低浓度氨氮废水在ABR中的厌氧氨氧化研究

在低浓度氨氮条件下利用厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor,ABR)以厌氧污泥混合河涌底泥为接种源启动厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)反应。系统连续运行4个月后出水趋于稳定,当NH3-N和NO2--N容积负荷分别为3.91 g/(m3.d)和3.21 g/(m3.d)时,平均去除率分别为85.7%和98.8%。利用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术对ABR厌氧污泥进行了分析。随后,以缩短HRT或增加进水NH3-N和NO2?-N浓度的方式来逐步提高反应器运行负荷,最后当NH3-N和NO2--N容积负荷分别达到65.53 g/(m3.d)和68.46 g/(m3.d)时,平均去除率为76.3%和91.3%,并培育出粒径为1.7～2.5 mm的颗粒污泥。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察培育得到颗粒污泥与接种颗粒污泥,发现经驯化的ABR系统内微生物种类已变得较为单一,优势菌群发生明显变化。     

ABR-好氧颗粒污泥处理黄连素废水的启动研究

实验研究了ABR-好氧颗粒污泥组合工艺处理黄连素制药废水的启动运行,通过分析发现,ABR装置在HRT为4 d,黄连素浓度为50 mg/L的运行方式下成功启动,反应器运行稳定后每个格室MLSS平均值分别为25 840、21 560、27 500和11 200 mg/L。以ABR出水为营养物,成功培养出粒径在2～10 mm,沉降速率为104～137 m/h,沉降性能优良的好氧颗粒污泥。该组合工艺在启动实验的末期,进水COD浓度为3 000～4 000 mg/L左右,出水COD浓度到达168.4～271mg/L,系统总的去除率保持在90%～95%之间,表明ABR-好氧颗粒污泥组合工艺能够有效地处理黄连素制药废水。     

序批式反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的污泥颗粒化及污染物去除性能研究

应用序批式反应器(SBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,经过37 d的运行,反应器内出现小粒径颗粒污泥。第50 d,反应器中污泥完全颗粒化。稳定运行期间,反应器内污泥的平均粒径为0.7 mm;SVI5min一直维持在较低的水平(27~47 mL/g);MLSS基本稳定在3 700~4 500 mg/L;当COD和氨氮的平均进水浓度为2 150 mg/L和312 mg/L时,平均出水浓度分别为540 mg/L和35 mg/L,去除率分别为75%和89%。     

新型阶梯式人工湿地处理生活污水的研究

采用一种新型阶梯式人工湿地处理生活污水,考察了该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的去除效果,实验结果表明,当水力负荷约为0.44 m3/(m2.d),水力停留时间为3 d时,湿地对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别达到90.6%、87.9%、66.7%、63.4%和92.6%,出水COD约为14.1～30.8 mg/L,BOD5约为8.2～13.1 mg/L,NH3-N约为9.9～19.6 mg/L,TN约为17.3～28.7 mg/L,TP小于1.2 mg/L,出水水质优于农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084-2005)。植物种植长状况、温度变化及进水污染物浓度等因素对湿地处理效率有较大影响,总体上来讲,温度大于24℃、植物种植密度越大、进水污染物浓度越低处理效果越好。     

常温低基质厌氧氨氧化反应器启动及其稳定性

以上向流生物滤池为反应器,以实验室内氧化沟回流污泥为接种污泥,采用先培育好氧生物膜,后转为厌氧环境培育厌氧氨氧化生物膜的方式,成功实现了常温低基质浓度下厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。控制反应器进水pH为7.50～7.80,NH4+-N为30～40 mg/L,NO2--N为35～50 mg/L,温度为20～25℃。224 d以后,反应器启动成功。在稳定运行阶段,出水亚硝氮和氨氮的平均浓度分别为1.4 mg/L和4.6 mg/L,平均去除率分别为95.3%和90.1%,去除比例为1～1.8∶1,主要集中在1.4～1.5∶1,亚硝氮和氨氮去除的容积负荷分别为104.2 mg/(L.d)和146.0 mg/(L.d)。     

