Accelerated microbial breakdown of carbofuran in soil from previously treated fields

Microbial degradation of carbofuran was rapid in acid mineral soil collected from fields in Prince Edward island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Ontario with a history of use of this insecticide and with pH ranging from 6.1 to 6.6. Concentrations of carbofuran ranging from 10 to 5000 ppm (μg active ingredient per g of over-dry-soil) degraded to levels not detectable by bioassay (< 0.2 ppm) in less than 1 day at 10 ppm, to in about 90 days at 5000 ppm. Concentrations of 200, 300 and 500 ppm of 10% carbofuran granules degraded almost as quickly as a 100-ppm application, but 1000, 2000 and 5000 ppm degraded more slowly. Soil from fields with a natural pH lower than 5.8 have not shown any evidence of rapid microbial breakdown of carbofuran.     

Metabolism of carbaryl and carbofuran in soil planted to rice

In greenhouse experiments carbaryl and carbofuran disappeared more rapidly from a soil planted to rice than from an unplanted soil under both flooded and non-flooded (60% water-holding capacity) conditions. The rate of degradation was little affected by the moisture regime. The degradation of both carbamate insecticides proceeded essentially by hydrolysis. Further degradation of the hydrolysis products, 1-naphthol from carbaryl and 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-ol from carbofuran was slow in both planted and unplanted systems. A significant portion (20–38%) of the ring ¹⁴C in carbaryl and carbofuran accumulated in the soil as the respective hydrolysis products + soil-bound residues. Evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ from the ¹⁴C (from both side chain and ring labels) in carbaryl and carbofuran was negligible even in soil planted to rice.     

14C-呋喃丹农药在水稻-土壤生态系统中迁移和归宿的研究

研究了~(14)C-呋喃丹在水稻-土壤系统中的吸收、分布、迁移、转化,结果表明,呋喃丹随时间逐渐蓄积于水稻叶尖及边缘,而稻穗部位迁移甚微,收割后糙米中母体残留量仅为0.003ppm.在稻田土、水稻植株、水生植物中主要转化产物为结合态,蜗牛中则以代谢产物为主.呋喃丹有向土壤深层转移的趋向,其转化产物比母体有更强的渗透性,水生植物有较强吸收和富集能力,并很快转化代谢.     

Nitrate formation on sea-salt and mineral particles—A single particle approach

Heterogeneous reactions of NO₂ and HNO₃ at sub-ppm levels with individual sea-salt and mineral particles were investigated. Particles deposited on filters and on electron microscope grids placed in a Teflon reaction chamber, were exposed to NO₂ or HNO₃ under controlled conditions. Experiments were carried out under dark conditions and were repeated under u.v. radiation (solar simulation). Nitrates formed on the particles were determined by bulk and individual particle analyses. Individual sea-salt and mineral particles were observed in a transmission electron microscope for the presence of nitrate on the particle surface.The formation of nitrates on sea-salt particles under dark conditions, was in the range of 0.1–3.3 mg NO₃⁻ g⁻¹ NaCl. Higher values were obtained for mineral particles: 0.2–8.2 mg NO₃⁻ g⁻¹ aerosol ([NO₂] =0.18 and 0.54 ppm; [HNO₃] = 0.04 ppm; exposure time 1–7 days; relative humidity = 70%). The formation of nitrates on sea-salt particles increased from 3.0 to 16.1 mg NO₃⁻ g⁻ NaCl when u.v. radiation was added. Mineral particles did not show a significant increase in nitrate formation under u.v. radiation.Microscopy showed that about 50% of the soil particles reacted with NO₂ and HNO₃ to form mixed nitrate particles. Almost all sea-salt particles (above 95%) reacted with both gases, although the reaction was not complete and took place only on the particle surface.Application of electron microscopy and a specific microspot technique provided direct evidence for the formation of nitrate on sea-salt and mineral particles exposed to NO₂ and HNO₃.     

