氯化汞、氯化甲基汞对大鼠肾近曲小管细胞损伤机理的研究

研究了HgCl_2和CH_3HgCl对大鼠游离肾近曲小管细胞的毒性作用及其机理.结果显示,HgCl_2和CH_3HgCl均对肾细胞有明显毒性,表现为细胞内乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和溶酶体β-葡糖苷酸酶(β-GD)漏出增加,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和蛋白巯基(PSH)含量降低,同时GSH和PSH含量的降低与LDH及β-GD漏出之间呈良好的相关关系.未观察到CH_3HgCl明显诱发肾细胞脂质过氧化作用,HgCl_2仅在50μmol/L以上才出现轻度脂质过氧化效应.     

DBP和BPA对MCF-7细胞的联合效应及机制

以乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7为雌激素效应和毒性效应评价模型,分别采用MTT法检测邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和双酚A(BPA)对细胞活力的影响,采用DCFH-DA荧光染色法测定细胞活性氧水平,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和凋亡,采用RT-QPCR检测细胞中ERα、ERβ和GPR30m RNA的转录水平.结果表明:DBP和BPA对MCF-7细胞活力呈现"倒U"型剂量-效应关系,即低浓度(10-8mol/L)和高浓度(10-4mol/L)抑制细胞增殖,在10~(-7)~10~(-5)mol/L浓度范围内刺激细胞增殖,并分别在浓度为10~(-6)和10~(-7)mol/L时达到最高增殖率;DBP和BPA的联合暴露中,低浓度联合暴露呈现加和效应,而高浓度则呈现拮抗效应;低浓度联合暴露促进细胞增殖,其产生原因与细胞周期由G0/G1期向S期推进、ERα和GPR30转录诱导相关;而高浓度联合暴露则显著抑制细胞增殖,其产生原因与诱导活性氧自由基(ROS)生成、细胞周期G0/G1期阻滞、ERα表达抑制相关.研究结果可为环境介质中烷基酚类和酞酸酯类物质共存下的潜在健康风险评估和预防提供基础数据和理论指导.     

吸附溶出伏安法同时测定水中痕量铅和锌

本文报告了同时测定痕量铅和锌的一种新方法.在0.01mol/LHAC-0.01mol/LNAC-1.2×10~(-5)mol/L乙醛酸缩氨基硫脲(GATSC)中,Pb-GATSC和Zn-GATSC络合物均产生非常灵敏的络合吸附波,峰电位分别是-0.63V和-0.82V(VS·SCE).峰电流和Pb、Zn的浓度分别在1.0×10~(-8)～3.0×10~(-7)mol/L和3.O×10~(-8)～8.O×10~(-7)mol/L范围内成直线关系,铅的检出限是2.0×10~(-9)mol/L,锌的检出限是8.0×10~(-9)mol/L.这一方法已被用于测定水中痕量铅和锌,结果令人满意.     

导数示波极谱法测定农药中的三氯乙醛

本文报导用导数示波极谱法直接测定农药中微量三氯乙醛的方法。实验结果表明,三氯乙醛在0.010mol/L NH_4Cl、5.00×10~(-4)mol/L EDTA和2.00×10~(-6)mol/L四乙基溴化铵组成的底液中,于滴汞电极上产生灵敏的峰电流。峰电位为-1.55V(Vs·S·C·E·)。检测下限为3.00×10~(-7)mol/L;浓度在3.00×10~(-7)～1.00×10~(-3)mol/L范围内与峰电流呈良好的线性关系。     

镉致鸡脾淋巴细胞凋亡及对p53mRNA表达的影响

应用吖啶橙/溴化乙锭荧光染色(AO/EB)法、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳及半定量RT-PCR法检测了氯化镉在浓度0～30mol/L范围内对体外培养的鸡脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡及对p53mRNA表达的影响.结果表明,浓度为0～30mol/L的镉能引起鸡脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡及干扰p53mRNA的表达,低浓度镉引起的细胞凋亡与p53mRNA的表达密切相关,而高浓度的镉能够导致鸡脾脏淋巴细胞坏死.     

纳米金/碳纳米管修饰石墨电极测定邻苯二酚

采用自沉积方法将HAuCl4直接还原成纳米金颗粒并修饰在碳纳米管表面,所制备的纳米金(Au-CNTs/C)修饰电极对邻苯二酚(CAT)具有高的电催化氧化作用.采用循环伏安法考察CAT在Au-CNTs/C电极上的电化学行为,发现CAT在该修饰电极上发生可逆的氧化还原反应,在0.25V有明显的氧化峰.在磷酸盐缓冲溶液PBS(pH7.4)中,CAT的响应电流与浓度在5.0×10-7~5.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9992,检出限为3.3×10-7mol/L.     

