黄花忍冬夜间访花昆虫调查

采用夜间网捕、无味胶粘、固定捕网等方法对黄花忍冬夜间访花昆虫进行调查,根据对所收集标本分类得出该夜间访花昆虫的基本类群组成主要有夜蛾科占54%、螟蛾科占20%、卷蛾科占20%、豆象科占3%、叶蝉占3%等,其中以螟蛾科和夜蛾科所收集到数量最多,分别是9只和19只.其活动时间分析表明,在夜间19∶00~23∶00时间段内各种类活跃程度较高,对植物的到访较为频繁图1,表2,参12.     

九顶山西坡汶川段维管植物区系研究

汶川是"五·一二"特大地震的中心地带,也是受灾最为严重的区域.本文基于震前3 a的实地调查资料,对龙门山脉主峰--九顶山西坡汶川段的植物区系进行了系统分析,以期为灾后生物多样性的监测评估提供依据.在对九顶山西坡汶川雁门沟的野外调查中共发现维管植物111科、363属、733种,其中有种子植物94科、333属、687种.科的物种丰富性很高,含10种以上的种子植物科有19个,含216属、455种植物,分别占该区维管植物总属数和总种数的59.50%和62.07%,是该区植物区系构成的主导成分.种子植物区系成分复杂,15种分布类型在该区均有分布;温带分布的属和种远远超过热带分布类型,体现了该植物区系明显的温带性质.在东亚分布类型中,属于中国-喜马拉雅类型的属和种所占比例远远高于中国-日本成分,说明九顶山虽处于中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区与中国-日本森林植物亚区的交界线附近,但其西坡汶川段依然属于中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区的范畴.有367个中国特有种分布于该区,占物种总数的53.42%,其中半数以上的物种属于中国西南特有种或横断山区特有种,进一步证明中国西南高山区特别是横断山地区是温带植物物种的分化中心这一事实.图1表5参11     

重庆大木山木本植物区系及植物资源特点

基于野外调查资料,对位于三峡库区腹心地带的大木山的木本植物区系及资源特点进行研究,以期为该地区生物多样性保护和可持续利用提供依据.野外调查共发现木本植物738种,隶属于86科、288属.其中裸子植物6科、10属、15种,双子叶植物77科、271属、699种,单子叶植物3科、7属、24种.乔木268种,灌木398种,木质藤本72种.科的组成优势现象十分明显,含10种以上的科有26个,包含164属、526种植物,分别占该区木本植物总属数和总种数的56.94%和71.27%,是该区木本植物区系构成的主导成分.木本植物区系成分复杂,属的分布类型有14个,种的分布类型有12个,区系具有明显的过渡性特征.有483个中国特有种分布于该地区,占总种数的65.71%,其中27.12%的物种为华中植物区特有种.13个地区的聚类分析表明大木山与华中植物区和华东植物区关系最为密切.木本植物资源以药用、材用、观赏、食用类为主,古老孑遗植物和珍稀濒危植物丰富.图l表5参35     

长白山红松阔叶林不同恢复阶段蛾类组成和多样性研究

研究了长白山地区不同恢复阶段的红松阔叶林内蛾类的物种组成和多样性,分析了蛾类科属组成与林分不同恢复阶段间的关系.结果表明,2006～2007年调查蛾类23科,410种,共计6520头.红松阔叶林Ⅱ(MF)内物种多度以及Fisher'a和eH最高,4个林分内蛾类种-多度关系均趋于对数级数分布,符合生态位优先占领假说.单因素ANOVA分析表明,苔蛾科(Lithosiidae)、夜蛾科(Noctuidae)、螟蛾科(Pyralidae)、灯蛾科(Arctiidae)和卷蛾科(Tortricidae)蛾类物种数与林分干扰恢复程度显著相关,尺蛾科(Geometridae)、刺蛾科(Limacodidae)、天蛾科(Sphingidae)、舟蛾科(Notodontidae)蛾类头数与林分恢复阶段相关不显著.     

