哒嗪硫磷废水综合预处理研究

为处理河北省某农药厂生产过程中产生的高浓度哒嗪硫磷废水,研究采用过滤除油-加酸中和-过滤-混凝技术对该废水进行综合预处理。采用该工艺进行预处理后COD<3000mg/L,预处理后水质基本稳定,可生化性能提高,符合后续生化处理的水质要求,在去除COD和S2-的同时回收硫磺和硫化钠,体现循环经济,清洁生产工艺思想。     

Pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations

Human exposures to pesticides can occur in the workplace, in the household and through the ambient environment. While several articles have reviewed the impact of pesticide exposures on human respiratory health in occupational settings, to the best of our knowledge, this article is the first one to review published studies on the association between pesticide exposures and human respiratory health in the general populations. In this article, we critically reviewed evidences up to date studying the associations between non-occupational pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations. This article also highlighted questions arising from these studies, including our recent analyses using the data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), for future research. We found few studies have addressed the impact of environmental pesticide exposures on respiratory health, especially on lung function, in general populations. In the studies using the data from CHMS Cycle 1, exposures to OP insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, and the organochlorine pesticide DDT were associated with impaired lung function in the Canadian general population, but no significant associations were observed for the herbicide 2,4-D. Future research should focus on the potential age-specific and pesticide-specific effect on respiratory health in the general population, and repeated longitudinal study design is critical for assessing the temporal variations in pesticide exposures. Research findings from current studies of non-occupational pesticide exposures and their health impact in general population will help to improve the role of regulatory policies in mitigating pesticide-related public health problems, and thereafter providing greater benefit to the general population.     

工程菌增效/双膜工艺改造农药化工污凝水处理工程实例及运行分析

农药化工废水水质复杂、可生化性差,采用传统生物工艺的处理难度大且效果不理想。针对国内某农药化工废水蒸发后产生的污凝水,采用常规生物处理后,出水化学需氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）及氨氮（NH₃-N）不能达到当地污水处理厂收纳标准的问题,该项目采用外部投加工程菌以提高原生化单元的污水理效能,并增设超滤和反渗透双膜工艺以保障出水水质。改造后的工艺系统调试表明,工程菌增效提升了生化处理单元对污水COD及TN的去除率（分别达到85%与67%）,双膜工艺保障处理后,水质[ρ（COD）<500 mg/L,ρ（TN）<70 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）<45 mg/L]达到下游污水处理厂的收纳标准。经成本核算,该厂污凝水处理项目运行成本为52.77元/t。工程菌增效/双膜工艺改造方案实现了对该厂污水的达标处理排放。     

农药废水的处理技术进展与展望

综述了近年来农药废水治理技术方法,以草甘磷废水治理技术为例,列举了氧化法、吸附法、生化法对农药废水的治理效果,展望了新的农药废水处理技术,主要包括电化学法、高级氧化法和联合处理法等处理方法。     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins (‘Mondego’, ‘Sado’ and ‘Tejo’) on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions (msPAFs) were obtained. The median msPAF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins(‘Mondego', ‘Sado' and ‘Tejo') on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions(SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions(ms PAFs) were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

基于生命周期评价EI99法的水泥窑共处置废弃农药分析

以废弃农药为研究对象,应用生命周期评价法从人类健康(HH)、生态系统质量(EQ)和资源(R)3个角度对水泥窑共处置和焚烧炉处置的环境影响做出定性和定量评估.结果表明,废弃农药在水泥窑中共处置更具环境合理性.在水泥窑共处置和焚烧炉处置中,功能单位(1t)废弃农药总环境负荷(也称为环境影响潜值)分别为-27.5和0.379Pt,前者的环境负荷比后者减少了7360%,人类健康(HH)、生态系统质量(EQ)和资源(R)等各指标分别减少372%、5840%、-40.0%.废弃农药水泥窑共处置在原/燃料的获取阶段可避免57.4%的环境负荷,是降低水泥窑共处置环境影响的关键环节.焚烧和电力生产阶段的污染排放对焚烧炉处置中各指标都有很高的贡献率.二英、苯、重金属是水泥窑共处置废弃农药的主要影响因子;NOx和粉尘对焚烧系统的影响较大.     

Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter

In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60 days using a real farmer''s pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability.     

活性污泥法处理有机磷农药废水

有机磷农药废水一般均采用预处理、生化等工艺相结合的处理方法，以使处理后的废水能够达标排放。在此．对生化处理采用推流折流鼓风曝气活性污泥法处理有机磷农药废水的工艺流程，及其参数和费用进行了分析。     

磨盘山水库周边化肥农药污染状况调查

通过对磨盘山水库周边化肥、农药污染状况的调查和监测得出,每年施用化肥将加快水库的富营养化进程,必须预防其潜在危害。     

含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能及废水治理对策

从动力学角度出发,利用长期驯化的菌种,对乙草胺,阿特拉津,西草净,赛克津等４种含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能进行了研究,并对含氮农药废水提出了治理对策,结果表明,４种含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能都很差,均属于难生物降解有机物,降解过程均符合一级降解动力学模式,它们的生物降解速率常数分别为０．００３５３Ｌ（ｇ．ｈ）,０．００５７７Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）,０．００１６０Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）,０。０４５６Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）进一     

农药废水预处理技术研究及工程实践

针对农药生产排放废水的特点 ,提出了清污分流、分质处理的思路 ,研究并实施了对农药生产废水进行预处理 生化处理技术 ,废水排放达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978 96 )的要求。     

有机磷农药废水的产生及处理

农药工业是中国化学工业主要行业之一,有机磷农药在中国的农药结构中占有较高的份额,农药的"三废"问题以废水最为严峻和突出.有机磷农药是由有毒的化学原料合成的一种化学农药,合成过程中要排放出大量废水,每合成1吨农药约消耗3-4t化工原料,排放废水3-2t,且废水污染物浓度高.在分析了不同的有机磷农药其废水的产生来源,实际工作中接触到的淄博农药生产厂家几种主要有机磷农药废水的水量、水质.如何用有机磷农药废水常用的处理方法及回收利用.     