壬基酚对中国林蛙精巢中StAR表达的影响

为研究水体壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)污染对两栖动物精巢中类固醇生成急性调节蛋白(StAR)的影响,将雄性成体中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)分别暴露于c(NP)为10-7,10-6和10-5 mol/L的水体中10,20和30 d.取其精巢组织,在成功扩增获得273 bp的StAR cDNA片段后合成探针,用原位杂交方法检测StAR mRNA在精巢的表达,用免疫组织化学方法检测StAR蛋白的表达.结果在对照组和各NP处理组中均检测到StAR mRNA和蛋白的阳性表达,阳性反应主要在精巢的Leydig细胞.StAR表达相对值的检测结果表明,c(NP)为10-5 mol/L 的水体对StAR表达有抑制趋势,c(NP)为10-7和10-6 mol/L 的水体可上调StAR的表达,表明NP对StAR表达由抑制转向诱导的临界浓度在c(NP)为10-6 mol/L与10-5 mol/L 之间.在c(NP)为10-7和10-6 mol/L 处理组,StAR表达值随c(NP)的增高而增加.在c(NP)为10-6 mol/L 处理组,暴露30 d后StAR表达相对值最大,呈现NP对StAR表达具有累积效应.c(NP)为10-7 mol/L对StAR表达不随时间延长显示累积效应.提示一定剂量范围的NP可通过调控StAR的表达干扰动物类固醇激素的合成.      

苯并三唑和镉对斑马鱼肝脏的联合毒性效应

采用转基因斑马鱼Tg (lfabp10a: dsRed; elaA:EGFP)为模型,探讨了环境中苯并三唑及其衍生物(BTRs)与重金属镉对斑马鱼的单独与联合肝脏毒性效应.结果表明,0.001~0.1μmol/L CdCl2单独暴露使斑马鱼肝脏结合蛋白基因lfabp10a表达量增强,肝脏尺寸相对空白对照组显著膨大(P<0.005),而1μmol/L CdCl2显著抑制斑马鱼lfabp10a的表达,肝脏尺寸相对空白对照组显著降低(P<0.005).苯并三唑(1H-BTR,1H-benzotriazole)相对CdCl2而言毒性较低,5 μmol/L 1H-BTR暴露时斑马鱼肝脏lfabp10a表达量增强(P=0.000).联合暴露研究发现,1H-BTR能显著降低重金属镉对斑马鱼的肝脏毒性.因此, 苯并三唑在环境污染物毒性评价中具有重要意义.     

氯化汞、氯化甲基汞对大鼠肾近曲小管细胞损伤机理的研究

研究了HgCl₂和CH₃HgCl对大鼠游离肾近曲小管细胞的毒性作用及其机理.结果显示,HgCl₂和CH₃HgCl均对肾细胞有明显毒性,表现为细胞内乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和溶酶体β-葡糖苷酸酶（β-GD）漏出增加,还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和蛋白巯基（PSH）含量降低,同时GSH和PSH含量的降低与LDH及β-GD漏出之间呈良好的相关关系.未观察到CH₃HgCl明显诱发肾细胞脂质过氧化作用,HgCl₂仅在50μmol/L以上才出现轻度脂质过氧化效应.     

镉、汞、铅在体内对氨基酸掺入微粒体的特异性抑制作用

本实验采用DL-(~3H)-亮氨酸作为蛋白质合成的原料,从亚细胞水平观察镉、汞、铅在动物体内对肝脏各亚细胞组分蛋白合成的影响。实验结果表明,给雄性大鼠腹腔一次注入2.4mg/kg醋酸镉后72h和一次注给2.0mg/kg氯化汞或100mg/kg醋酸铅后24h,均可不同程度地抑制DL-(~3H)-亮氨酸掺入微粒体蛋白,而对其它组分包括细胞核、线粒体、去微粒体后上清液蛋白中DL-(~3H)-亮氨酸的掺入无明显影响。     

Effects of Zn2+ on root growth,cell division, and nucleoli of Allium cepa L.