大兴安岭中段五岔沟地区蝶类多样性及区系分析

为了解大兴安岭中段地区蝶类群落结构及地理区系特点,2019年7—8月在五岔沟地区选取山地草甸、山地落叶阔叶林、沼泽草甸、农田和山地针叶林5种生境对蝴蝶多样性进行调查。结果表明,共观测记录蝴蝶5科44属65种856只,蛱蝶科为优势类群,灰蝶科、粉蝶科为常见类群,弄蝶科、凤蝶科为罕见类群。突角小粉蝶(Leptidea amurensis)、阿芬眼蝶(Aphantopus hyperantus)、绿豹蛱蝶(Argynnis paphia)、灿福蛱蝶(Fabriciana adippe)和蛇眼蝶(Minois dryas)为研究区优势种。不同生境蝶类多样性分析结果表明,山地草甸生境多样性指数(3.115 2)和均匀度指数(0.898 8)最高,山地落叶阔叶林生境丰富度指数(6.838 6)最高,农田生境优势度指数(0.089 2)最高。5种生境相似性分析结果表明,不同生境之间物种相似性系数均在0.25～0.50之间,为中等不相似。区系分析结果表明研究区蝶类以古北-东洋界共有种为主(46种),占总数的70.77%。在中国地理区系中,蒙新区分布有65种(100%),其次为东北区,分布有62种(95.38%)。在内蒙古地理区系中,大兴安岭山地亚区分布有65种(100%),其次为内蒙古高原亚区,分布有57种(87.69%)。     

四川海螺沟风景区大型真菌资源调查及评价

位于贡嘎山东坡的海螺沟风景区有着特殊的自然地理条件和优越的生态环境,但其大型真菌资源以前报道很少,也从未进行全面考察.采用实地调查、采集标本和室内鉴定的方法对海螺沟风景区的大型真菌资源进行了调查研究.共发现大型真菌110种,分属于24科,多孔菌科、白蘑科、红菇科、丝膜菌科、鬼伞科、牛肝菌科、鹅膏菌科的种类及数量占优势.木生菌占总数的26%,土生菌占总数的36%,外生菌根菌有40种,占总数的36%,粪生菌有3种.其中有一半分布在阔叶林中,30%分布在针叶林中,20%分布于混交林内,极少菌类出现在草地和灌丛中.从经济价值上来讲,该地区真菌种质资源丰富,有食用价值的有74种,具有药用或抗癌作用的有45种,有很好的开发利用前景.     

双台河口自然保护区滨海湿地的维管束植物区系特征

辽宁双台河口自然保护区滨海湿地维管束植物区系中有56科117属155种维管束植物,有蔷薇科、菊科、禾本科、蓼科、豆科、唇形科、香蒲科、眼子菜科、莎草科等9大科51属76种,9大科的属数、种数占区系总属数和总种数的43.59%、49.03%;区系内小科、单种属多,说明科、属的分化程度较高。区系中有15种盐生植物、25种水生植物、34种湿生植物、79种中生植物和4种旱生植物,湿地植被的优势种和建群种均为盐生植物、水生植物和湿生植物,这表明保护区内滨海湿地植被的形成不仅受海水、土壤盐渍化影响,更受辽河径流淡水的影响。区系中有地面芽植物、地下芽植物72种,占总种数的46.45%,说明冷湿气候对保护区内滨海湿地植被的形成有重要作用。区系中有世界分布属31属,占区系总属数的26.50%,这反映了湿地植被的隐域性;有温带分布属57属、热带分布属23属,分别占区系总属数的48.72%、19.66%,这分别表明保护区滨海湿地植被具有一定的地带性特征,雨量充沛、冬季气温较高的海洋性气候特征对湿地中起源于热带的维管束植物生存限制较小。     

广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性(2005～2010)

为探讨城市化对鸟类群落的影响,2005～2010年对广州南沙红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明:共记录鸟类149种,隶属于16目42科97属;其中冬候鸟或旅鸟77种,占51.7%,留鸟63种,占42.3%,夏候鸟9种,占6.0%;鸟类群落呈现出较强的季节性,从总体上看,物种数和总数量呈现秋冬季高峰,夏季最低.红树林湿地区具有最高的鸟类物种多样性与科属多样性,物种多样性和科属多样性变化趋势表现为红树林湿地区>河涌林带区>水域区.南沙红树林湿地的保护对丰富鸟类群落多样性具有重要作用.     

