环境样品中DNA提取方法的研究进展

利用微生物降解污染物是废水处理中的常用方法,研究废水处理工艺中微生物的多样性和动态性对于优化废水处理工艺的性能、提高其处理效率具有重要的指导意义.分子生物学方法是研究微生物多样性和动态性的有效方法.由于大多数分子生物学方法都是以提取研究对象的基因组DNA为前提,因此建立一种高效的环境样品DNA的提取方法具有重要作用.综述了从环境样品中提取DNA的主要方法及其研究进展,并提出了一种有效的从活性污泥中提取DNA的具体方法.     

搅拌对污泥厌氧消化过程中污泥形态及微生物活性的影响

搅拌对污泥厌氧消化过程中的物料传质具有非常重要的作用,为进一步了解搅拌对厌氧消化微观环境的影响,考察了污泥厌氧消化过程中搅拌和无搅拌条件下污泥形态、微生物活性及分布的变化。采用吖啶橙染色法对微生物中的RNA、DNA染色,通过染色情况分析微生物活性的空间分布。结果表明,搅拌系统中污泥絮体结构松散,粒径细小,但具有良好的沉降性能;搅拌系统中RNA/DNA(以荧光的相对面积表征)和脱氢酶活性均高于无搅拌系统,说明适度搅拌可以提高污泥厌氧消化系统中微生物活性。RNA/DNA与传统脱氢酶的测试结果基本一致,但前者测试过程简单、结果直观且可获得微生物活性的空间分布特性,因此可用于微生物活性的评估。     

生物强化系统微生物分子诊断技术的应用及新发展

现代分子生物技术的飞速发展及其在环境研究领域的应用,为生物强化技术的研究和发展提供了新方法和新思路.本文从生物强化系统特异微生物检测及定量化技术、生物强化系统微生物群落结构组成及动态演替规律研究、生物强化作用机制的分子生物学解析、生物强化菌的基因工程构建、生物强化系统微生物的安全释放及控制技术几方面,对生物强化系统微生物分子诊断技术的应用和发展作了较为全面的综述.     

光合细菌改善Cd、Pb及呋喃丹污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列多样性的研究

应用DNA随机扩增多态性(RAPD)分子标记技术研究了光合细菌(PSB)对Cd、Pb及呋喃丹污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列多样性的影响.结果表明,Cd、Pb及呋喃丹单一污染或3者复合污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列的丰富度相对对照土样(S0)都有不同程度的增加,受Cd、Pb或呋哺丹污染,可能会引起土壤微生物群落DNA序列...     

膜生物反应器中不同阶段微生物群落结构演变的研究

为了研究膜生物反应器（membrane bioreactor, 简称MBR）中微生物群落结构的演变情况,对不同阶段运行状况下(包括培养驯化阶段、初期增长阶段、污泥流失阶段和恢复成熟阶段4个阶段)污泥中的微生物进行了考察。从MBR污泥中提取细菌总基因组DNA,进行聚合酶链式反应变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)图谱的直观分析,以及总细菌的Shannon多样性指数、各污泥样品的相似性分析和聚类分析。研究表明,反应器中的微生物群落比较丰富。不同的阶段状况下,微生物的群落结构变化比较明显,能够比较好地反映MBR的运行状况和系统处理效能的关系,并且发现微生物的群落结构能够随着反应器的运行状况的变化做出调整恢复。     

微絮凝—砂滤污水深度处理对降低内分泌干扰物的生态风险评价

考察了微絮凝—砂滤污水深度处理工艺前后内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的变化规律和出水微生物群落结构。结果表明,微絮凝—砂滤工艺对典型的EDCs(包括辛基酚、壬基酚、双酚A、二醇)具有很好的去除效果,能够有效地降低其生态风险和内分泌干扰性。聚合酶链式反应/变性梯度凝胶电泳结果发现,出水微生物群落丰富,其中硝化细菌占主导地位。     

