不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22～25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性(pH=3),在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性(pH=10);3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性(pH=10),在实验第8 dCOD溶出量最多后调节为酸性(pH=3);2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明:若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性(pH=10)调节为酸性(pH=3)优于由酸性(pH=3)调节为碱性(pH=10);若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性(pH=3)调节为碱性(pH=10)优于由碱性(pH=10)调节为酸性(pH=3)。     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH+4-N、PO3-4-P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22~25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性（pH=3）,在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性（pH=10）;3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性（pH=10）,在实验第8 d COD溶出量最多后调节为酸性(pH=3); 2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明：若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）优于由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）;若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）优于由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）。     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH4^＋-N、PO4^3--P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22～25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性（pH=3）,在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性（pH=10）;3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性（pH=10）,在实验第8 dCOD溶出量最多后调节为酸性（pH=3）;2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明：若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）优于由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）;若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）优于由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）。     

酸碱联合调节剩余污泥对有机质的释放和脱水性能的影响

为了研究酸碱联合调节剩余污泥水解酸化过程中溶解性蛋白质(SPN)和溶解性碳水化合物(SPS)的释放规律以及对脱水性能的影响,采用3个反应器,其中,1#为先酸(pH 3.0)后碱(pH 10.0)、3#为先碱(pH 10.0)后酸(pH 3.0)的两段控制方式(每段8 d),同时以2#pH不调作为对比实验。结果表明,3个反应器中SPN和SPS的释放情况是调节为碱性>酸性>空白,在相同的控制阶段,SPN的释放量明显高于SPS的释放量;SPN和SPS的最大释放量出现在1#的碱性阶段(后8 d),SPN在碱性阶段的第2天达到最大释放量(883.618 mg/L),SPS在碱性阶段的第8天达到最大释放量(165.922 mg/L)。1#在实验的整个过程中比阻值较低,说明先酸后碱调节方式更利于污泥脱水;在调节为碱性第4天时污泥比阻(SRF)达到最小值(0.342×1013m/kg),处于中难度脱水范围内。与2#相比,3#中的SRF虽稍有改善,但始终处于难脱水范围内。     

超声处理与碱性调节的组合强化低挥发分城市污泥水解酸化

为提高低挥发分城市污泥水解酸化的效率,采用超声处理与碱性调节组合的手段强化水解酸化过程,探讨组合的方式、条件及其作用效果。通过先进行碱性调节再超声处理与先超声处理再进行碱性调节2种组合方式下的6种组合条件,分析水解酸化过程SCOD、VFAs、氮、磷的变化情况。实验结果表明,2种组合方式的各条件均可促进污泥水解酸化;超声处理后即调pH为9.5的组合条件较其他组合条件更有利于有机质的转化和VFAs的产生,SCOD的转化率达到20.46%,VSS可降低约40%,在5 d水解酸化过程中污泥水解酸化液HAc/VFAs均高于50%,VFAs最高达1 072.51 mg/L;而各组合条件对水解酸化过程中氮磷的释放影响不大。研究指出,超声处理后即进行碱性调节的组合条件能显著强化低挥发分城市污泥的水解酸化效果。     

pH对蛋白类餐厨垃圾发酵产酸的影响

为了将蛋白类餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)用作强化生物除磷过程中的碳源,实现其资源化利用,考察了在35℃条件下,pH的改变对其产酸的影响。结果表明:将起始pH调节为碱性,VFAs的产量显著高于酸性,且随着发酵时间的增加,VFAs的产量也逐渐增加,在pH=10,第8天时达到最高值36 193 mg·L~(-1),此时是初始值的28倍。其中,乙酸占50.3%,其次为丙酸30.9%。同时发现,pH调节为碱性也有利于溶解性COD(SCOD)、溶解性蛋白质(SPN)和溶解性碳水化合物(SPS)的溶出;在pH=10,第3天时SCOD和SPN分别达到最大值135 680 mg·L~(-1)和44 188 mg·L~(-1),此时是对照组的17倍和8倍。只有在强碱性条件下,SPN产量才明显提高。酸碱调节对SPS的溶出影响并不是太大,其在较短时间1 d内达到最大,然后减少并逐渐趋于稳定。通过分析可知,起始pH调节为强碱性有利于蛋白类餐厨垃圾的发酵产酸及有机质溶出的过程。     