茶刺蛾危害后茶树挥发性有机化合物释放变化

为筛选引诱天敌昆虫的化学信息素,以应用其防控茶刺蛾(Iragoides fasciata Moore),研究了茶树[Camelliasinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]被茶刺蛾危害后释放出的挥发性有机物的变化.应用同时萃取蒸馏法收集被茶刺蛾危害和未危害的茶叶的挥发性有机化合物,气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析结果发现,未受害枝叶挥发性有机化合物共有63种组分,主要由酯类、醇类、烃类、酮类、杂环化合物、醛类、有机酸和醚类组成,烃类物质的相对含量占19.05%,而受害枝叶释放出的挥发物中烃类物质的相对含量增加到26.79%,反式-橙花叔醇、雪松醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯甲酸二异丁酯相对含量显著增加,此外,产生了32种新的组分,包括10种酯类、5种醇类、5种烯烃类、4种杂环类、3种芳香烃类、3种烷烃类、1种醛和1种酮.     

湖南省特有植物的分布

湖南省特有植物共计235种(含种下等级;下同),归110属52科,其中蕨类植物25种,裸子植物3种,被子植物207种(双子叶植物和单子叶植物各计125和82种),主要集中于Theaceae,Rosaceae,Dryopteridaceae,Urticaceae,Ericacaeae,Gesneriaceaea,Labiatae(=Lamiaceae)和Gramineae(=Poaceae)等8科,共计155种,占全省总特有种数的65.96%.湖南特有植物所归的属的分布区类型以北温带,热带亚洲,泛热带及中国特有成分为主,分别占总数的20.00%,19.09%,13.64%和13.64%.从水平分布上看,湖南省特有植物主要分布于西北部,计77种,占全省总特有种数的32 17%;其次是西南部与南部,各有51和50种,分别占全省总特有种数的21.70%和21.28%,从垂直分布上看,它们主要分布于中山地带(海拔800-1 600m),计108种,占全省总特有种数的45.80%;其次是低山地带(海拔300-800m),计84种,占全省总特有种数的35.88%。     

Parasitism and ecological relationships among deep-sea benthic fishes

We have studied the metazoan parasite fauna of 52 species of deep-living benthic fishes from depths of 53 to 5000m off the New York Bight (39–49°N; 70–72°W). 17144 parasites were recovered from 1712 fishes. The infestation rate was 80%, with an average of 12.5 worms per host. Percentage occurrence by group among all fishes was Monogenea 12.9%, Digenea 48%, Cestoda 22.1%, Nematoda 54.5%, Acanthocephala 3.8%, and Copepoda 4.5%. Differing composition of the parasite fauna in different fish species reflects differences in diet. Specialized feeders are rather distinct; generalized feeders, which predominate, show overlaps in parasite fauna. In individual species, changes in diet with growth are reflected in changes in the parasite fauna. Infestation rate is directly related to abundance of the free-living fauna; hence, fish from within the submarine canyon are more heavily infested than those living without. Although it contains fewer families and genera than shallow faunas, the deep-sea parasite fauna is not extremely unusual in terms of its abundance, diversity, or host specificity. At the greatest depths, parasite abundance and diversity dramatically decline.     