荧光原位杂交技术在环境微生物生态学解析中的应用研究

近年来 ,诸多国家在环境微生物领域先后开展了分子生物学研究方法的建立和生物学评价工作。一些不依靠纯培养的微生物群落的分析方法已得到广泛应用和发展。荧光原位杂交 (FISH)技术 ,具有细胞在测定过程中不被破坏、形状不改变、特异性强、能够真实反映在自然环境下微生物的情况及分布等特点 ,在环境微生物群落探测分析中已逐渐被广泛应用。该技术利用带有荧光标记的特异性寡核苷酸探针 ,与细胞内相应的靶核糖体结合 ,能将微生物探测、鉴定到属和种的水平。运用于硝化细菌、除磷细菌和丝状微生物等废水处理中常见的特征性微生物种群和群落生态学研究中 ,颇为高效。该技术的应用避免了传统培养方法进行鉴定和计数的局限性 ,在环境微生物生态学解析中具有较高应用价值。     

间歇好氧硫酸盐废水处理系统微生物区系解析

应用PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)技术和16S rDNA序列测定对间歇好氧硫酸盐废水处理工艺的微生物群落结构进行了研究.采集味精厂好氧池原始污泥以及实验室内间歇好氧工艺驯化后不同条件下的活性污泥样品,通过基因组DNA的提取、PCR扩增和DGGE分离,初步分析了各污泥样品的微生物群落多样性,结果表明,PCR-DGGE方法可以在一定程度上反映工艺以及操作条件对微生物群落结构的影响.通过DGGE反复分离纯化及割胶回收,DGGE检验为单一条带后进行测序并提交到GenBank数据库比对,结果表明,间歇好氧硫酸盐系统中优势菌株大多数为未培养细菌,来源于不同的污染环境,具有重要污染物降解的生态功能,其中包括与硫酸盐还原菌(Desulfobulbus propionicus)在系统发育上非常接近的菌株.     

生物强化系统微生物分子诊断技术的应用及新发展

现代分子生物技术的飞速发展及其在环境研究领域的应用，为生物强化技术的研究和发展提供了新方法和新思路。本文从生物强化系统特异微生物检测及定量化技术、生物强化系统微生物群落结构组成及动态演替规律研究、生物强化作用机制的分子生物学解析、生物强化菌的基因工程构建、生物强化系统微生物的安全释放及控制技术几方面，对生物强化系统微生物分子诊断技术的应用和发展作了较为全面的综述。     

荧光原位杂交技术在环境微生物生态学解析中的应用研究

近年来，诸多国家在环境微生物领域先后开展了分子生物学研究方法的建立和生物学评价工作。一些不依靠纯培养的微生物群落的分析方法已得到广泛应用和发展。荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术，具有细胞在测定过程中不被破坏、形状不改变、特异性强、能够真实反映在自然环境下微生物的情况及分布等特点，在环境微生物群落探测分析中已逐渐被广泛应用。该技术利用带有荧光标记的特异性寡核苷酸探针，与细胞内相应的靶核糖体结合，能将微生物探测、鉴定到属和种的水平。运用于硝化细菌、除磷细菌和丝状微生物等废水处理中常见的特征性微生物种群和群落生态学研究中，颇为高效。该技术的应用避免了传统培养方法进行鉴定和计数的局限性，在环境微生物生态学解析中具有较高应用价值。     

Integration of the environment in product design by a learning process: proposal for a piloting tool

This paper examines the nature of ecological economics, arguing that it comprises two aspects, the qualitative framework within which it operates and the quantitative techniques which it uses to measure sustainability, evaluate policies and assist decision-making. The former is distinct to ecological economics, whereas the latter is largely shared with environmental economics. Although these have co-existed for some time, it is contended that the qualitative aspect needs to be developed if ecological economics is to realise its potential. The paper first offers a Schumpeterian 'pre-analytic' vision of ecological economics. Ecological economics, it is argued, necessarily implies a fundamental change in the way problems are perceived and in how they should be addressed. Second, the paper discusses the quantitative aspect of ecological economics, arguing that the overlap with environmental economics in the techniques used is one reason why the two have frequently not been seen as sufficiently distinct. The paper concludes that a development of the qualitative, procedural aspect of ecological economics is needed if its full potential for influencing policy-making is to be realised.     