覆膜与降雨类型对土壤水分及NO3--N淋失的影响

在丹江口库区青塘河五龙池小流域,以黄棕壤横垄种植玉米为例,设置覆膜与无覆膜两种处理,采用田间小区实验研究覆膜与降雨类型对0~30 cm土壤水分和NO-3-N淋失的影响.结果表明:两处理土壤含水量均随土层加深而增加,与无覆膜相比覆膜可降低0~10、10~20、20~30cm土层中的含水量.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤含水量的影响有区别,小雨时3层土壤间差异显著,含水量随土层加深急剧增加;中雨时10~20cm比0~10 cm、20~30 cm比10~20 cm分别高50.80%、6.62%,0~10 cm土壤含水量显著低于10~20 cm和20~30 cm;暴雨时含水量随土层加深增幅变小;覆膜土壤土层越深土壤含水量受降雨的影响越小.覆膜可降低0~10、10~20 cm土层中的NO-3-N淋失量,分别降低40.74%、24.48%,但会增加20~30 cm的淋失;两处理土壤NO-3-N淋失量均随土层加深而增加.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤NO-3-N淋失的影响也有区别,小雨时随土壤深度的增加淋失量增多;中雨时,0~10、20~30 cm NO-3-N淋失量分别为10~20 cm的1.75、8.41倍;暴雨时,0~10、20~30 cm分别比10~20 cm低18.97%和60.69%.土壤中NO-3-N淋失受土壤含水量的影响,且随土层加深含水量对NO-3-N淋失的影响减弱.     

Responses of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen in surface water and soil to CO2 enrichment in paddy field

Increasing evidences have shown that dissolved organic components are responsible for the significant C and N exports from terrestrial ecosystems to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems and very sensitive to CO₂ enrichment. However, there is still a lack of direct evidence about CO₂-led effects on these components at the ecosystem scale, especially in wetlands. We, therefore, simultaneously investigated the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) in the surface water and soil layer in a paddy field under FACE facility in Eastern China. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased the contents of DOC and DN in the surface water by 18.0% and 14.3% on average. Elevated CO₂ also increased DOC content in the soil, but decreased DN content. The contents of DOC and DN in the soil–water interface of 0–1 cm soil layer were on average 22.4% and 47.5% higher than in the 5–15 cm soil layer. Besides, significant higher DOC and DN contents existed in the soil porewater than in the surface water. Due to multiple drainage regime and rainstorm-induced runoffs in rice cropping regions, CO₂-led DOC and DN increments in the surface water may increase C and N exports from paddies to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems under future climate patterns.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

添加生物炭对西北黄土吸附克百威的影响

研究了不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附农药克百威的影响,并对溶液p H值和初始浓度对吸附的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,克百威在添加生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型;热力学吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;随着系统温度的升高,添加生物炭的黄土对克百威的吸附量增大,且其对克百威的吸附自由能变(ΔGθ)小于0,吸附焓变(ΔHθ)及吸附熵变(ΔSθ)均大于0,表明吸附是一个自发吸热且体系混乱程度增大的等温吸附过程.溶液p H值和克百威的初始浓度对添加生物炭的土样吸附影响较明显.当p H值为4~7时,添加生物炭的土样饱和吸附量随p H升高呈缓慢降低,当p H值大于7时,吸附容量随p H升高呈明显降低趋势.克百威初始浓度从20 mg·L-1增至50 mg·L-1的过程中,吸附量快速上升,初始浓度大于50 mg·L-1时,吸附量随初始浓度的升高而缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡.     

用毛细管色谱法和同位素技术研究呋喃丹及其有毒代谢物在棉籽和土壤中的残留

使用OV-101玻璃毛细管柱气相色谱法测定棉籽和土壤中的呋哺丹和3-羟基呋喃丹,减少了农药在柱上的吸附和分解,分开了农药与植物中的干扰物质,减少了样本的前处理步骤,其回收率分别约为80％,变异系数小于20％。以~(14)C标记呋喃丹测定各前处理步骤的损失率,表明农药的损失主要是由于酸解及固体物质的吸附。两年三地田间试验的结果说明,按照推荐药量在棉田使用呋喃丹,棉田和土壤中的残留均低于检测限。     

Peat emission control by groundwater management and soil amendments: evidence from laboratory experiments

Peat respiration that releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the atmosphere contributes to regional and global change. Aeration associated with soil water content levels controls emission rates, but soil amendments might mitigate respiration. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of various water content levels and laterite application on microbial (heterotrophic) respiration in peat soil. Bulk samples of surface (0–20 cm depth) and subsurface (30–50 cm depth) layers were collected from an oil palm plantation in Riau Province, Indonesia. Peat water content was adjusted to 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 % water filled pore space (WFPS). Laterite soil (clay containing high Al and Fe oxides) was applied to 3, 6, and 12 mg g^?1 dry weight (1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 Mg ha^?1) peat samples at 60 % and 100 % WFPS. Results showed peat respiration was notably affected by water content, but less affected by laterite application. Peat respiration increased sharply from wet (≥80 % WFPS) to moist soil (60 to 40 % WFPS), and decreased when soil dried (≤40 % WFPS). Laterite as a peat ameliorant accelerated rather than reduced peat respiration, and is therefore not a viable choice for CO₂ emissions reduction.     

