高效好氧生物反应器/水解酸化/循环活性污泥法组合工艺处理盐酸金霉素生产废水的研究

采用高效好氧生物反应器(HCR)/水解酸化/循环活性污泥法(CAST)组合工艺对盐酸金霉素生产废水进行中试处理研究.结果表明,在系统进水COD、NH+4-N分别高达20 000、2 500～2 600 mg/L,残留抗生素质量浓度为200～300 μg/L的情况下,CAST反应器出水COD低于350 mg/L,出水NH+4-N约为400 mg/L;HCR工艺运行过程中,最佳DO为3.0～5.0 mg/L,最佳水温为20～30 ℃,系统达到最佳运行效果时,水力停留时间为15 h左右;CAST工艺运行过程中,最佳DO为3.0～5.0 mg/L,最佳水温为18～23 ℃,最佳pH为5～8.     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理果汁废水的研究

采用水解酸化-SBR工艺，对浓缩果汁生产废水处理进行了试验研究，结果表明：当进水COD浓度为3 500～5 000 mg/L，pH为6.5～7.5，在水解酸化池水力停留时间为8 h，SBR反应池MLSS浓度3 500～4 000 mg/L，进水15 min，曝气7 h，沉淀1 h，出水15 min的条件下，出水COD去除率保持在97％以上，SS去除率达93％以上。且以水解酸化作为预处理单元可去除果汁废水中的SS达78％以上，为后续SBR工艺的稳定运行创造有利条件，提高组合工艺的整体效果。     

水解酸化—铁炭微电解—好氧生化工艺处理印染废水

采用水解酸化-铁炭微电解-好氧生化工艺对印染废水进行了处理.COD为3 000～4 000 mg/L、BOD5为750～1 000 mg/L、色度为500～600倍、NH3-N为30～40 mg/L、SS为200～300 mg/L、pH为6～10的印染废水,经该工艺处理,后出水达到了<纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准>(GB 4287-92)的一级标准.运行结果表明,该工艺具有运行稳定、管理简单等优点.     

UASB+AF-生物接触氧化工艺处理皂素-酒精综合废水

采用水解酸化-UASB+AF-接触氧化工艺处理黄姜皂素-酒精综合废水,经调试启动和运行研究,结果表明:当进水COD在10 000~12 800 mg/L时,最终出水COD浓度可降低到200 mg/L以下;水解酸化、UASB+AF和接触氧化各阶段的COD去除率分别达到23%、75%和93.5%,系统总的COD去除率可达到98.4%,出水色度在30~50倍之间;同时该工艺具有运行稳定、耐冲击负荷能力强等特点。     

水解酸化—多级厌氧—两级串联A/O处理阿奇霉素废水效果研究

阿奇霉素废水具有高COD、高氨氮、高抗生素残留等特点,为提高废水处理工艺的降解效率和稳定性,采用水解酸化—多级厌氧—两级串联A/O工艺对其进行处理。结果表明:当进水平均COD为8 753mg/L时,出水平均COD为377mg/L,COD去除率达到95.69%,多级厌氧段的平均容积产气率为0.136 m3/(m3·d);当进水平均氨氮为324 mg/L时,出水平均氨氮为31mg/L,氨氮去除率达到90.43%;当进水阿奇霉素为63.1mg/L时,出水阿奇霉素为4.5mg/L,阿奇霉素降解率为92.87%。系统稳定运行后,微型动物在一级O池内以豆形虫、草履虫为主,在二级O池内以红斑瓢体虫、表壳虫为主。     

曝气生物活性炭滤池深度处理高浓度氨氮原水

实验研究曝气生物活性炭滤池对于高浓度氨氮原水的处理效果以及工艺运行稳定情况。以某自来水厂常规工艺沉淀池出水预加硫酸铵作为研究对象,原水氨氮平均浓度3.67 mg/L,实验条件:温度31.2℃,pH 7.13,滤速8~12 m/h,气水比0.5和1。采用3种不同工况条件进行实验,确定滤速10 m/h和气水比0.5的为最佳运行工况。在此工况下曝气生物活性炭滤池对于氨氮和COD Mn的平均去除率分别达到87.5%和19.2%,亚硝酸盐积累率为0.9%;出水氨氮浓度达到生活饮用水卫生标准GB5749-2006。同时炭滤池的出水浊度相比进水略微上升。     

水解酸化-磷酸铵镁法-EGSB组合工艺处理大豆蛋白废水

采用水解酸化-磷酸铵镁(MAP)法-EGSB组合工艺对大豆蛋白废水进行处理,考察了水解酸化系统运行效果,并对其运行参数进行优化;提出MAP法对高浓度氨氮废水的处理方法,并评选其处理高浓度氨氮废水的适宜条件。结果表明,水解酸化系统运行稳定,最适pH为7.0,最佳水力停留时间为12h,氨氮转化率高达95.8%;MAP法处理高浓度氨氮废水的优选条件为n(Mg):n(N):n(P)=1:1:0.8,此条件下氨氮去除率为88.3%,磷酸去除率为76.7%;EGSB反应器经过三个月的启动后可稳定运行,有机负荷高达到9.88 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),COD去除率达到90.0%左右。水解酸化-MAPEGSB组合工艺在处理大豆蛋白废水时可获得连续稳定的处理效果,为大豆蛋白废水处理的工程化提供了基础依据。     

水解酸化＋CAST作为盐酸金霉素生产废水二级处理的工艺设计与应用

研究采用水解酸化＋CAST工艺,对盐酸金霉素生产废水进行二级处理。试验结果表明,在进水COD质量浓度高达6000mg／L左右、氨氮质量浓度高达2200mg／L的情况下,系统出水COD浓度为350mg／L,去除率达94％以上;氨氮出水质量浓度为400mg／L,去除率达到81％,取得了较好的去除效果。     

常温CSTR部分亚硝化影响因素及工况优化研究

为了更好地实现并维持稳定的部分亚硝化效果,以低氨氮人工配水为研究对象,采用连续流完全混合式活性污泥法(CSTR),在常温条件下对部分亚硝化工艺的影响因子和准佳工况进行了研究。结果表明,HRT=(3.0±0.2)h,DO为0.40～0.50 mg/L,回流比R=20%～30%时,平均氨氧化率为53%,且工艺出水NO2--N/NH4+-N平均为1.11∶1,适宜作为系统长期稳定运行的工况。若持续缩短HRT会导致反应器内污泥浓度降低,部分亚硝化效果受到影响。反应器在上述工况运行时,DO=0.50 mg/L是亚硝化率下降的临界浓度;系统进出水pH差值可良好表征出水亚硝酸盐氮与氨氮浓度的比例。     

强化EGSB-好氧组合工艺处理马铃薯淀粉废水研究

马铃薯淀粉废水具有处理难度大、有机污染物浓度高等特点,属于高难度有机废水。为了有效的解决马铃薯淀粉废水造成的环境污染问题,采用强化厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床组合好氧工艺对有机污染物质和氨氮的去除效能进行研究。研究结果表明-强化厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床在最佳运行工况条件下(进水温度为30℃、外回流比为2和水力停留时间24 h),组合工艺出水COD质量浓度和氨氮浓度分别在92.35 mg/L和10.28 mg/L左右,去除率分别在98.85%和86.29%左右,出水水质能够满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)二级标准,说明该工艺是一种适用于马铃薯淀粉废水的处理技术。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.