光杆断脱自动防喷装置的研制

抽油井在运行过程中时有因光杆断脱导致的井口失控油气泄漏,从而引起安全环保生产事故。为解决该类问题,研制一种光杆断脱自动防喷装置。通过前期设计、室内实验及现场实验,逐步改良结构和密封方式,使该装置具备了安装简单、现场操作方便、运行稳定可靠、能在光杆断脱后自动密封控制井口等特点,有效消除了环境、安全等次生事故发生。     

英国对付噪音的新装置

英国对付噪音的新装置据《咨询导报》报道。英国科学家目前正在研制一种适合家庭使用的“噪声自动消除系统”装置。这一发明可望在不久的将来帮助人们把邻居喧闹的噪声挡在门外。据报道，英国哈德斯菲尔德大学塞尔温·赖特教授领导的一个科研小组已经制造出了一种可以阻挡...     

页岩气油基钻屑热馏处理技术研究和应用

文章从油基钻屑及其特征出发,通过对油基钻屑的TG-IR、比热容等热分析,以热馏理论为核心研制了拥有自主知识产权的高效处理装置。该装置采用PLC自动控制系统,运用了石化行业的热蒸馏技术、煤化工行业的无氧热干馏技术、冶金行业移动床颗粒物料流动技术、粉煤热解处理中含尘干馏气混相处理技术等多项技术,处理后的残渣含油率≤0.3%,是减少污染、连续生产的处理装置。     

微机“动态寻优”对锅炉燃烧的控制

应用“动态寻优”理论，利用微机对工业锅炉燃烧过程进行自动调节，即用热电偶温度计将炉膛内温度反馈到微机，微机通过储存程序计算，经终端输出控制挡风板调节风量，使燃料得到充分燃烧，锅炉热效率得到提高     

一种有效实验室用热电偶质量控制方法

热电偶作为检测实验室的一种基础耗材,被广泛用于电子电器产品、新能源产品等的安全、能效测试中。目前,测试实验室在用热电偶一般采用抽样的方式送计量,故而不能确保全部热电偶的精度。针对这一现状,本文提出了一种高效便捷的热电偶期间核查方法。以自然界容易获得的0℃和100℃为标准温度基准,确定被测热电偶和该标准温度基准的偏差,判定其合格率。该方法可方便快捷的对热电偶进行期间核查,促进实验室基础耗材质量控制。     

一种光度法高速自动分析装置

本文介绍一种光度法的高速自动分析测定装置，通过实时控制和处理系统，实现实时自动注入试剂，试样，自动读数，数据处理，自动打印结果。通过Cr^8 测定的应用，该装置分析速度快，重复性和连续测定稳定性好，样品分析的结果令人满意。     

一种吸声系数现场测量装置

为了解决现有降噪材料吸声系数测量方法缺陷,实现对材料现场安装后的吸声系数进行测量,研制了一套测量现场吸声系数的装置。该装置在脉冲反射法基础上,结合了时选窗技术和波形消除技术。使用研制的测量装置在现场进行吸声系数测量,并将测量结果与混响室法和驻波管法测量结果等进行了比较分析。     

俄国生态洁净型地热电站提高地热载体处理系统运行可靠性技术

介绍俄罗斯堪察加电力公司（OAO“Kaмчатскзнерго”）根据汽、水两相流体流动特性研制“调整型节流”门的工作原理结构，试验台及试验研究结果。“节流”门在地热电站汽、水分离器上应用，排水稳定，消除了改前使用的自动调节装置，机械移动元件被地热介质产生的盐渍垢卡住失灵弊端，提高了处理地热载体设备及其系统运行的稳定和可靠性。     

水质自动监测质控装置性能指标现状研究

文章对市场上主流的自动监测质控装置进行了调研,并对8个型号24台质控装置进行了测试研究,提出了在线水质装置的功能指标和性能指标的要求。     

TVOC排放超标预警自动采样留样系统架构及前景研究

为建立健全监测预警监控体系,强化自动监测数据的执法应用,参照国家及行业标准研制挥发性有机物（TVOC）超标预警自动采样留样系统。通过对比分析现有的监测预警设备,明确了TVOC排放超标预警自动采样留样系统的设计目标和设计架构,并将产品化的系统应用于监测布点和预警,进而为环境监测非现场执法提供更加准确、科学的依据。     

