西安某人工湖水质时空分布特征及其荧光特性

2013年10月到2014年9月,通过对西安某人工湖水温、DO、SD、pH、TN、TP、COD、叶绿素a等10项水质指标进行监测,评价了水体的营养状态,分析了水质的时空分布特征及其可能污染来源,并对其进行三维荧光光谱分析。结果表明,实验期间,该人工湖在5—7月处于中度富营养化状态,其他月份均处于轻度富营养化状态。在时间上,NO-3-N、NH+4-N和TN在14年2月到5月明显高于其他月份,其中NO-3-N是构成TN的主要存在形态,TP含量变化无明显规律,COD在14年3月到5月含量较高,5—7月是人工湖的藻类暴发期,叶绿素a较其他月份高,在空间上,NO-3-N、NH+4-N和TN各采样点间没有显著差异,TP、COD和叶绿素a波动较大,这可能与采样点附近的局部污染有关。9月份湖内的溶解性有机物主要是腐殖酸类,主要来源是微生物的生命活动和死亡分解,含量沿湖体采样点下降。     

池塘养殖水体pH、营养盐、叶绿素a及3种磺胺类抗生素分布特征及其相关性分析

为了解农村池塘养殖水体的水质情况,分析了湖北宜东平原34个农村分散养殖鱼塘水体中pH、叶绿素a、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及3种磺胺类抗生素(SAs,即磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑及磺胺异噁唑),并讨论了它们之间的相关性.结果表明,所监测鱼塘水体pH值差异较小,范围为7.26 ～8.96,但鱼塘之间的TN、TP及叶绿素a含量差别大,其含量范围分别为0.074 ～47.185 mg/L、0.007 ～ 1.311 mg/L及4～421 μg/L.其中有85.29％的鱼塘水体TN含量劣于地表水Ⅴ类标准,17.65％ TP劣于Ⅴ类,只有3个鱼塘的叶绿素a含量小于10 μg/L,水体富营养化严重.鱼塘水中3种SAs的浓度范围为23 ～ 828 ng/L,其检出率顺序为磺胺异噁唑(47％)＞磺胺甲噁唑(18％)＞磺胺二甲嘧啶(6％).对所考察因子的相关性研究表明,鱼塘养殖水体的pH、TN及TP无相关,但磺胺二甲嘧啶与TN/TP呈显著正相关(r=0.345,P=0.05).叶绿素a与水体中TN及TP的关系呈较好的幂指数函数关系,而且TP为浮游植物的生长限制因子.     

蜘蛛兰去除不同程度富营养水体中氮磷及抑藻效应

研究了蜘蛛兰在不同程度富营养化水体中对氮、磷的去除和对藻类的抑制效应。结果表明,蜘蛛兰在3种不同程度富营养化水体中均能正常生长,且对富营养水体中的氮、磷和叶绿素a浓度均表现出良好的净化去除效果。在45d的实验中,3种不同程度富营养水体的TN、N03-N、NH4-N和TP浓度分别由初始的3．69～25．65、2．79～21．14、0．75～3．57和0．14—1．23mg／L降至1．25～18．99、1．08～16．03、0．18～1．39和0．06～0．77mg／L,在3种不同程度富营养水体中植物的平均生物量累积增长率分别为40．98％、64．41％和95．08％。实验各处理组富营养化水体中的叶绿素a浓度及荧光参数短期内都显著下降,而各对照组中则较稳定或略有下降。蜘蛛兰不仅可以净化富营养水体中营养元素,且对水体中藻类的生长有明显的抑制作用,其在水体生态修复工程中具有良好的应用前景。     

蜘蛛兰去除不同程度富营养水体中氮磷及抑藻效应简

研究了蜘蛛兰在不同程度富营养化水体中对氮、磷的去除和对藻类的抑制效应。结果表明,蜘蛛兰在3种不同程度富营养化水体中均能正常生长,且对富营养水体中的氮、磷和叶绿素a浓度均表现出良好的净化去除效果。在45 d的实验中,3种不同程度富营养水体的TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和TP浓度分别由初始的3.69~25.65、2.79~21.14、0.75~3.57和0.14~1.23mg/L降至1.25~18.99、1.08~16.03、0.18~1.39和0.06~0.77mg/L,在3种不同程度富营养水体中植物的平均生物量累积增长率分别为40.98% 、64.41% 和95.08%。实验各处理组富营养化水体中的叶绿素a浓度及荧光参数短期内都显著下降,而各对照组中则较稳定或略有下降。蜘蛛兰不仅可以净化富营养水体中营养元素,且对水体中藻类的生长有明显的抑制作用,其在水体生态修复工程中具有良好的应用前景。     

土壤原位覆盖对底泥的修复作用研究

在高度厌氧底泥和富营养化水体构成的模拟生态系统中,采用土壤和硅藻土进行原位覆盖,研究了覆盖技术对水．沉积物界面微环境的改善作用和不同覆盖材料对苦草生长的影响。这2种底质覆盖后,表层底泥氧化还原电位（Eh）分别提高了48．37％和46．77％,底层水体的溶解氧消耗降低,水体中的总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量降低;与对照箱体的苦草死亡相比,经过土壤和硅藻土覆盖的箱体中苦草正常萌发、定植和生长;硅藻土箱体苦草的生物量、叶绿素和根茎比均高于土壤覆盖箱体。因此,原位覆盖能有效改善底层水体和表层底泥的氧化还原环境,隔绝污染底泥和延缓营养盐释放,为沉水植物种子萌发和幼苗生长提供有利的生境条件。     