The effects of different concentrations of Zn²⁺ion on root growth,cell division,and nucleoli of Allium cepa were studied. The test Zn²⁺ ion concentration was made up from zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄. 7H₂O) ranging from 10^-7 to 10^-2 mol/L. The solutions were prepared in tap water (pH =6. 5).The results indicated that Zn²⁺ could obviously inhibit root growth at concentrations from 10^-4)to 10^-2 mol/L.Roots treated with zinc sulphate showed the presence of c-mitosis, anaphase bridges,including sticky and fluidized bridges (at 10^-3 to 10^-2 mol/L) , chromosome stickiness, irregularly shaped nuclei, broken nuclei and micronuclei. A toxicity effect was also observed on the nucleoli using silver staining technique after 48h of treatment with 10^-4to 10^-2 mol/L Zn²⁺, e. g,the nucleolar particulate material scattered around the nucleoli in the nucleus of root tip cells.     

Cadmium removal from wastewater by sponge iron sphere prepared by charcoal direct reduction

Sponge iron sphere (SIS), made of concentrated iron powder and possessed high activity and intension, was prepared through the process of palletizing, roasting and direct reduction by charcoal. The sponge iron sphere could remove most of Cd²⁺ from wastewater. The results showed the Cd²⁺ removal followed the first order reaction. Initial pH value played an important role in Cd²⁺ removal. With original initial pH, Cd²⁺ removal decreased to the minimum and then increased slightly with the rising of original concentration. The removal rate constant was ?0.1263 and ?0.0711 h^?1, respectively, under the Cd²⁺ concentration of 50 and 200 mg/L. When the initial pH was adjusted to 3.0, the removal rate constant could increase to ?9.896 and ?4.351 h^?1, respectively. The removal percentage almost reached to 100% when Cd²⁺ concentration was below 100 mg/L. While Cd²⁺ concentration was above 100 mg/L, Cd²⁺ removal percentage decreased slightly. In dynamic experiments, the column filled with sponge iron sphere exhibited favorable permeability. There was no sphere pulverization and conglutination between spheres. In contrast to the static state experiments, the Cd²⁺ removal percentage in dynamic state experiment was lower, and the removal Cd²⁺ quantity was 1.749 mg/g.     

戊二醛交联酵母菌对Zn2+，Cd2+和Hg2+的吸附行为

用戊二醛作为交联剂,采用简单的方法制备机械强度高的交联酵母菌.考察菌体吸附Cd2 的影响因素,包括交联剂的用量,pH,金属离子初始质量浓度,吸附时间等,研究菌体对不同质量浓度的Zn2 ,Cd2 和Hg2 的吸附率.结果表明,戊二醛的最佳用量(体积分数)为1.0%,菌体对金属离子的吸附平衡时间为30 min,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程.吸附为Langmuir单分子层吸附,相对于未交联菌,交联酵母菌对Cd2 的吸附容量提高2倍;pH实验表明,交联酵母菌对金属离子的吸附受酸度影响小.用于冶金厂废水的处理结果显示,0.050 0 g的交联酵母菌,对5.3 mg/L的Cd2 污水的去除率为80.6%,用0.1 mol/L的EDTA再生该吸附剂,Cd2 的解析率达92.1%.     

二氯化汞对人外周血淋巴细胞的遗传毒性及硒的防护作用

环境中的汞对人体健康有潜在危害性。它可与DNA中的不同组分相互作用,引起DNA链断裂和诱发染色体畸变。近来研究表明,硒对汞的毒作用具有防护效应,这对于估价汞的健康损害作用似是一个重要的修饰因子。但是,有关硒对汞化合物引起的DNA     

CuSO4对松江鲈肾细胞系的毒性效应

本文研究了不同浓度的CuSO₄对55-65代松江鲈肾细胞系的毒性效应。采用MTT法测得CuSO₄ 24 h LC₅₀为154.34 μmol/L。酶活力测定的结果显示:超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）的活性在CuSO₄浓度为0~300 μmol/L时,随浓度的升高逐渐升高,在300 μmol/L时达到最大值;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活性在CuSO₄浓度为100 μmol/L时达到最大值,随后随着CuSO₄浓度的降低逐渐降低。微核率随CuSO₄浓度增加而增加,最高达14.33‰,彗星实验发现在半致死浓度条件下松江鲈肾细胞拖尾率为54.00%、迁移长度18.41±2.94 μm,与对照组差异显著（p ＜0.05）。认为CuSO₄会引起细胞氧化酶活性的改变以及细胞核DNA损伤。松江鲈肾细胞系可以作为Cu2+污染的监测指标。     

