O3/H2O2处理含油废水的研究

为控制石油炼化含油废水对环境的污染,采用O3/H2O2方法对石油炼化含油废水进行处理,主要考察了臭氧浓度、H2O2投加量、反应温度、反应时间、pH等因素对处理效果的影响.实验表明,废水中石油烃类物质的去除率随着臭氧浓度、反应时间的增加而升高;石油烃类物质在pH值2-10、温度15-45 ℃、10-60 mL的H2O2投加量范围内,去除率分别呈现先增后降的趋势.处理1 L油质量浓度为110 mg/L的含油废水,臭氧质量浓度为7.23 mg/L,投加40 mL H2O2,pH为9,在35 ℃的条件下反应8 min,油去除率可以达到84%.同样条件下处理30 min,废水COD下降了65%.这将为该工艺处理实际含油废水提供实验依据.     

US/Fenton试剂协同处理焦化废水的研究

采用US (超声波)协同Fenton试剂氧化法处理焦化废水,考察了H2O2投加量、Fe2 投加量、废水的pH、反应时间和超声波功率对处理效果的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件.结果表明,在H2O2投加量7.0 g/L;Fe2 投加量500 mg/L;pH=3.0; 反应时间 40 min; 超声波功率 600 W 的条件下,COD、NH3-N、CN-和色度的去除率分别达95.8%、71.3%、69.5%和75.2%,出水COD降至41.0 mg/L.在相同条件下,US/Fenton试剂协同法的处理效率比单独Fenton试剂氧化法的处理效率提高了约20%,且反应时间显著缩短.     

铁炭微电解法深度处理制浆造纸废水的研究

采用铁炭微电解法对制浆造纸工业中生化处理后的废水进行深度处理研究,考察了废水的初始pH值、反应时间、铸铁屑、活性炭以及H2O2投加量对微电解反应效果的影响.得出的最佳反应条件为:溶液初始pH值为3.0、活性炭投加量8.0 g/L、铸铁屑40.0 g/L、H2O2 7.17 mmol/L以及反应时间60 min.适量H2O2的加入对铁炭微电解反应有明显的强化作用,可使CODcr的去除率增加13.71%.强化微电解反应后再采用8.0 g/L的Ca(OH)2混凝处理,总CODcr和色度去除率分别达到75%和95%.以强化的铁炭微电解与Ca(OH)2混凝联用深度处理后,水质可以达到国家造纸工业水污染物排放一级标准(GB 3544-2001).     

Fenton反应处理活性皂青印染废水的实验研究

采用Fenton反应对活性皂青印染废水进行降解试验,考察了Fenton试剂摩尔比、硫酸亚铁和双氧水的投加量、pH值、反应温度等因素对印染废水色度去除率和COD去除率的影响,优化了Fenton反应降解活性皂青印染废水的适宜工艺条件。结果表明,在FeSO4/H2O2摩尔比为2∶3,废水pH值为5.0,反应温度为40℃的条件下,Fenton反应对活性皂青印染废水有很好的处理效果:印染废水色度去除率达到99.9%,COD去除率达到89.4%。     

紫外氧化法降解废水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

采用UV/Fenton法氧化降解废水中的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,原水质量浓度为40 mg/L,考察了H2O2加入量、硫酸亚铁加入量、pH值、氧化时间、反应温度对降解率的影响,通过单因素及优化实验确定了最佳工艺条件:H2O2量(30%)为10 mL,硫酸亚铁量为50 g/L,pH值为5,氧化时间为45 min,反应温度为25℃。对优化实验验证,降解后废水质量浓度为0.4 mg/L,去除率达到99%。     

臭氧和高锰酸钾处理微污染水的比较研究

采用静态试验,分别研究了臭氧、高锰酸钾投加量与高锰酸盐指数、浊度、色度去除的关系.试验结果表明,对于低温微污染水源水,臭氧、高锰酸钾预氧化加常规处理能有效地去除有机物.臭氧预投加量为2 mg/L时混凝后高锰酸盐指数、浊度和色度都有较好的去除效果,混凝后去除率分别为24.6%、96.8%和83.3%;高锰酸钾投加量在0.6 mg/L时混凝后高锰酸盐指数去除率为23.6%.但高锰酸钾会引起水中色度升高和锰离子浓度增加.     

Fenton法对合成制药废水的预处理试验研究

采用Fenton法对某合成制药废水进行了预处理试验研究,考察H2O2、Fe2+投加量及反应时间对废水CODCr、色度、NH4+-N去除效果的影响,重点分析了反应体系中有毒难降解有机污染物的变化情况。结果表明,当H2O2(30%)投加量为2%(体积分数),FeSO4.7H2O投加量为400mg/L,反应时间为60min时,废水CODCr、色度的去除率分别为67.73%和40.05%。通过GC-MS分析发现,该废水中含有多种脂类和苯环类等难降解有机污染物质,Fenton反应过程中出现了醇、酯、有机酸等较易降解的中间产物,随着反应的进行废水中苯环类、脂类等大分子有毒有机物得到大幅削减,废水的生物毒性大大降低,BOD/COD值由0.18上升至0.48,可生化性明显提高。     

Fenton协同催化氧化处理焦化生化废水的研究

通过Fenton协同FeC2O2催化氧化焦化生化废水的多因素正交实验,以及实验影响因素分析,取得了降解COD和色度去除的合适工艺参数,即FeSO4 360 mg/L,H202 300 mg/L,FeC2O4 10 mg/L,pH=3,反应时间32min.按此工艺参数运行,可降解COD 73.7％,色度去除率81.2％.H2O2是降解COD的主要因素,去除色度的主要因素为硫酸亚铁.     

UV-Fenton氧化预处理聚醚废水研究

采用UV-Fenton氧化法对聚醚废水预处理,通过正交和单因素试验探讨了H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、p H值及光照时间各因素对废水COD去除率的影响,确定p H值为3、H2O2投加量40 m L/L、n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)=9、光照时间90 min为最佳反应条件,COD去除率可达70%以上,经氧化预处理后废水的BOD/COD值由0.19提至0.37,可生化性较大提高,可满足后续生化处理的要求。     

冷轧含铬废水的化学还原法处理研究

对冷轧含铬废水使用化学还原法处理进行了系统的研究.考查了pH值、还原剂的投加量、反应时间等因素的影响.试验比较了不同还原剂处理含铬废水的效果,在硫酸亚铁投加量为2.642 g/L.反应时问2 min.pH值为7.5时,六价铬的去除率可达99.98%.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。