Crop residue removal and fertilizer N: Effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll

Biofuels can be produced by converting cellulose in crop residues to ethanol. This has recently been viewed as a potential supplement to non-renewable energy sources, especially in the Americas. A 50-yr field experiment was analyzed to determine the influence of (i) removing approximately 22% of the above-ground wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue each crop year, and (ii) N and P fertilization on soil carbon (C) in the top 15 cm depth of a fallow–wheat–wheat (F–W–W) rotation. The study was conducted from 1958 to 2007 on a clay soil, at Indian Head in sub-humid southeast Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil C concentrations and bulk densities were measured in the 0–7.5 and 7.5–15 cm depths in 1987, 1996 and 2007 and soil C changes were related to C inputs estimated from straw and root yields calculated from regressions relating these to grain yields. Two soil organic matter models [the Campbell model and the Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM)] were also used to simulate and predict the effects of the treatments on soil C change over time, and to estimate likely soil C change if 50% or 95% of above-ground residues were harvested each crop year. Crop residue removal reduced cumulative C inputs from straw and roots over the 50-yr experiment by only 13%, and this did not significantly (P > 0.05) reduce soil C throughout the experiment duration. However, after 50 yr of applying N fertilizer at recommended rates, soil C increased significantly by about 3 Mg ha⁻¹ compared to the non-fertilized treatment. The simulated effect of removing 50% and 95% of the above-ground residues suggested that removing 50% of the straw would likely have a detectable effect on the soil C, while removing 95% of the straw certainly would. Measurements and model simulations suggest that adoption of no-tillage without proper fertilization will not increase soil C. Although it appears that a modest amount of residue may be safely removed from these Udic Borolls (Black Chernozems) without a measurable effect on soil C, this would only be feasible if accompanied by appropriate fertility management.     

不同施肥方式对设施土壤氨挥发特征的影响

有机肥与改良剂施入土壤是改善土壤结构、增加土壤有机质含量和培肥地力的重要措施,但也会影响土壤的氨挥发,探索不同施肥方式对土壤氨挥发的影响,对于减少氮素损失和保护生态环境具有重要意义.基于设施番茄微区试验,采用LGR915-0016超便携NH₃分析仪观测不同施肥方式[50%化肥N+50%有机肥N+改良剂组（HYG）、50%化肥N+50%有机肥N组（HY）、100%有机肥N组（Y）、100%化肥N组（H）和不施肥处理组（CK）]下土壤氨的排放特征.结果表明:在番茄生育期内,不同施肥方式下设施土壤氨挥发通量的变化趋势基本一致.在土壤氨累积挥发量方面,与CK处理相比,H和HY处理下土壤中氨累积挥发量分别增加了11.76%和12.03%;Y和HYG处理则显著降低了土壤中氨累积挥发量,分别下降了24.31%和15.20%.就单因素模型而言,不同施肥处理下土壤氨挥发通量与0~10 cm土壤温度呈线性回归关系,且各处理均达到显著水平（P均小于0.05）;不同施肥处理下土壤氨挥发通量与0~10 cm土壤含水量均呈显著二次回归关系（P均小于0.05）;与单因素相比,0~10 cm土壤含水量和土壤温度的双因素复合模型（R2为0.700 6~0.849 7）可以更好地解释土壤氨挥发通量的变化情况.相关分析显示,土壤氨累积挥发量与0~20 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、pH及土壤孔隙度均呈极显著相关（P均小于0.01）,与0~20 cm土层土壤容重呈显著相关（P < 0.05）.采用PCA分析提取的2个主成分的累积贡献率为83.09%.研究显示,不同施肥方式会影响设施土壤氨挥发通量,综合考虑土壤氨累积挥发量及其影响因素,100%有机肥N组在降低土壤氨挥发方面显著优于其他处理组.      