SIMULATED ANNEALING WITH MEMORY AND DIRECTIONAL SEARCH FOR GROUND WATER REMEDIATION DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: Review of recent literature indicates an emergence in the use of combinatorial methods such as simulated annealing in ground water management during the past nine to ten years. While previous studies demonstrated the feasibility of using these methods, a general finding was that computational processing requirements were inordinately high relative to gradient‐based methods. An enhanced annealing algorithm was developed and used to demonstrate the potential for greatly improving the computational efficiency of simulated annealing as an optimization method for ground water management applications. The algorithm incorporates “directional search” and “memory” capabilities. Selecting search directions based on better understanding of the current neighborhood of the configuration space was shown to improve algorithm performance. Also, “memory” concepts derived from the Tabu Search Method show particular promise for improving the rate and quality of convergence. Performance of the enhanced annealing method was evaluated and the resultant management method was demonstrated using an example from the literature.     

APPLICATION OF ENHANCED ANNEALING TO GROUND WATER REMEDIATION DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: A methodology for ground water remediation design has been developed that interfaces ground water simulation models with an enhanced annealing optimizer. The ground water flow and transport simulators provide the ability to consider site‐specific contamination and geohydrologic conditions directly in the assessment of alternative remediation system designs. The optimizer facilitates analysis of tradeoffs between technical, environmental, regulatory, and financial risks for alternative design and operation scenarios. A ground water management model using an optimization method referred to as “enhanced annealing” (simulated annealing enhanced to include “directional search” and “memory” mechanisms) has been developed and successfully applied to an actual restoration problem. The demonstration site is the contaminated unconfined aquifer referred to as N‐Springs located at Han‐ford, Washington. Results of the demonstration show the potential for improving groundwater restoration system performance while reducing overall system cost.     

Evaluating Spatial Design Techniques for Solving Land-use Allocation Problems

This study examines the use of spatial optimization techniques for multi-site land-use allocation problems (MLUA). 'Multi-site' refers to the problem of allocating more than one land-use type in an area, which are difficult problems as they involve multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and objectives. Spatial optimization methods consist of (1) an optimization model and (2) an algorithm to solve the model. This study demonstrates a goal-programming model to solve the MLUA problem. The model is solved using both simulated annealing and genetic algorithms. Special attention has been given to introduce a spatial compactness objective in the model. It is shown that the compactness objectives in the optimization model generate compact patches of the same land use for using both the simulated annealing procedure and the genetic algorithm. In addition, it appears that using the proper settings of the compactness objectives, connectivity between patches of land use is promoted. The method is tested for a fictive study and then demonstrated for a real case study, both measuring 20 × 20 cells. The genetic algorithm generally performs better than simulated annealing in terms of solution time and achieving compactness.     

An eco-environmental water demand based model for optimising water resources using hybrid genetic simulated annealing algorithms. Part I. Model development

We propose here an improved multi-objective optimisation model that considers eco-environmental water demand (EWD) for allocating water resources in a river basin over the long term. The model considers economic, social, and environmental objectives, and it improves on traditional optimisation methods by emphasizing not only the water demand of the artificial ecosystem but also that of the natural ecosystem. Water resource constraints are considered. The hybrid genetic simulated annealing algorithms (HGSAA) technique incorporates a genetic algorithm (GA) and a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, which have strong local and global searching abilities, in order to solve the highly non-linear model and avoid local and pre-mature convergence. In the method, the water demands of users in the planning year serve as the basis for long-term optimisation using a forecasting procedure. In this study, the combined forecasting method based on the principle of optimal combination is built to forecast domestic and industrial water demands. The proposed model and method are subsequently used in a companion paper to optimise water allocation in the Haihe River basin in China [An eco-environmental water demand based model for optimising water resources using hybrid genetic simulated annealing algorithms. Part II. Model application and results 90 (8), 2612–2619].     

Heat loss analysis: An approach toward the revival of parabolic dish type solar cooker

Present work investigates a noble approach toward the heat loss analysis of parabolic dish type solar cooker. Various experiments have been done on cooking pot to get the input parameter for calculation purposes. Cooking pot was kept at the focus of a parabolic dish type concentrator and repeated experiments have been done to measure solar radiation intensity (direct and Indirect) using a pyrometer, temperature at the focus of parabolic dish using a thermocouple and air velocity using hot wire anemometer to investigate the heat losses from the cooking pot. In the present article, a numerical approach has been performed to define the new parameter called performance index of the cooking pot which decides how the useful energy of working fluid inside the cooking pot approaches concentration ratio of the parabolic dish type solar cooker. The present analysis shows that the performance index varies from 15.45 to 17.66 and efficiency varies from 85.83% to 98.10% with the time of the day.     

