.01 mg/g VSS。投加苯酚后的污泥粒径明显增大,主要污泥粒径由0.5~2.0 mm增大到2.0 mm以上。     

聚丙烯酰胺废水的好氧颗粒污泥降解研究

在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)内通过逐步提高进水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的浓度实现了好氧颗粒污泥的驯化.经过43 d稳定运行,成功培养出性状良好且对PAM具有较高降解活性的PAM好氧颗粒污泥,其PAM平均降解速率达2.230 mg/(L·h).系统内PAM好氧颗粒污泥的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)为9.85 g/L,污泥体积指数(SVI)为39.21 mL/g,湿污泥密度为1.034 g/cm3,平均粒径为1.85 mm,单个颗粒污泥的沉降速率为8.2～12.8 mm/s.     

Azo dye decolourisation by anaerobic granular sludge

The decolourisation of 20 selected azo dyes by granular sludge from an upward-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor was assayed. Complete reduction was found for all azo dyes tested, generally yielding colourless products. The reactions followed first-order kinetics and reaction rates varied greatly between dyes: half-life times ranged from 1 to about 100 h. The slowest reaction rates were found for reactive dyes with a triazine reactive group. There was no correlation between a dye's half-life time and its molecular weight, indicating that cell penetration was probably not an important factor. Since granular sludge contains sulphide, eight dyes were also monitored for direct chemical decolourisation by sulphide. All these dyes were reduced chemically albeit at slower rates than in the presence of sludge at comparable sulphide levels. Increasing sulphide concentrations, even when present in huge excess, stimulated the azo reduction rate. The results indicate that granular sludge can decolourise a broad spectrum of azo dye structures due to non-specific extracellular reactions. Reducing agents (e.g., sulphide) in sludge play an important role. The presence of anaerobic biomass is probably beneficial for maintaining the pools of these reduced compounds.     

混凝强化形成好氧颗粒污泥

为了缩短好氧颗粒污泥形成的时间,通过在颗粒污泥形成初期投加混凝剂的方式,研究强化造粒条件下颗粒污泥的形成过程及其特性。结果发现,投加混凝剂后,反应器在第8天出现了颗粒污泥,并在第25天时实现完全颗粒化,比未加混凝剂反应器颗粒形成的时间缩短了2 d,完全颗粒化时间缩短了10 d。强化造粒条件下形成的颗粒污泥,颗粒强度、比重分别为99.03%和1.1892,分别比对照高出3.28%和0.1539。可以看出,在混凝强化造粒条件下培养出的颗粒污泥,与常规方法相比具有颗粒化进程快,颗粒强度大,比重大等优点。     

降低负荷以提高反硝化颗粒污泥的稳定性

在上流式污泥床反应器（USB）内,接种好氧活性污泥,以甲醇为碳源,NO-3为电子受体,经过40多d培养,得到良好的反硝化颗粒污泥,粒径2～3 mm,MLSS为36 g/L,氮去除速率和COD去除速率分别在0.15 g NO₃-N/(g VSS·d)和0.8 g COD/(g VSS·d)。当负荷提高至6.44 g NO₃-N/(L·d)继续运行1周后,观察到反应器内颗粒污泥出现上浮,浓度降低,颗粒粒径多数在3～5 mm,外观呈乳白色。为恢复反应器稳定运行,当负荷降至3.86 g NO₃-N/(L·d)时,上浮现象减轻,当负荷降至2.57 g NO₃-N/(L·d)时,上浮现象消失,颗粒污泥密度由不稳定时的1.0018 g/cm³提高到1.0126 g/cm³,颗粒粘连现象基本消失,污泥氮去除速率在0.19 g NO₃-N/(g VSS·d),连续运行30 d,系统保持稳定。分析认为,颗粒污泥表面微生物生长速度过快是导致不稳定的主要因素,较长的泥龄有利于系统稳定。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解甲基叔丁醚的实验研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,以甲基叔丁醚(MTBE)为唯一碳源,通过调控运行参数,在SBR反应器中可成功培养出降解MTBE的好氧颗粒污泥.成熟的好氧颗粒污泥平均粒径为202.7 μm,污泥容积指数(SVI)为75 mg/L,污泥混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)为1 311 mg/L,污泥表面可观察到球菌、短杆菌和长杆菌等不同菌落.反应器进水MTBE高达650 mg/L时,出水可维持在10 mg/L以下,去除率达98%以上(其中挥发部分约占25%).变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹图表明,稳定阶段污泥内微生物种群丰富,且种类与数量基本保持稳定.     