Shallow aeration of piggery waste treatment lagoons. II. Odour control

The effect of shallow aeration on odours from anaerobic lagoons treating piggery wastes was determined in the laboratory under conditions of approximately constant temperature (20°C). The loading rate to the simulated lagoon profiles was approximately 50 g BOD₅ m^?3 day^?1 and the average retention time was 128 days. The removal of organic pollutants and bacteria in this system has been discussed elsewhere.Shallow surface aeration to depths ranging from 8 to 40 cm reduced odours from piggery waste treatments. Chemical and organoleptic estimates consistently indicated that odour levels from all aerated treatments were similar and markedly better than those from the unaerated treatment.The average volatile sulphides levels in the aerated treatments were less than 5% of the levels found in the space above the unaerated treatment. The levels in the aerated treatments of less than 0.07 ppm were below the odour threshold limit of 0.1 ppm compared with 1.45 ppm in the unaerated column. Odour threshold dilution (OTD), and more particularly odour offensiveness, were also reduced by shallow surface aeration. The mean OTD values (log₁₀) of all lagoon treatments (unaerated 2.9 and <2.6 for aerated treatments) were less than that of the untreated waste (3.3) or from wastes stored anaerobically in underslat pits (4.2). Once perceived however, the offensiveness rating of odours from the unaerated treatment was greater (9.4) than from the aerated systems (<1.7).Volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels in the effluents from all treatments were negligible (< 0.01 g l^?1).Total VFA levels in the untreated waste were 2.1 g l^?1, of which approximately 57, 20 and 11% were acetic, propionic and n-butyric, respectively. Sludge VFA levels were about 0.2 g l^?1, of which 75% was acetic acid.     

Factors affecting CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> efflux rates and the stability of soil organic carbon storage in volcanic soils of the Canary Islands

Because volcanic soils store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC), they play a far more important role in the carbon (C) cycle than their limited global coverage suggests. We analysed the C released as CO₂ from a range of volcanic soils under natural conditions and analysed the influence of environmental variables (moisture and temperature), substrate availability (as assessed from the contents of various SOC fractions and the inputs of plant residues from litterfall), respiratory agents (roots, microorganisms and decomposing enzymes) and other pedological features of the topsoils (0–30 cm depth) on the CO₂ efflux rates over a 2-year experimental period. High CO₂ efflux rates (419 g C-CO₂ m^?2 y^?1 as the average for Andisols) were obtained that were related to significant decreases in the amount of SOC stored. CO₂ release was strongly controlled by soil moisture, although it was inhibited in the Andisols with the highest moisture levels (above 50 kg m^?2 in topsoil). It was not responsive to the availability of decomposing microorganisms or enzymes and appeared more related to the inputs of easily decomposable plant residues than to the amount of either labile or recalcitrant SOC. Among the SOC pools, only the water-soluble C in saturated paste extracts (WSC_se) of air-dried soil samples was consistently correlated with the CO₂ efflux rates. The desiccation of Andisols appeared to induce the release of previously stabilised SOC, which was readily mineralised when the moisture conditions became favourable. The results of this study indicate that SOC storage in Andisols is highly vulnerable to drying-wetting processes even in unmanaged natural ecosystems and that microclimate conditions can be critical for successful C sequestration in these soils.     

应用标准方法测定农药对蚯蚓的毒性

本文论述使用标准化的人工土壤测定农药对蚯蚓的急性毒性的方法.实验结果证明,适用于测定农药对蚯蚓毒性的人工土壤组成为:石英砂830g/kg(干重,下同)、草炭100g/kg、膨润土50g/kg、碳酸钙10g/kg、马粪10g/kg.利用人工土壤测定久效磷、多菌灵、呋喃丹、林丹及甲基对硫磷对蚯蚓(Eiseniafoetida)的毒性.其半数致死浓度(LC_(50))分别是:0.18、4.27、12.9、70.85、74.52ppm.经用三种不同类型的自然土壤(东北黑土、华北褐土、江西红壤)及人工土壤测定呋喃丹对蚯蚓的毒性后,证实呋喃丹在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(12.9ppm)处于三种自然土壤的LC_(50)值(褐土6.9ppm、红壤12.7ppm、黑土19.2ppm)之间,表明人工土壤具有一定的代表性,用人工土壤进行农药对蚯蚓的毒性研究是可行的.     

Long-term tillage effects on atrazine and fluometuron sorption in Coastal Plain soils

Conservation tillage (CnT) management practices are known to increase levels of soil organic matter (SOM) in southeastern Coastal Plain soils. Plant residues in CnT systems accumulate at the surface and, with time, will form a layer enriched in SOM. The authors hypothesize that herbicide sorption will be highest in this SOM-enriched zone of CnT systems when compared to sorption at a similar depth in conventional tillage (CT) systems. The objective was to characterize the impact of two different tillage systems, CnT and CT, on sorption of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N′-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea] in plots of Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic Typic Kandiudult). The plots have been under CnT and CT management for 18 yrs. Bulk (0–15 cm) and five equal incremental soil samples to a 15 cm depth were collected from 10 CnT and 10 CT plots, and the atrazine (ATR) and fluometuron (FLMT) sorption coefficients (K_d) were measured using batch equilibration. Significantly higher herbicide K_d values occurred in the CnT 0–3 cm samples, indicating that the highest amount of herbicide sorption occurred in the top few cm of soil. This corresponded to the stratified soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in topsoil of the CnT plots. In addition, analyses of covariance using SOC as the covariant to test for tillage effects indicated complex interactions among SOC, tillage, and depth. Those results confirm that tillage and soil depth will affect SOC contents of a Norfolk loamy sand, which correspondly will influence the magnitude of ATR and FLMT sorption.     

秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤养分及冬小麦产量的影响

为探究关中地区秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤养分和冬小麦产量的影响,研究采用裂区试验设计,主区为：秸秆不还田（S₀）和秸秆还田（S）;副区为：不施肥（WF）、氮肥（NF）和氮磷肥（NPF）.应用生态化学计量的方法,探究秸秆还田配施化肥下土壤碳氮磷含量变化及其和产量的关系.结果表明,秸秆和施肥互作对表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均产生显著影响（P<0.05）.与S₀WF处理相比,SNPF处理显著提高表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳和全氮含量（P<0.05）.秸秆和年份互作对表层（0~20 cm）土壤全氮含量产生显著影响（P<0.05）,随着秸秆还田时间的增加,在2021年SWF处理下表层（0~20 cm）土壤全氮含量显著高于S₀WF （P<0.05）.秸秆和施肥及其互作对20~40 cm土层有机碳和全氮含量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但对20~40 cm土壤全磷含量产生显著影响（P<0.05）,与SWF处理相比,SNPF处理显著增加了20~40 cm土层全磷含量（P<0.05）.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤化学计量特征也产生显著影响.与S₀WF处理相比,S₀NPF处理能够降低表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：N,提高表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：P和N：P.与SWF处理相比,SNF处理能够降低表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：N.秸秆还田配施化肥对冬小麦产量也产生显著影响,2020年和2021年SNPF处理与S₀WF处理相比分别增产24.23%和28.9%.相关性分析表明,产量与C：N （P<0.05）和C：P （P<0.01）呈显著正相关关系.全氮和N：P与处理年份呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）.综上所述,在关中地区秸秆还田配施氮磷肥处理（SNPF）会改善土壤养分,改变土壤化学计量特征,同时提高产量.因此,本研究结果表明秸秆还田配施氮磷肥（SNPF）是优化区域农田养分管理,提高粮食生产能力的有效途径.     

绿地再生水灌溉土壤盐度累积及风险分析

和常规水源相比,再生水常含有较高的盐分,因而再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的风险引起学者的广泛关注.以再生水利用程度较高的北京市为研究区域,分层采集了不同再生水灌溉历史城区公园绿地与城郊农田表层土壤样品,测定并分析了土壤电导率（EC）和钠吸附比（SAR）等盐分相关指标,探讨再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的累积特征,分析了长期再生水灌溉下土壤盐分累积的风险.结果表明,再生水灌溉下城市绿地和农田土壤EC1：5值和SAR1：5值均显著高于其对照灌区,这种差异在农田中更加显著.公园与农田中再生水灌区土壤EC1：5值较对照灌区分别上升了12.4%和84.2%;土壤SAR1：5值上升幅度分别为64.5%和145.8%.调查区土壤0～10 cm与10～20 cm土层间EC1：5值和SAR1：5值差异不显著.长期再生水灌溉会使盐分累积在土壤表层,同时土壤孔隙度有轻微的减小.在北京地区再生水用于城市绿地灌溉引起表层土壤盐渍化的风险不容忽视.     

Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO₂ can stimulate wetland carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO₂ enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant–water–soil system. The results showed: (1) elevated CO₂ stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively. (2) Elevated CO₂ significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0–15 cm layer, and 22.7% and 26.0% in the 15–30 cm soil layer. (3) Averaged across the rice growing period, elevated CO₂ greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%, respectively. (4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ¹⁵N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO₂. The above results indicate that elevated CO₂ can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

模拟酸雨对MoO3生产废渣的浸出毒性及生物毒性的影响

利用理化分析、浸出毒性分析、生物毒性试验相结合研究了三氧化钼(MoO3)生产排放的废渣在不同模拟酸雨条件下的浸出毒性及生物毒性.结果表明,废渣浸出液中镍超标,属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物;同时其浸出液具有极强的生物毒性,浸出液生物毒性由强至弱依次为pH=4.5>pH=5.0>pH:5.5>pH=6.0.pH=6.5>pH=6.8,生物毒性最低的浸出液(pH:6.8)24h、48h对隆线溞的半致死体积分数LC50分别为0.3775%、0.2184%.因此,三氧化钼生产排放的废渣在堆存和运输过程中要妥善处理,防止经雨水,尤其是酸雨淋溶浸泡;经浸泡后产生的废液会污染附近水体和土壤,对环境和居民健康造成危害.