pH对混合污泥水解酸化的影响

pH对剩余污泥和初沉污泥水解酸化的影响已有报道,但pH对混合污泥水解酸化的影响尚鲜见报道。为此对厌氧环境,(20±1)℃,pH=4～11以及不控制pH条件下混合污泥的水解酸化特征进行了研究。研究发现:对pH调控有利于污泥SCOD的溶出,在较强的碱性条件下污泥溶出的SCOD要大于其他条件下的,特别是pH=10和11条件下污泥溶出的SCOD要远高于其他条件下。碱性环境和酸性环境以及中性环境相比更有利于混合污泥产酸,最佳产酸pH条件为pH=10。在酸性和极端碱性条件下均有利于混合污泥中氨氮和磷的释放。碱性环境利于挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的去除,但不利于总悬浮固体(TSS)的去除。在不同pH条件下将混合污泥的发酵特征和剩余污泥和初沉污泥发酵特征比较,发现3种污泥水解和产酸均在碱性条件下最好,且在20～22℃的条件下,产酸量均在pH=10的条件下达到最大。     

低温热碱破解低有机质污泥及磷形态分析

以低温热碱破解低有机质污泥,考察了不同热碱条件下低有机质污泥破解情况,通过DNA释放量分析了污泥细胞破解效果,同时,研究了污泥中磷形态分布与变化。结果表明,从污泥破解程度(DD)与DNA释放量来看,热碱联合可强化污泥破解,而pH比温度起更重要作用,尤其对污泥破解释磷起关键作用。高pH条件下,污泥中有机磷(OP)和非磷灰石无机磷(NAIP)以磷酸盐的形式大量溶解,而磷酸盐与钙离子反应导致磷灰石(AP)含量升高。研究认为,仅加碱pH=13即可有效破解低有机质污泥,操作简单,有利于污泥减量,且磷回收潜力大。     

污泥性质对污泥水解酸化效果的影响

采用3组构造一致的完全混合流态水解酸化反应器,分别以同等浓度的絮凝污泥、初沉污泥和剩余污泥作为底物污泥,在温度35℃,初始p H=10的反应条件下,研究污泥性质的差异对污泥水解酸化产物及产率的影响。实验结果表明:与初沉污泥、剩余污泥相比,絮凝污泥更易水解产酸发酵,至第9天水解产SCOD达到最大值2 713.2 mg/L,第7天酸化产VFAs达到峰值1 392.7 mg/L。3种污泥酸化产VFAs的主要组分均为乙酸和丙酸,但絮凝污泥VFAs组分中乙酸、丙酸这种优势更加明显,其所占比例分别高达48.9%和27.2%。此外,3种污泥水解酸化产碳源的同时均伴随着氮、磷元素的释放,整体而言,絮凝污泥产酸发酵中氮、磷元素的释放量及释放率均较低。     

pH对高铁酸盐氧化剩余污泥的影响

针对高铁酸盐在酸、碱性环境下氧化性和稳定性的不同,采用pH调至1、3、5、7、9、11、13的剩余污泥,投加高铁酸盐溶液进行研究,考察污泥脱水性能(污泥比阻)以及减量化效果,包括破解液性质(氨氮NH_4~+-N、总氮TN、正磷酸盐PO43-、总磷TP、总有机碳TOC、溶解性有机物SCOD、胞外聚合物EPS)和污泥性状(混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度MLVSS、污泥沉降比SV、污泥体积指数SVI、粒径)。结果表明:pH由低到高,破解液中各类污染物浓度总体呈现出两端高中间低的趋势,高铁酸盐在酸性和碱性条件下的氧化效果均优于中性条件。其中,pH达13时减量化效果最佳,氮素和有机物质溶出最多,然而此时的脱水性能最差;pH为1时破解液中磷素最多,达90.6 mg·L~(-1)。当pH为13,每g污泥(干重)的高铁酸盐投加量为15 mg Fe时,1 g MLVSS的污泥SCOD释放量达1.13 g,TN、SCOD、TOC释放量分别为179.3、3 507.9和1 134.3 mg·L~(-1),在达到污泥减量化效果的同时更有利于破解液的后期资源化回收和处理。     

pH值对污泥发酵产酸的影响

利用剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生挥发性脂肪酸,可作为污水脱氮除磷的有机碳源,而pH值是发酵产酸过程中重要的控制参数.研究了不同pH值条件下剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中各参数变化规律,探索pH值对其过程的影响及其分析.结果表明,碱性条件有利于污泥发酵产酸过程,实验最佳条件是控制反应初始pH值为10.0,仅8d发酵挥发性脂肪酸浓度就达到8.90 mmol/L.此外,污泥在发酵过程中,酸性条件下NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放量均大于碱性条件.     