上流式多级厌氧反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥特性研究

高品质厌氧颗粒污泥是厌氧反应器实现高效、稳定运行的关键和基础.在实现上流式多级厌氧反应器(UMAR)处理木薯变性淀粉废水高效运行的基础上,对厌氧颗粒污泥的浓度分布、粒径分布、沉降速度、产甲垸活性,辅酶F420和生物相等作进一步的研究.根据在实验工艺条件下培养得到的厌氧颗粒污泥的性能,探讨厌氧颗粒污泥的可能形成机制.     

Microbial dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in anaerobic sewage sludge

The dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) in municipal sewage sludge with a chlorophenol (CP)-adapted consortium was investigated. Results show that dechlorination rates differed according to the source of the sludge samples used in the batch experiments. No significant differences in 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination were observed following treatment with inoculum at densities ranging from 10% to 50% (V/V), but a significant delay was noted at 5% (V/V) density. Overall, results show that the higher the 2,4,6-TCP concentration, the slower the dechlorination rate. The addition of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, vitamin B12 or manganese dioxide did not results in a significant change in 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination. Data collected from a bioreactor experiment revealed that pH 7.0 and a total solid concentration of 10 g/L were optimal for dechlorination. Dechlorination rates decreased significantly at higher agitation speeds. 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination was enhanced under methanogenic conditions, but it was inhibited under denitrifying and sulfate-reducing conditions.     

厌氧颗粒污泥藻酸盐对铜离子的吸附研究

从厌氧颗粒污泥中成功提取出细菌藻酸盐并制备成藻酸钙吸附剂,研究其对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附性能。实验结果表明,接触时间、Cu~(2+)初始浓度和溶液初始pH是影响Cu~(2+)吸附性能的重要因素。吸附等温线研究表明,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述吸附过程。Cu~(2+)在藻酸钙上的吸附动力学过程可以很好地用Pseudo二级动力学方程来描述。以100 mmol/L HCI为解吸剂,可有效洗脱藻酸钙上95%的Cu~(2+),实现Cu~(2+)的回收。     

Anaerobic transformation of chlorophenols in methanogenic sludge unexposed to chlorophenols

Transformation of all 19 chlorophenol (CP) isomers was investigated in a laboratory anaerobic methanogenic sludge that had not been exposed to synthetic chemicals. Concentration of CP was analyzed over time to calculate disappearance rate constants using first-order reaction kinetics and all possible CP degradation pathways were estimated. The rate constants ranged between 0.46 x 10(-3) and 0.161 day(-1). CPs were transformed via dechlorination. The chlorine atom at the ortho-position was the most easily dechlorinated, whereas dechlorination rate at the para-position was lowest. The overall pathways of CP transformation were much less diverse than that we previously found for contaminated sediment. The Dolfing hypothesis of microbial selection of the most thermodynamically favorable pathways was not applicable for CP transformation in this study as well as previous study performed by our group.     

Microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in anaerobic sewage sludge.

The potential of a chlorophenol (CP)-adapted consortium to dechlorinate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge was investigated. Results show that dechlorination rates differed significantly depending on sludge source and PCB congener. Higher total solid concentrations in sewage sludge and higher concentrations of chlorine in PCB resulted in slower dechlorination rates. No significant difference was found for 2,3,4,5-CB dechlorination from pH 6.0 to pH 8.0; however, dechlorination did not occur at pH 9.0 during a 41-day incubation period. Results show that at concentrations of 1 to 10 mg/L, the higher the PCB concentration, the faster the dechlorination rate. In addition, dechlorination rates were in the following order: methanogenic conditions > sulfate-reducing conditions > denitrifying conditions. The addition of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, and ferric chloride decreased lag times and enhanced dechlorination; however, the addition of manganese dioxide had an inhibitory effect. Dechlorination rates were also enhanced by the addition of PCB congeners, including 2,3,4-CB, 2,3,4,5-CB and 2,3,4,5,6-CB in mixture. Overall results show that the CP-adapted consortium has the potential to enhance PCB dechlorination. The optimal dechlorination conditions presented in this paper may be used as a reference for feasibility studies of PCB removal from sludge.     