The ChimERA project: coupling mechanistic exposure and effect models into an integrated platform for ecological risk assessment

Current techniques for the ecological risk assessment of chemical substances are often criticised for their lack of environmental realism, ecological relevance and methodological accuracy. ChimERA is a 3-year project (2013–2016), funded by Cefic’s Long Range Initiative (LRI) that aims to address some of these concerns by developing and testing mechanistic fate and effect models, and coupling of these models into one integrated platform for risk assessment. This paper discusses the backdrop against which this project was initiated and lists its objectives and planned methodology.     

The prevention principle

Environmentally sound manufacture does not have its source only in developing and improving the techniques for treating solid, liquid and gaseous wastes at the end of the production process. Our experience shows that more effort and capital budgets must be devoted to developing preventive measures. Although the treatment techniques have become very advanced and meet ecological requirements to a very high degree, they are now reaching the limits of their technological and economic feasibility. Environmental protection at the production site has undergone structural change in recent years. The emphasis has shifted to preventive techniques which affect the production process itself, avoiding the emergence of waste at the “end of the pipe” by preventing its formation or recycling it straight away. This integrated approach is in harmony with the demands of sustainable production. The functions of in-process environmental protection measures need to be looked at as a whole from the points of view of both environmental protection and cost-effectiveness. Some integrated methods are described.     

Recent advances in the breakdown of microplastics: strategies and future prospectives

Microplastics pollution is becoming a major environmental issue, and exposure to microplastics has been associated with numerous adverse results to both the ecological system and humans. This work summarized the state-of-the-art developments in the breakdown of microplastics, including natural weathering, catalysts-assisted breakdown and biodegradation. Characterization techniques for microplastic breakdown involve scanning electron microscopy, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. Bioavailability and adsorption capacity of microplastics may change after they are broken down, therefore leading to variety in microplastics toxicity. Further prospectives for should be focused on the determination and toxicity evaluation of microplastics breakdown products, as well as unraveling uncultivable microplastics degraders via cultivation-independent approaches. This work benefits researchers interested in environmental studies, particularly the removal of microplastics from environmental matrix.

     

我国环境生态系统演变趋势

本文在对气候变化与环境生态系统现状进行了广泛调查的基础上，结合国内学者的研究，对近五年我国环境生态系统的演变趋势作了系统的回顾，并提出了保护我国生态系统的对策。     

Ecological literacy and beyond: Problem-based learning for future professionals

Ecological science contributes to solving a broad range of environmental problems. However, lack of ecological literacy in practice often limits application of this knowledge. In this paper, we highlight a critical but often overlooked demand on ecological literacy: to enable professionals of various careers to apply scientific knowledge when faced with environmental problems. Current university courses on ecology often fail to persuade students that ecological science provides important tools for environmental problem solving. We propose problem-based learning to improve the understanding of ecological science and its usefulness for real-world environmental issues that professionals in careers as diverse as engineering, public health, architecture, social sciences, or management will address. Courses should set clear learning objectives for cognitive skills they expect students to acquire. Thus, professionals in different fields will be enabled to improve environmental decision-making processes and to participate effectively in multidisciplinary work groups charged with tackling environmental issues.     