长沙市白蚁种类及危害情况调查

报道了长沙市区危害房屋及园林树木的白蚁种类及危害状况，经5年调查(2000年-2004年)结果表明：长沙市(不包括长、望、浏、宁四县)共有白蚁2科17种．主要危害房屋的为散白蚁及台湾乳白蚁，危害园林树木的是黑翅土白蚁及黄翅大白蚁．讨论了区系特点及近年危害新状况。     

Pollution, Habitat Destruction, and Biodiversity in Poland

In the past 50 years, Poland has experienced unprecedented deterioration of the environment and loss of biodiversity. Emissions of toxic gases, such as SO₂, have reached 3 to 4 million tons annually, widely affecting flora, fauna, and human health. Almost all surface waters are heavily polluted. More than 75% of the water in the Vistula, Poland's largest river, is unsuitable even for industrial use. Environmental pollution, habitat loss and fragmentation, and industrialization of agricultural lands and forests have contributed to the loss of biodiversity. As many as 2500 plant species may be endangered (≈25% of all species) and approximately 228 (≈2%) have been extirpated from Poland. The largest losses of flora and fauna have occurred in wetland ecosystems. Among vertebrate species, 15 (≈2%) have been lost and more than 210 (another 30%) are endangered. Given the current economic uncertainty, it is difficult to predict future trends in pollutant emissions and their effects on Poland's biological diversity.     

Quantitative Untersuchungen zur Ökologie der Gastrotrichen in Gezeiten-Sandstrand der Insel Sylt

Quantitative investigations were made on the distribution of 21 species of Gastrotricha Macrodasyoidea and 2 species of Chaetonotoidea in 10 different tidal beach areas of the island Sylt (North Sea). Most species live in the upper few centimeters of sandy flats near the low tide level. We counted up to 989 Gastrotricha in 50 cm³ of sediment. This group comprises up to 24% of the total interstitial fauna in about 25 samples. The beach slopes are inhabited by different species which are much less abundant (up to 165 animals per 50 cm³ sediment, and up to 7% of the total interstitial fauna). Each species inhabits a distinct zone of the sand flat or the beach slope. These zones run parallel to the water line and follow one another in a characteristic succession from the sublittoral to the supralittoral. It is assumed that several factors, controlled by exposure — e.g. variations of temperature and salinity as well as oxygen avilability — are responsible for the distribution patterns observed.     

Use of surrogate species to cost-effectively prioritize conservation actions

Conservation efforts often focus on umbrella species whose distributions overlap with many other flora and fauna. However, because biodiversity is affected by different threats that are spatially variable, focusing only on the geographic range overlap of species may not be sufficient in allocating the necessary actions needed to efficiently abate threats. We developed a problem-based method for prioritizing conservation actions for umbrella species that maximizes the total number of flora and fauna benefiting from management while considering threats, actions, and costs. We tested our new method by assessing the performance of the Australian federal government's umbrella prioritization list, which identifies 73 umbrella species as priorities for conservation attention. Our results show that the federal government priority list benefits only 6% of all Australia's threatened terrestrial species. This could be increased to benefit nearly half (or 46%) of all threatened terrestrial species for the same budget of AU$550 million/year if more suitable umbrella species were chosen. This results in a 7-fold increase in management efficiency. We believe nations around the world can markedly improve the selection of prioritized umbrella species for conservation action with this transparent, quantitative, and objective prioritization approach.     

The ecology of two sandy beaches in south west India. I. Seasonal changes in physical and chemical factors,and in the macrofauna

Changes during one year in the fauna of two beaches in south India are described in relation to the nutrient content of the water and sand, and the physical changes brought about by the south-west monsoon. At both beaches, the most stable conditions were reached in the pre-monsoon months when the greatest number of species occurred and when there was marked zonation. During the monsoon, erosion took place and only actively migrating species remained to form a permanent element of the beach fauna. Data on population density and biomass indicate markedly seasonal recruitment and rapid growth of individual species, most of which are suspension feeders.     

