Study on Flood Disasters in China

The occurrence of a flood disaster is a reflection of both nature and society:natural condition of aflood disaster is the appearance of floodwater,which is requisite;while the social-economic causeas a sufficient condition lies in human activities.We can classify flood disasters into fourcategories according to their formation mechanism and regional characteristics:burst,overflow,flood catastrophe and deluge.China is a country of frequent flood disasters.From2 0 0 B.C.to1 949,there had occurr…     

西藏公路水毁灾害

位于我国西南边陲、青藏高原西南部的西藏,由于特殊的地质地貌条件和气候影响,公路水毁灾害十分严重。本文就西藏公路水毁灾害的基本特点、类型、主要因素和发展趋势进行了剖析。     

江苏省洪涝灾害评估系统设计

为了迅速、合理地预测和评估洪涝灾害造成的经济损失,为防汛决策提供科学依据,从江苏省洪涝灾害防治的实际需求出发,进行了江苏省洪涝灾情评估系统的总体设计,并阐明了系统的特点,结构和功能。     

1998年中国洪灾与减灾对策

分析了 1998年中国洪灾的原因 ,并提出了相应的防灾、减灾对策     

泾河流域1644-2003年洪涝灾害和洪水沉积特征研究

通过对泾河流域1644-2003年洪涝灾害历史文献资料的搜集、整理和分析,对该时期泾河流域洪涝灾害等级、洪涝灾害时空变化特征及其成因进行研究。同时结合泾河下游洪水沉积剖面,对该时期洪水特征进行分析。研究表明:泾河流域1644-2003年发生洪涝灾害总计165次,平均每2.18年发生一次。主要以中度涝灾为主,其次为大涝灾,轻度涝灾和特大涝灾发生次数较少。1644-2003年,泾河流域的洪涝灾害总体呈现不断增加的特点,泾河流域洪涝灾害发生频次最高的是在1894-1953年,发生频次最低的是在1644-1723年。泾河流域发生的165次洪涝灾害中,上游发生的洪涝灾害最多,其次为下游,中游最少,上、中、下游同时发生的洪涝灾害为4级特大涝灾。不同阶段气候的冷暖干湿变化和人类活动对泾河流域植被的破坏是泾河流域发生洪涝灾害的主要原因。1644-2003年的洪涝灾害在泾河下游形成了2.56 m厚的河漫滩洪水沉积剖面,该剖面沉积层主要由特大涝灾、部分大涝灾和中度涝灾形成,剖面记录的洪水频次比历史文献记录的洪水频次要明显少。     

我国重大气候灾害特征、形成机理和预测研究

简要地介绍了我国气候灾害的种类、时空分布特征及其造成的经济损失；并从东亚气候系统海一陆- 气相互作用的观点，结合１９９８年夏季长江、松花江和嫩江流域特大洪涝发生的具体实例分析了我国气候灾害发生的主要原因；此外，还回顾了目前我国气候预测的实际情况。提出了关于气候灾害预测研究中急待解决的几个问题．     

Fiji's worst natural disaster: the 1931 hurricane and flood

At least 225 people in the Fiji Islands died as a result of the 1931 hurricane and flood, representing the largest loss of life from a natural disaster in Fiji's recent history. This paper explores the causes of disaster and the potential for recurrence. The disaster occurred because a rare event surprised hundreds of people—especially recently settled Indian farmers—occupying highly exposed floodplains in north‐west Viti Levu island. The likelihood of a flood disaster of such proportions occurring today has been diminished by changed settlement patterns and building materials; however, a trend towards re‐occupancy of floodplains, sometimes in fragile dwellings, is exposing new generations to flood risks. The contribution of this paper to the global hazards literature is set out in three sections: the ethnicity, gender and age of flood fatalities; the naturalness of disasters; and the merit of choice and constraint as explanations for patterns of vulnerability.     

中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施耦合协调性研究

结构式与非结构式减灾措施是构成洪涝灾害防治体系的两个相互补充、相互促进的子系统,基于2008—2018年的面板数据,构建中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施耦合协调度评价指标体系,引入耦合协调度模型测度中国洪涝灾害结构式与非结构式减灾措施建设水平以及两者间的耦合度和耦合协调度,以期进一步提升我国洪涝灾害防治体系的防灾减...     

洪灾对柳州可持续发展的影响及减灾对策

通过对柳州市洪灾特点的分析,探讨了洪灾对柳州市经济、社会可持续发展的制约作用,提出洪灾的治理必须走可发展的道路,采用工程措施和非工程措施相结合的对策。     

湖南省城市洪灾成因及防治对策

针对湖南省特殊的地理条件、致灾的天气系统、脆弱的生态环境、较低的防洪能力,研究了湖南省城市洪水灾害的主要成因,分析归纳出湖南省城市洪涝灾害的基本特点.在此基础上,根据湖南省城市社会经济可持续发展的需求,提出了洪灾的防治对策.     

An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths

The objective of this paper is to investigate and to improve understanding of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. A standardised method of classifying flood deaths is proposed and the difficulties associated with comparing and assessing existing information on flood deaths are discussed. Thirteen flood cases from Europe and the United States, resulting in 247 flood disaster fatalities, were analysed and taken as indicative of flood disaster deaths. Approximately two-thirds of the deaths occurred through drowning. Thus, a substantial number of flood disaster fatalities are not related to drowning. Furthermore, males are highly vulnerable to dying in floods and unnecessary risk-taking behaviour contributes significantly to flood disaster deaths. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent loss of life in floods. To provide a more solid basis for the formulation of prevention strategies, better systematic recording of flood fatalities is suggested, especially those caused by different types of floods in all countries.     