Inhibition of heavy metals on fermentative hydrogen production by granular sludge

This study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of six electroplating metals on the H(2)-producing activity of a granular sludge sampled from an H(2)-producing upflow reactor treating sucrose-containing wastewater. The H(2) production activities of the sludge were measured in serum vials using wastewater containing not just sucrose and proper nutrient, but also individual heavy metals at concentrations ranging 0-5000 mg l(-1). The relative toxicity to H(2) production was found in the following order: Cu (most toxic)>Ni approximately Zn>Cr>Cd>Pb (least toxic). The C(I,50) values, at which the bioactivity of the sludge was reduced to 50% of the control, for individual heavy metals were Cu 30 mg l(-1), Ni and Zn 1600 mg l(-1), Cr 3000 mg l(-1), Cd 3500 mg l(-1), and Pb >5000 mg l(-1). Compared with the literature data, H(2)-producing sludge exhibited in general higher resistance to metal toxicity than methanogenic granular sludge.     

Ca~(2+)强化短程硝化颗粒污泥培养

利用SBR,以普通活性污泥为种泥,在好氧条件下(DO2 mg/L)研究了Ca2+强化短程硝化颗粒污泥培养的特性。结果表明,通过将进水氨氮浓度由110 mg/L升高至300 mg/L后30 d,出水亚硝酸盐累积率稳定在80%~85%,成功实现了短程硝化。通过添加50 mg/L Ca Cl2,污泥表面Zeta电位由-21.4 m V升高至-13.6 m V,胞外蛋白质的含量由26.82 mg/g升至51.99 mg/g,90 d后,粒径大于300μm的污泥体积分数约占68%,培养了短程硝化颗粒污泥。Zeta电位的升高减小了污泥间的静电斥力,增多的胞外蛋白在Ca2+架桥作用下可相互结合形成高分子生物聚合体,二者的共同作用是Ca2+强化短程硝化颗粒污泥形成的原因。     

颗粒污泥沉降动力学模型研究

通过分析颗粒污泥沉降过程的特点,采用颗粒物质干涉沉降规律对颗粒污泥沉降过程进行描述·结合Allen阻力公式,建立了颗粒污泥沉降动力学模型,并用实验和文献数据对模型的可靠性进行了验证,模型预测值误差不超过土8%.应用模型对好氧颗粒污泥沉降速度的模拟实验表明,一般好氧颗粒污泥沉降速度在5～120 m/h,沉降速度随好氧颗粒污泥粒径和密度的增大而增加,沉降过程雷诺数(Re)在1～100,处于Allen阻力区.     

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）处理生活污水试验研究

采用厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）反应器在常温下处理小区生活污水,接种颗粒污泥。试验结果表明：当进水COD 411～560 mg/L,反应器容积负荷可达到3 kg COD/(m³·d),水力停留时间4 h,上升流速8 m/h,COD去除率可达到85%以上,出水COD为67～88 mg/L。并对EGSB反应器的结构及运行控制参数进行了优化,使其适宜于在常温下处理生活污水及其他低浓度有机废水。     

Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process outperformed aerobic granular sludge process in municipal wastewater treatment with less carbon dioxide emissions

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process and microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) process were comparably applied for municipal wastewater...     

好氧颗粒污泥法处理石化废水

实验以吉林石化污水处理厂初沉池出水为原水在SBR中培养好氧颗粒污泥。实验初期,依次以比例为40%、60%的含石化废水的培养液进行培养,于第15天SBR中出现颗粒污泥,此后直接采用石化废水培养,同时逐步缩短沉降时间,第27天起反应器出水稳定,COD去除率达到89%,TN、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达到56%、86%和90%。采用此方法培养的颗粒污泥平均粒径约为1.3 mm,外表棕黄色,颗粒表面粗糙,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察到好氧颗粒污泥主要由杆状菌和丝状菌组成,颗粒内部存在若干孔隙。研究结果表明,在SBR中通过逐步增加石化废水进水比例,缩短沉降时间可以快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥,好氧颗粒污泥处理石化废水效果良好。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器启动过程中颗粒污泥性质变化研究

采用小试规模的膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器,考察其启动规律及运行特点.在60 d内EGSB反应器的COD容积负荷达到12 kg/(m3·d),COD去除率保持在95%以上.试验中对不同水力负荷下污泥床状态进行了分析.结果表明,将水力负荷控制在1.0 m3/(m2·h)以上,可以确保污泥颗粒化的进行及EGSB反应器的稳定,否则易发生沟流、活塞式漂浮等污泥床异常现象.同时,对颗粒污泥性质及微生物相变化进行了跟踪分析.随着运行条件的改变,由上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器接种的污泥结构、性能和微生物群落都在不断发生变化.最终得到的颗粒污泥结构密实,沉降速率为38.8～64.6 m/h,比产甲烷活性达到314.25 mL/(g·d),内部微生物相丰富,各菌种呈混杂分布.