四川喇叭河自然保护区的两栖爬行动物垂直分布及保护区型式

四川省喇叭河自然保护区已知分布有39种两栖爬行动物，本文对在该地区海拔700-2600m的地段划分为19个小带，并对其物种多样性的分布特点和分布规律进行了研究．结果表明：两栖爬行动物在保护区内具有明显的垂直分布现象，海拔900-1099m过渡带和2100-2299m过渡带是该地物种保护的关键地区，该区域具有物种丰富、区系复杂和生态脆弱等特点；因此，在规划建设和旅游开发过程中应避免对该区域的影响，同时保护区的规划应遵循物种多样性的分布规律，合理设计保护区的空间格局，初步提出了多核心、多层次的保护区新型式．图5表2参16     

Patterns of the Remnant Cichlid Fauna in Southern Lake Victoria

During the years 1984–1987 Lake Victoria in East Africa experienced what is probably the largest mass extinction of contemporary vertebrates. Within a decade about 200 endemic species of haplochromine cichlids disappeared. The extinctions that occurred in the 1980s have been documented predominantly on species of offshore and sub-littoral waters in the Mwanza Gulf of southern Lake Victoria. Although the littoral fauna of southern Lake Victoria had not been examined in detail, their diversity seemed less affected by the changes in the ecosystem. We give results of the first comprehensive inventory of the littoral cichlid fauna in southern Lake Victoria and discuss its conservation status. We also report on new developments in the sub-littoral fauna after 1990. More than 50 littoral and 15 sub-littoral stations were sampled between the years 1991 to 1995. Of the littoral stations, 34 were sampled for the first time. One hundred sixty three species of haplochromines were collected. Of these, 102 species were previously unknown. About two thirds of them live in rocky areas that were sampled for the first time. Littoral rocky habitats harbored the highest diversity. Since 1990, however, 13 more species disappeared from established sampling stations in littoral habitats. Fishing practices, spreading of exotic fishes, water hyacinth, and eutrophication are considered important threats to the littoral fauna. Also in the upper sub-littoral the number of species declined further. On deeper sub-littoral mud bottoms individual and species numbers increased again, although they are nowhere close to those found before the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) upsurge. This fauna differs from the well studied pre-Nile perch fauna. At well-established sampling stations, the sub-littoral zone is dominated by previously unknown species, and some known species have performed dramatic habitat shifts.     

Extinction Rates of North American Freshwater Fauna

Abstract: Since 1900, 123 freshwater animal species have been recorded as extinct in North America. Hundreds of additional species of fishes, mollusks, crayfishes, and amphibians are considered imperiled. Using an exponential decay model, we derived recent and future extinction rates for North American freshwater fauna that are five times higher than those for terrestrial fauna. Assuming that imperiled freshwater species will not survive throughout the next century, our model projects a future extinction rate of 4% per decade, which suggests that North America's temperate freshwater ecosystems are being depleted of species as rapidly as tropical forests.     

Effects of Habitat Area on the Distribution of Grassland Birds in Maine

We used multiple and logistic regression analysis to study the breeding-area requirements of 10 species of grassland and early-successional birds at 90 grassland-barren sites in Maine. The incidence of six of the species was clearly sensitive to the area of grassland. Upland Sandpipers, the species with the largest area requirements, were infrequent at sites of less than 50 ha and reached 50% incidence at those of about 200 ha. Grasshopper Sparrows reached 50% incidence at about 100 ha, Vesper Sparrows at about 20 ha, and Savannah Sparrows at about 10 ha. Incidence for three edge species, Brown Thrasher, Common Yellowthroat, and Song Sparrow, was negatively correlated with open area, and incidence for Field Sparrows was not strongly influenced by grassland size. These results indicate that grasslands need to be approximately 200 ha in area if they are to be likely to support a diverse grass land bird fauna. However, large grasslands or grassland-barrens are rare; random samples indicated that in Maine only 1% of hayfields and only 8% of grassland-barrens were more than 64 ha in area. Conservation efforts seeking to protect habitat for rare grassland birds need to consider sites of at least 100 ha—and preferably 200 ha—in size, and these are notably rare in Maine and probably throughout New England and eastern North America. Airports provide some of the last extensive patches of grassland habitat in the northeast. To maintain viable populations of area-sensitive grassland birds, management of these sites for nesting birds will become increasingly important.