酸-碱处理对剩余污泥水解酸化的影响

剩余污泥中富含有机质和营养元素可回收利用物质,污泥水解酸化液中的有机酸在去除或回收利用氨和磷后可作为进水化学需氧量(COD)不足的污水处理厂的补充碳源。通过控制pH,对比分析了不同处理方式(单独碱处理、酸-碱处理和碱-酸处理)对污泥水解酸化的影响。结果表明,单独碱处理的溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出量比酸碱联合处理要大16%左右,预处理第8天,达到5 406.1 mg/L。采用先酸(pH 4.0,4 d)后碱(pH 10.0,4 d)预处理,乙酸产量达到74.4 mg COD/g VSS,占总SCFAs的60.5%,产量及其占总短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)百分比含量均高于其他预处理方式。且酸-碱处理方式下NO4+-N和PO34--P溶出要优于其他处理方式。而单独碱处理方式下污泥减量效果最好,VSS去除率为36.6%。     

低浓度氨氮硝化过程中影响因素的研究

一般来说硝化细菌对环境条件的变化比较敏感,而在低浓度氨氮系统中,硝化细菌对环境条件变化的敏感度比高浓度系统更大,而且其影响规律也有所不同.用富集培养的硝化细菌就温度、pH和碱度对高、低浓度氨氮硝化的影响做了研究.结果表明,低浓度氨氮硝化的温度系数(θ＝1.105)大于高浓度(θ＝1.099),温度对低浓度氨氮硝化的影响较高浓度大;偏碱性的环境更有利于低浓度氨氮硝化的进行,因此低浓度氨氮硝化的最优pH和Alk/N值都较高浓度高.和温度相比,pH和碱度是影响低浓度氨氮硝化过程的主要因素.     

Treating solid dairy manure using microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process

The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H₂O₂-AOP) was used to treat separated solid dairy manure for nutrient release and solids reduction. The MW/H₂O₂-AOP was conducted at a microwave temperature of 120°C for 10 minutes, and at three pH conditions of 3.5, 7.3 and 12. The hydrogen peroxide dosage at approximately 2 mL per 1% TS for a 30 mL sample was used in this study, reflecting a range of 0.53–0.75 g H₂O₂/g dry sludge. The results indicated that substantial quantities of nutrients could be released into the solution at pH of 3.5. However, at neutral and basic conditions only volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand could be released. The analyses on orthophosphate, soluble chemical oxygen demands and volatile fatty acids were re-examined for dairy manure. It was found that the orthophosphate concentration for untreated samples at a higher % total solids (TS) was suppressed and lesser than actual. To overcome this difficulty, the initial orthophosphate concentration had to be measured at 0.5% TS.     

Biodegradation behavior of agricultural pesticides in anaerobic batch reactors

This study explored the biodegradation potential of two agricultural pesticides (2,4-D and isoproturon) as well as their effect on the performance of the anaerobic digestion process. Three 3.5 L batch reactors were used, having the same initial isoproturon concentration (25 mg/L) and different 2,4-D concentrations (i.e. 0, 100, or 300 mg/L, respectively). All systems were fed with equal amounts of primary sludge and digested sludge and operated at the low mesophilic range (32 ± 2°C). Following an acclimation period of approximately 30 days, complete 2,4-D removal was achieved, whereas isoproturon biodegradation was practically negligible. The presence of 2,4-D did not have a direct effect on acidogenesis since soluble organic carbon [expressed either as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) or as total organic carbon (TOC)] peaked within the first 10 days of operation in all bioreactors. Utilization of VFAs however appeared to follow two distinct patterns: one pattern was represented by acetate and butyrate (i.e. no acid accumulation) while the other was followed by propionate, isobuturate, valerate and isovalerate (i.e. acid accumulation, duration of which was related to the initial 2,4-D concentration). On the whole, all reactors exhibited a successful digestion performance demonstrated by complete VFAs utilization, considerable gas production (containing 45 to 65% methane by volume), substantial volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (42 to 50%), as well as pH and alkalinity recovery.     