苏州市各功能区水环境中碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了解苏州市水环境中营养元素的时空分布特征及潜在生态风险,于苏州市城区、城郊和郊区共设置16个采样点,并对全年水样和沉积物样进行各形态碳、氮、磷含量的测定。结果表明:(1)时间尺度上,水体中春季溶解性有机质(DOC)极显著低于秋、冬季,TN季节性差异不显著,春、夏季TP极显著高于秋、冬季。沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、TN和TP均在冬季最高、春季最低。(2)空间尺度上,水体中城区TP高于城郊和郊区。沉积物中TOC、TP均呈现城区郊区城郊的分布特征。(3)水体富营养化评价综合指数表明,1个采样点为极富营养级,11个为重富营养级,4个为富营养级,春、夏两季富营养化风险高。(4)苏州市整体有机氮污染较严重,城区沉积物中生物有效性磷最高,对上覆水的磷释放风险最高。(5)相关性分析表明,沉积物中TP、无机磷和铁铝磷来源可能相同。     

滤食性生物孵化器净化微污染景观水的试验研究

搭建滤食性生物孵化器,利用藻类吸收水体中氮、磷,滤食性生物捕食藻类,实现微污染景观水体的原位净化。试验结果表明,当TN、TP初始质量浓度分别为5.0、0.100mg/L时,30L微污染景观水的最佳滤食性生物孵化器载体(50mm×65mm×75mm聚氨酯泡沫塑料块)投放量为15块;滤食性生物孵化器对微污染景观水中的叶绿素a、TN和TP均有较明显的去除效果。对于TN、TP初始质量浓度分别低于5.0、0.100mg/L,更换周期在3d以上的微污染景观水,采用滤食性生物孵化器可将叶绿素a的质量浓度控制在10mg/m3以下,TN、TP可分别控制在2.0、0.010mg/L以下。     

嘉兴市南湖生态环境修复工程的系统构建与效果评价

为改善嘉兴南湖水体质量,恢复湖区生态系统,实现南湖水质、生态及景观的全面提升,在分析南湖水质问题和水体浑浊成因的基础上,采取外源污染控制、内源污染清除和原位生态修复的方法,构建了南湖水下生态系统,并对南湖的生态修复效果进行评价分析。结果表明：南湖主要水质指标(COD、NH₃-N、TP)基本达到地表水Ⅲ类(湖泊标准),湖区大部分区域水体透明度达到80 cm以上,水体颜色由黄色变为浅绿色;超磁分离一体化设备可以显著去除水体中的TP(去除率为92.61%),对NH₃-N(去除率为37.94%)也有一定的去除作用,但是对TN、COD等的去除不明显;以“沉水植物”为主体的水下森林生态系统对悬浮型颗粒物具有明显的去除作用,沉水植物种植区域悬浮物下降值为42.09%;环保绞吸疏浚与土工管袋干化相结合的技术,减少了疏浚过程中的底泥再悬浮,土工管袋干化后的尾水采用超磁分离一体化设备二次处理,悬浮物SS指标均不超过4 mg·L^-1,实现了疏浚土尾水的达标排放。嘉兴南湖生态环境修复工程(一期)项目的成功实施,验证了超磁分离一体化工艺、环保绞吸...     

龙形水系中心区水体富营养化评价与成因分析

龙形水系是北京奥林匹克公园内的主要景观水体,以再生水为主要补水水源.采用综合营养状态指数法对龙形水系中心区(简称中心区)水体富营养化状态进行评价.结果表明:(1)中心区水体全部为富营养状态,汛期的综合营养状态指数总体呈逐渐降低的趋势,即水体在汛期初期至中期为中度富营养,后期为轻度富营养;汛期结束后水质较差,综合营养状态指数上升,中心区水体达到重度富营养化状态.(2)再生水为中心区水体污染物的主要污染源,其TN、TP、COD和NH4+-N年输入量占各类污染物年总输入量的85％以上;在汛期,其主要污染物输入量占总输入量的70％以上.中心区水体在汛期没有明显的污染物集中输入现象.(3)中心区水体富营养化主要成因为氮磷等营养物质的输出量小于输入量,造成氮磷等营养物质大量累积.(4)在汛期,外界的适宜温度、饱和光照、水体的弱碱性和缓慢流速加大了中心区水体水华暴发风险.     

利用生物制剂处理北京动物园富营养型地表水的初步研究

北京市的地表水水质日益恶化,富营养化表现突出。目前改善水质、抑制藻类生长是解决富营养化水体的关键。试验采用从美国引进的新型生物制剂Eclean应用于北京动物园富营养化水体,试验结果表明,水体中的CODMn、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、浊度、叶绿素a、藻类浓度各项指标均有明显下降,水质明显改善,藻类生长基本得到控制。     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death,age, and season

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM) of median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO2; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O3; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO2 (daily maximum concentration for O3, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM10 and SO2. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O3. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death,Age, and Season

Abstract

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 μg/m³ particulate matter (PM) of median diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO₂; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O₃; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO₂ (daily maximum concentration for O₃, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM₁₀ and SO₂. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O₃. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验,研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM;当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时,污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％;且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段,污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大,但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大,当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后,反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时,建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型,其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Experimental and statistical validation of SPME-GC-MS analysis of phenol and chlorophenols in raw and treated water

A procedure based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated in order to analyse 10 phenols in water samples. The optimised conditions were obtained using polyacrylate fibre (PA), 20ml of sample volume, 10% NaCl, pH 4.0 and direct extraction at 35 degrees C and 1000rpm, for 40min. The linear range and quantification limits for these compounds by SPME-GC-MS were defined. An evaluation of the main uncertainty sources of this method is included, which allows expanded uncertainties in the 9.4-35% range for the majority of the compounds. The main source of uncertainty is associated with matrix effects. The validated method is suitable for monitoring the production and distribution of potable water and was used, in field trials, for the analysis of samples from main intakes of water (surface or underground) and from water supply system of a large area (Lisbon and neighbour municipalities).     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.