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: This study presents three optimization techniques for on‐farm irrigation scheduling in irrigation project planning: namely the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and iterative improvement methods. The three techniques are applied to planning a 394.6 ha irrigation project in the town of Delta, Utah, for optimizing economic profits, simulating water demand, and estimating the crop area percentages with specific water supply and planted area constraints. The comparative optimization results for the 394.6 ha irrigated project from the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and iterative improvement methods are as follows: (1) the seasonal maximum net benefits are $113,826, $111,494, and $105,444 per season, respectively; and (2) the seasonal water demands are 3.03*10³ m³, 3.0*10³ m³, and 2.92*10³ m³ per season, respectively. This study also determined the most suitable four parameters of the genetic algorithm method for the Delta irrigated project to be: (1) the number of generations equals 800, (2) population size equals 50, (3) probability of crossover equals 0.6, and (4) probability of mutation equals 0.02. Meanwhile, the most suitable three parameters of simulated annealing method for the Delta irrigated project are: (1) initial temperature equals 1,000, (2) number of moves equal 90, and (3) cooling rate equals 0.95.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO(2) particles in aqueous suspensions under UV irradiation

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO₂ particles was examined under 400-W UV irradiation. The effects of various operating parameters including TiO₂ dosage, solution pH (4–10), and initial phenol concentration (0.13–1.05 mM) on phenol degradation were investigated. Three forms of TiO₂ photocatalysts such as pure anatase phase, pure rutile phase, and the mixed phase were prepared by sol-gel method and followed annealing at different temperatures. The annealing temperature used were 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C for pure anatase phase, the mixed phase, and pure rutile phase, respectively. It was shown that pure anatase TiO₂ exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than the physical mixture of pure anatase and rutile TiO₂. Moreover, the TiO₂ particle with a specific fraction of mixed anatase and rutile phases exhibited better performance than pure anatase TiO₂. Finally, the degradation rate could be satisfactorily fitted by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.     

Nano-textured polysilicon solar absorption films

Nano-textured polysilicon (poly-Si) solar absorption films are to be applied to the solar receiver of solar thermal electricity Stirling engine. These films were fabricated by deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films (a-Si:H) into poly-Si films, using the pulse-wave modulation plasma and furnace annealing of the a-Si:H films. This is followed by wet etching of poly-Si films into nano-textured structures. The films are then coated with a-SiN_x:H films as the antireflection and protection layers. It was observed that increasing the pulsed plasma turn-on (t_on) time leads to deposition of less dense a-Si:H film with high hydrogen content and void density. This results in films having low dielectric constant and refractive index, and high optical bandgap. Less-dense a-Si:H film can be transferred into large grain size poly-Si film, using annealing. Also, highly rough nano-textured surface structure can be produced, by etching. The denser a-Si:H film, large grain size poly-Si film, and nano-textured surface poly-Si film can enhance the absorbance of sunlight and reduce the emissivity of far infrared light. The nano-textured poly-Si film coated with an a-SiN_x:H layer can effectively increase the absorbance of sunlight to approximately 85% and reduce the emissivity of far infrared light to 49%. The nano-textured poly-Si/a-SiN_x:H films can be used as efficient solar absorption films for solar thermal electricity Stirling engine.     

发酵床垫料中微生物16S rDNA PCR反应条件的建立与优化

为探讨发酵床垫料中微生物16S rDNA基因扩增实验中诸多因素对实验结果的影响,采用单因素法对16S rDNA基因扩增时PCR反应体系中的5个潜在因素（Mg^2＋、dNTP、引物、Taq酶、模板DNA）5水平上进行优化实验,并进一步优化了反应程序中的退火温度、循环次数。结果表明：25μL的最佳反应体系为：10×PCR buffer 2.5μL、MgCl22.0 mmol·L^-1、dNTP 0.2 mmol·L^-1、引物0.2μmol·L^-1、Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U、模板DNA 50 ng;最佳反应程序为：在94℃下进行4 min预变性;随后循环扩增25个循环（包括94℃变性45 s,53.7℃退火30 s,72℃延伸90 s）;最后在72℃下延伸10 min。