生活污水PVA生物处理工艺

采用PVA生物处理工艺对某高校生活污水(COD 140~270 mg/L,NH_4~+-N 20~50 mg/L)进行处理。结果表明:PVA生物系统(85 L)在容积负荷1.5 kg COD/(m~3·d)连续运行25 d,系统平均每天处理水量达到272 L,出水平均COD和NH_4~+-N浓度分别达到27.9 mg/L和1.3 mg/L,此外,经紫外消毒后最终出水菌落数降至1.0×10~4个/L以下;扫描电镜观察发现,PVA凝胶小球表面和内部均富含大量球菌、丝状菌和杆菌;该系统25 d连续运行过程中污泥产率仅为0.08MLSS/COD_(removed),无污泥外排。     

反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥的培养、特性及活性恢复研究

以污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥为接种污泥,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中通过调整运行条件诱导培养反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)颗粒污泥,实现反硝化过程和聚磷过程的有效结合。经过3个阶段的培养,DPB颗粒污泥对COD、TP、氨氮的去除率均达90%以上,系统具备缺氧条件下同步反硝化聚磷的能力。获得的DPB颗粒污泥平均粒径为1.0～2.0mm,平均沉速为50～70m/h,具有良好的物理特性和沉降性能,有利于减小污泥处理负荷,提高脱氮除磷效率。DPB颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显提高,其中多糖和蛋白质分别为从原接种污泥的21.58、11.22mg/g提高到56.32、34.15mg/g;搁置30d后的DPB颗粒污泥,可在SBR重启30d内恢复原有活性及反硝化聚磷效果。     

强化循环厌氧反应器处理印染废水的中试启动研究

应用自主研制的强化循环厌氧反应器(SCAR)中试规模处理实际印染废水,研究反应器的启动特性。反应器接种厌氧颗粒污泥后启动运行83 d,形成连续内循环并实现了对印染废水处理的高效稳定运行。在进水COD浓度1 000~3 650 mg/L、系统容积负荷0.7~6.4 kg/(m3·d)条件下,废水COD和色度平均去除率分别达到55%和73%。反应器内较高浓度的NH+4-N保证了系统pH的稳定性,350~600 mg/L的NH+4-N浓度没有对强化循环厌氧反应器产生抑制作用,系统内也没有出现VFA(以乙酸计)积累。启动过程中,厌氧颗粒污泥的粒径增大、沉降性能变好。启动实验完成时,反应器内微生物的脱氢酶活性(以TF计)和辅酶F420浓度分别为3.4973 mg/(g·h)和0.1872μmol/g。     

直接驯化嗜盐菌处理高盐废水的研究

从大连旅顺盐场底泥中筛选出适合高盐度的嗜盐菌,在序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中对其进行3.5%(质量分数)盐度的驯化,污泥混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)平均质量浓度达600mg/L。污泥比耗氧速率(SOUR)测量结果显示,内源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR为10.36mg/(g.h),外源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR达到29.09mg/(g.h),表明所筛选的嗜盐菌培养的污泥具有较高活性。利用培养的污泥进行高盐模拟废水处理试验,结果表明,对盐度为3.5%、COD为240～340mg/L的高盐废水,在每周期12h、曝气量0.6L/min、污泥MLSS为600mg/L、污泥龄为18d条件下,COD去除率达95%以上,NH4+-N去除率达61%,TP去除率达55%。改变进水有机负荷对出水COD去除影响不大,该系统耐有机负荷冲击能力较强;盐度负荷的改变对COD的去除影响不大,而NH4+-N去除率有明显变化,在3.5%和5.0%的盐度下,NH4+-N去除率分别为61%和31%。     

UASB处理硫酸盐有机废水的启动

为了考察上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)处理含硫酸盐有机废水的特性,采用有效容积为10 L的UASB,研究了启动运行过程中COD和SO2-4降解情况、出水VFA和pH值、产气量及颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性(SMA)变化状况。结果表明,接种厌氧颗粒污泥,保持进水COD为1 500 mg/L,SO2-4浓度为100 mg/L,将HRT由24 h缩短至12 h以提高负荷,经历55 d成功启动了UASB反应器;当HRT为12 h,进水COD和SO2-4负荷为3.0 kg/(m3·d)和0.20 kg/(m3·d),COD和SO2-4的去除率分别达到80%和89%,出水VFA为3 mmol/L,产气量达9.5 L/d,颗粒污泥的SMA为86.4 mL/(g VSS·d)。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)