萘降解性质粒的筛选及其在炼油污水处理场中的转移

从炼油污水处理场活性污泥中分离到一株能以萘为唯一碳源的假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas sp.)S13。通过质粒接合转移、质粒消除以及分子杂交,证明假单胞杆菌S13降解萘的功能是由质粒编码的。应用膜扩散器在炼油污水处理场进行的现场试验证明,假单胞杆菌S13的萘降解性质粒,可在污水处理场里通过接合转移传递到另一个从同一环境分离的假单胞杆菌T9中去,并使后者获得利用萘的能力。这一结果表明,当条件合适时,降解性质粒可在自然环境里的细菌群体中扩散。     

气相色谱-离子选择电极检测器测定有机氯

用氯离子选择电极作为气相色谱检测器,测定了γ-BHC、三氯甲烷和四氯化碳,其检测下限分别为2.6×10~(-?),1.8×10~(-10)和1.0×10~(-10)mol.以γ-BHC为测定物的相对标准偏差为3.4％,线性范围为2.6×10~(-10)-9.8×10~(-7)mol.     

Effects of surfactants on the combined toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles and cadmium to Escherichia coli

The combined ecological toxicity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (nano-TiO₂) and heavy metals has been paid more attention. As the common pollutants in water environment, surfactants could affect the properties of nanoparticles and heavy metals, and thus further influence the combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and heavy metals. In this study, the effects of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and Tween 80 on the single and combined toxicities of Cd^2 + and nano-TiO₂ to Escherichia coli (E. coli) were examined, and the underlying influence mechanism was further discussed. The results showed both SDBS and Tween 80 enhanced the toxicity of Cd^2 + to E. coli in varying degrees. The reaction of SDBS and Cd^2 + could increase the outer membrane permeability and the bioavailability of Cd, while Tween 80 itself could enhance the outer membrane permeability. The combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and Cd^2 + to E. coli in absence of surfactant was antagonistic because of the adsorption of Cd^2 + to nano-TiO₂ particles. However, in the presence of SDBS, both SDBS and nano-TiO₂ influenced the toxicity of Cd^2 +, and also SDBS could adsorb to nano-TiO₂ by binding to Cd^2 +. The combined toxicity was reduced at Cd^2 + lower than 4 mg/L and enhanced at Cd^2 + higher than 4 mg/L under multiple interactions. Tween 80 enhanced the combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and Cd^2 + by increasing the outer membrane permeability. Our study firstly elucidated the effects of surfactants on the combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and Cd^2 + to bacteria, and the underlying influencing mechanism was proposed.     

Cd2+ removal from wastewater by sulfate reducing bacteria with an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

A process of treatment for containing Cd²⁺ wastewater by sulfate reducing bacteria with upflow anaerobic fluidized bed reactor has been studied. When the concentration of COD and Cd²⁺ in the influent were 270 5mg/L and 100mg/L respectively and hydraulic retention time was 4 hours, the removal rate of COD and Cd²⁺ were higher than 73 8% and 99 8% respectively. The reactor can treat as high as 1000mg/L of concentration of Cd²⁺ . The highest removal velocity rate of Cd²⁺ reached 2999 1mg/(L·d). And the possible relationship between sulfate reducing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria was discussed.     

纳米伊/蒙黏土对水体中重金属的吸附去除效果

为明确纳米伊/蒙黏土(下称伊/蒙黏土)作为修复材料在去除水体重金属方面的应用潜力,研究了伊/蒙黏土对水体中Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的去除效果与吸附规律,并通过小麦水培试验分析伊/蒙黏土降低水体重金属在小麦地上部分的累积和缓解重金属对小麦的毒害效应等效果. 结果表明:伊/蒙黏土可以吸附去除水体中的Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+,当水体中ρ(Ni2+)、ρ(Cu2+)和ρ(Cd2+)分别为5、10、2 mg/L时,添加2%(以w计)的伊/蒙黏土对3种重金属的去除率均达到95%以上. 伊/蒙黏土对重金属的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,对Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的理论最大吸附量分别为2.13、8.52和1.56 mg/g. 在培养液中添加2%伊/蒙黏土可降低小麦对Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的累积富集,缓解重金属对小麦生长的毒害效应. 研究显示,纳米伊/蒙黏土可有效去除水体中的Ni2+、Cu2+和Cd2+,并缓解其对小麦的毒性,因此其在修复水体重金属污染、恢复水环境生态功能方面具有潜在的应用前景.