环境生物技术信息学进展

环境生物技术信息学通过计算机将生物信息学的技术与成果用于环境生物技术 ,控制污染。降解污染物基因DNA的碱基组成 -结构 -功能的核酸信息 ,降解污染物酶的氨基酸组成 -结构 -功能的蛋白多肽信息 ,为应用环境生物技术控制污染 ,注入了新的灵魂与力量。构建遗传工程特效菌株 ,高效降解危险有机污染物 ;创造高效工艺系统 ,去除危险有机污染物 ;有效降低或消除污染物对人体健康的危害 ,维护生态环境安全 ;是环境生物技术信息学的基本任务和光辉前景     

An extensive review on restoration technologies for mining tailings

Development of mineral resources and the increasing mining waste emissions have created a series of environmental and health-related issues. Nowadays, the ecological restoration of mining tailings has become one of the urgent tasks for mine workers and environmental engineers all over the world. Aim of the present paper is to highlight the previous restoration techniques and the challenges encountered during the restoration of mine tailings. As it is a common practice that, before restoring of tailings, the site should be evaluated carefully. Studies showed that the mine tailings’ adverse properties, including excessive heavy metal concentration, acidification, improper pH value, salinization and alkalization, poor physical structure and inadequate nutrition, etc., are the major challenges of their restoration. Generally, four restoration technologies, including physical, chemical, phytoremediation, and bioremediation, are used to restore the mining tailings. The working mechanism, advantages, and disadvantages of these techniques are described in detail. In addition, selection of the suitable restoration techniques can largely be carried out by considering both the economic factors and time required. Furthermore, the ecosystem restoration is perceived to be a more promising technology for mine tailings. Therefore, this extensive review can act as a valuable reference for the researchers involved in mine tailing restoration.     

The littoral zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: challenges and opportunities

For flood control purpose, the water level of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) varies significantly. The annual reservoir surface elevation amplitude is about 30 m behind the dam. Filling of the reservoir has created about 349 km² of newly flooded riparian zone. The average flooding period lasts for more than 6 months, from mid-October to late April. The dam and its associated reservoir provide flood control, power generation, and navigation, but there are also many environmental challenges. The littoral zone is the important part of the TGR, once its eco-health and stability are damaged,which will directly endanger the ecological safety of the whole reservoir area and even the Yangtze River Basin. So, understanding the great ecological opportunities which are hidden in littoral zone of TGR (LZTGR) and putting forward approaches to solve the environmental problems are very important. LZTGR involves a wide field of problems, such as the landslides, potential water pollution, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, land cover changes, and other issues. The Three Gorges dam (TGD) is a major trigger of environmental change in the Yangtze River. The landslides, water quality, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, dam operation, and challenge for land use are closely interrelated across spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, the ecological and environmental impacts caused by TGD are necessarily complex and uncertain. LZTGR is not only a great environmental challenge but also an ecological opportunity for us. In fact, LZTGR is an important structural unit of TGR ecosystem and has special ecosystem services function. Vegetation growing in LZTGR is therefore a valuable resource due to accumulation of carbon and nutrients. Everyone thinks that the ecological approach to the problem is needed. If properly designed, dike–pond systems, littoral woods systems, and re-created waterfowl habitats will have the capacity to capture nutrients from uplands and obstruct soil erosion. Ecological engineering approaches can therefore reduce environmental impacts of LZTGR and optimize ecological services. In view of the current situation and existing ecological problems of LZTGR, according to function demands such as environmental purification, biodiversity conservation, and vegetation carbon sink enhancement, we should explore the eco-friendly utilization mode of resources in LZTGR. Ecological engineering approaches might minimize the impacts or optimize the ecological services. Natural regeneration and ecological restoration in LZTGR are valuable for soil erosion decrease, pollutant purification, biodiversity conservation, carbon sink increase, and ecosystem health maintenance in TGR.     

刍议长三角地区的生态建设

长三角地区城市化和工业化带来区域经济迅猛发展的同时,也导致了长三角生态系统组分比例失调、结构缺损、功能丧失、环境容量萎缩等生态问题.湿地兼有自然"肾"、"肺"双功能.利用长三角地区湿地生态系统的独特性和内在优势,加强湿地生态建设、生态保护、生态恢复与生态重建,拓展环境容量,可保障该区域可持续发展的实现.从地质地貌、自然史发展、自然经济学和区域发展等角度探讨了长三角地区湿地的生态服务价值的现存价值和理论价值,分析讨论了长三角自然湿地、城市区湿地和农业区湿地的生态建设思路.