Biodegradation behavior of agricultural pesticides in anaerobic batch reactors

This study explored the biodegradation potential of two agricultural pesticides (2,4-D and isoproturon) as well as their effect on the performance of the anaerobic digestion process. Three 3.5 L batch reactors were used, having the same initial isoproturon concentration (25 mg/L) and different 2,4-D concentrations (i.e. 0, 100, or 300 mg/L, respectively). All systems were fed with equal amounts of primary sludge and digested sludge and operated at the low mesophilic range (32 +/- 2 degrees C). Following an acclimation period of approximately 30 days, complete 2,4-D removal was achieved, whereas isoproturon biodegradation was practically negligible. The presence of 2,4-D did not have a direct effect on acidogenesis since soluble organic carbon [expressed either as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) or as total organic carbon (TOC)] peaked within the first 10 days of operation in all bioreactors. Utilization of VFAs however appeared to follow two distinct patterns: one pattern was represented by acetate and butyrate (i.e. no acid accumulation) while the other was followed by propionate, isobuturate, valerate and isovalerate (i.e. acid accumulation, duration of which was related to the initial 2,4-D concentration). On the whole, all reactors exhibited a successful digestion performance demonstrated by complete VFAs utilization, considerable gas production (containing 45 to 65% methane by volume), substantial volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (42 to 50%), as well as pH and alkalinity recovery.     

Bioenergy production from diluted poultry manure and microbial consortium inside Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor at sub-mesophilic conditions

In this study, anaerobic treatability of diluted chicken manure (with an influent feed ratio of 1 kg of fresh chicken manure to 6 L of tap water) was investigated in a lab-scale anaerobic sludge bed (ASB) reactor inoculated with granular seed sludge. The ASB reactor was operated at ambient temperature (17–25°C) in order to avoid the need of external heating up to higher operating temperatures (e.g., up to 35°C for mesophilic digestion). Since heat requirement for raising the temperature of incoming feed for digestion is eliminated, energy recovery from anaerobic treatment of chicken manure could be realized with less operating costs. Average biogas production rates were calculated ca. 210 and 242 L per kg of organic matter removed from the ASB reactor at average hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 13 and 8.6 days, respectively. Moreover, average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of ca. 89% was observed with suspended solids removal more than 97% from the effluent of the ASB reactor. Influent ammonia, on the other hand, did not indicate any free ammonia inhibition due to dilution of the raw manure while pH and alkalinity results showed stability during the study. Microbial quantification results indicated that as the number of bacterial community decreased, the amount of Archaea increased through the effective digestion volume of the ASB reactor. Moreover, the number of methanogens displayed an uptrend like archaeal community and a strong correlation (?0.645) was found between methanogenic community and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration especially acetate.     

Phosphorus release from ash, dried sludge and sludge residue from supercritical water oxidation by acid or base

Leaching of ash and dried sewage sludge were investigated and compared with the leaching results of sludge residue from supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). This article focuses on how the composition of ash and sludge residues influences the extraction of phosphate and heavy metals and if different treatment temperatures of the sludge effect the leachability. Results showed that acid leaching gave a higher release of phosphate than alkaline leaching for all ash and sludge residue samples. Also, alkaline leaching dissolved phosphate with a lower metal contamination than acid leaching. Furthermore, it was found that iron had a low release at both alkaline and acid leaching from ash and from SCWO residue. The difference in composition of ash and sludge residue samples had no significant influence on release of phosphate at high concentrations of acid. Phosphate release from ash, dried sludge at 300 degrees C and SCWO residue showed similar results at 1M acid leaching. However, it seems to be easier to release phosphate from the SCWO residue than from the ash at low acid concentrations. SCWO residue showed higher release than the other ashes at 0.5M HCl. Results for alkaline leaching showed higher release from ash at 1M NaOH than from SCWO residue or from dried sludge at 300 degrees C. The leaching of phosphate from dried sludge seems to be temperature dependent, as the dried sludge treated at higher temperature showed less release of phosphate. It was found that the pre-treatment of the ash may be important for better release of phosphate.