基于洪灾发生频率的辽宁省汛期分期研究

以辽宁省近55年(1956-2010年)历史洪涝灾害为研究对象,依据洪涝灾害在年内各时段的发生频率,进行汛期划分.从55年的洪灾资料中共摘录洪灾44次,其中一般灾害27次,严重灾害17次.根据各候一般灾害和严重灾害次数,确定辽宁省汛期为6月1日-9月5日,主汛期为7月11日-8月20日.55年的洪涝灾害统计表明,汛期一般洪灾和严重洪灾所占比例达到100％,主汛期严重灾害比例达到100％,一般洪灾比例达到70.4％.汛期降水和径流占全年60％以上,主汛期占全年30％～40％.与辽宁省主要流域代表性水文站点降水和径流汛期分期结果的对比分析表明,洪涝灾害的发生时间、频率、等级能够反映降水和径流的年内变化特征,重大灾害的出现与主汛期的出现具有同步性.     

建立洪水灾情等级模型的实用方案

为检验已订的洪水灾情等级标准的合理性,提出了一种新的洪水灾情模型－逻辑斯谛曲线（ＬＯＧ）模型,它的灾级是连续的实数值。根据ＬＯＧ模型参数值可以分析各灾情指标值对灾级的影响程度,从而检验原订灾级标准的合理性;并给出了基于实码遗传算法的ＬＯＧ建模的实施方案。实例研究说明了这套方案是实用和通用的,在其它灾情等级评估中也具有广泛的应用价值。     

“历史模型”与灾害研究

灾害研究涉及多学科的交叉领域．水灾“历史模型”的研究方法是循社会科学的历史科学与自然科学的水利学科相结合的研究途径．将“历史模型”引人灾害研究．增强了研究与自然环境和社会经济密切相关的灾害问题的能力．本文论述了“历史模型”方法及其在灾害问题研究中的应用．     

鄱阳湖洪灾特征与圩区还湖减灾运用方式研究

根据水文资料,分析了鄱阳湖入湖五大河流来水与长江水情对鄱阳湖洪灾的影响和鄱阳湖洪水位的频率特征,探讨了湖区中小圩区"高水还湖滞洪,低水种植养殖"的减灾运行方式对湖区防洪减灾可以起到的作用。     

上海地区洪涝致灾因子复合概率及未来变化分析

根据上海地区三阶段(1970-2004年,2020-2054年和2060-2094年)四要素(降水、吴淞口风速、太湖流域面雨量、吴淞口潮位)提取年极值时间序列,采用GEV分布首先开展"雨洪风潮"各致灾因子气候变化分析,结果显示:"雨洪风潮"各致灾因子年极值受气候变化影响均呈增加趋势;进而基于Copula联合函数中的三维...     

'It'll never happen to me': understanding public awareness of local flood risk

Following the severe flood events of 1998 and 2000, the United Kingdom's Environment Agency prioritised the need to increase public flood risk awareness. Drawing on data collected during research undertaken for the Environment Agency, this paper contributes to understanding of one aspect of flood awareness: people's recognition that their property is in an area that is potentially at risk of flooding. Quantitative analyses indicate that class is the most influential factor in predicting flood risk awareness, followed by flood experience and length of time in residence. There are also significant area differences. Our qualitative work explores how those defined as 'at risk' account for their lack of awareness or concern about their risk status. We conclude that the problem is often not simply a lack of awareness, but rather, assessments of local risk based on experience that underestimate the impact of rare or extreme events. We underline the importance of engaging with local perspectives on risk and making local people part of 'awareness-raising' processes.     

1949～1998年中国大洪涝灾害若干特征分析

根据1949~1998年大洪涝灾害资料、运用一般统计方法和分形理论,分析了1949~1998年大洪涝灾害的若干特征,得出大洪涝灾害的发生频率在不断增加、受灾农田面积波动上升、空间上以长江和珠江流域为主、季节上集中在6~8月份等特征,并探讨了大洪涝灾害时间序列上的分形特征。     

1949年长江流域大洪水分析

1949长江流域 6月～ 9月持续降雨 ,上游降雨总量超过中下游 ,有些测站为实测以来最大 ,洪水过程包括多次洪峰。长江干流洪峰流量较一般 ,但其长历时洪量和年径流量较为稀遇。上游来水比重大 ,宜昌以上 30 d总入流占汉口以上的 2 / 3以上。灾情以中下游为最大     

Trauma and short-fuse weather warning perceptions

The purpose of this research was to assess the importance of psychological trauma in understanding reactions to short lead time weather warnings. The research consisted of two case studies, one in Denver, Colorado and the other in Austin, Texas. A total of 61 individuals with 9 or greater traumas were compared to 281 non-trauma exposed individuals. Results demonstrated significant differences on questions related to general beliefs about flash floods and warning perceptions as well as reported anticipated actions during a flash flood at home. Results suggest high trauma exposure may lead to more threat sensitivity and a higher probability of initiated action in a home-based flash flood.