Indirect benefits of P2 technical assistance estimated using fuzzy set theory

Twenty small-to-medium sized business clients who had been previously provided pollution prevention (P2) technical assistance were studied to account for four difficult to quantify indirect benefits. The difficult to quantify benefits studied were reduced operational costs, regulatory burden, future liabilities and time saved from the research or technical assistance provided. Many (70%) clients who implemented new technologies realized operating cost reductions. Frequently (70%) clients who implemented P2 suggestions that reduce the disposal of hazardous waste realized reductions in regulatory burden and future liabilities. Most (90%) clients perceived that the research assistance saved their staff time. On average, clients in this study realized indirect savings of similar magnitude to their direct savings regardless of the scale or type of assistance. This study illustrates the value realized by a business of indirect benefits from pollution prevention implementation, which is particularly important now that publicly traded U.S. companies must disclosure financially significant environmental liabilities.     

农药废水生物处理可行性技术研究

采用静态及动态小试实验研究，得到农药厂废水处理的最佳工艺流程及运行控制条件，从而为实际工程设计及运行提供的可靠的依据。     

A survey of the use of IPM by New York apple producers

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was first introduced to New York apple growers in 1975 through an Extension pilot program. Since that time, growers have become aware of the methods, results and potential benefits of following an IPM approach in their orchards. Differences in pesticide use, demography and behavior between IPM users and non-users are presented in this study. Results showed that > 80% of the apple producers in New York State (NY) incorporate some aspect of IPM into their pest control strategies. IPM users were younger and better educated and had less farm experience than non-users. Cornell Cooperative Extension was considered a primary source of written pest management and pesticide information to NY growers. However, agricultural sales persons were also considered useful by the growers for making pest management decisions. Growers that employed comprehensive IPM practices used 30% less insecticides, 47% less miticides and 10% less fungicides than growers that did not use IPM practices. This resulted in 235 kg active ingredient ha⁻¹ not having to be absorbed by the environment and saved IPM apple growers an average of US$ 95.80 ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over an 11-year period (1976–1986) without significantly affecting fruit quality.     

UASB-SBR工艺处理高浓度有机农药废水中试研究

介绍了UASB-SBR组合新工艺处理高浓度难降解有机农药废水技术。针对湖北沙隆达农药公司清污分流后的浓污水COD浓度高,可生化性差,运行费用高的情况,先采用UASB处理技术,COD去除率平均达到58.3%,可生化性系数由0.26左右提高到0.34左右,色度去除率平均为70%;接着采用SBR技术做接口试验,COD去除率平均达到84.5%。废水处理成本由行业3~5元/kgCOD降低为1元/kgCOD。     

On the use of expert judgment to characterize uncertainties in the health benefits of regulatory controls of particulate matter

Health benefits assessment is an analytic tool used extensively by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in characterizing the costs and benefits of air quality regulations. In a 2002 review of EPA methods, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) called on EPA to more fully account for and communicate uncertainties in estimates of the health benefits of air pollution regulations. In particular, the NRC recommended that EPA use expert judgment to quantify uncertainties in cases where empirical estimates are lacking. In response, EPA developed and carried out an expert elicitation (EE) study to quantify uncertainties in the effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on mortality in the U.S. This work has yielded new estimates of the uncertainty distribution of a key relationship – the concentration–response (C–R) function – used around the world in benefits analyses for air quality regulations. This paper discusses the ways in which the EE results have informed and influenced recent regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) carried out by EPA to characterize and communicate the health benefits of regulations affecting ambient PM_2.5 concentrations. Given the growing importance of PM benefits analysis across the globe, recent developments pioneered by EPA could have widespread relevance.     

基于BP神经网络的吡虫啉农药废水纳滤分离模型

为了有效控制农药废水纳滤分离工艺运行,基于DK膜预处理吡虫啉废水的试验数据,采用神经网络算法仿真模拟了纳滤系统去除污染物的过程,建立了纳滤分离动态模型,预测了多影响因素作用下的吡虫啉农药废水中污染物去除规律和实时性动态变化,不仅完善了纳滤分离理论系统,而且模型精度满足应用要求,计算的COD、盐分去除率与实测值的相关系数大于0.99,误差在±4%范围内,为农药废水的有效治理提供了必要的技术支持。     

Tactics for resistance management using multiple pesticides

One option for controlling the spread of pesticide resistance is the coordinated use of two or more pesticides. However, strategies using two pesticides are necessarily more diverse than those using a single pesticide, and inept application may result in resistance to both pesticides in the time when a single resistance would have arisen if a single pesticide had been used.This paper uses simple genetic models to assess the relative effectiveness of different multiple-pesticide application strategies. It is concluded that there are two basic advantages of multiple-pesticide attack: increased back selection and “redundant killing”. Back selection may be enhanced by any of the basic multiple attack strategies. Redundant killing is more effective if the dosages of the two pesticides are highly positively correlated (such that if a pest individual receives a higher dose of one pesticide than the population average, then it is likely to have received a higher than average dose of the second pesticide as well). Some limitations on redundant killing are discussed; these result from the selection of doubly-resistant genotypes (accompanied by extreme linkage disequilibrium between resistance genes).