Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

Influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules

In order to evaluate the influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules, these granules were cultivated with different seed sludge, and the variation of microbial community and dominant bacterial groups that impact the nitrogen removal efficiency of the aerobic nitrifying granules were analyzed and identified using 16s rDNA sequence and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles. The results presented here demonstrated that the influence of the community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules was remarkable, and the granules cultivated by activated sludge from a beer wastewater treatment plant showed better performance, with a stable sludge volume index (SVI) value of 20 mL/g, high extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content of 183.3 mg/L, high NH₄⁺-N removal rate of 89.42% and abundant microbial population with 10 dominant bacterial groups. This indicated that activated sludge with abundant communities is suitable for use as seed sludge in culturing aerobic nitrifying granules.     

Application of high OLR-fed aerobic granules for the treatment of low-strength wastewater：Performance, granule morphology and microbial community

Aerobic granules, pre-cultivated at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.0 kg COD/(m3 ·day), were used to treat low-strength wastewater in two sequencing batch reactors at low OLRs of 1.2 and 0.6 kg COD/(m3 ·day), respectively. Reactor performance, evolution of granule morphology, structure and microbial community at low OLRs under long-term operation (130 days) were investigated. Results showed that low OLRs did not cause significant damage to granule structure as a dominant granule morphology with size over 540 μm was maintained throughout the operation. Aerobic granules at sizes of about 750 μm were finally obtained at the low OLRs. The granule reactors operated at low OLRs demonstrated effective COD and ammonia removals (above 90%), smaller granule sizes and less biomass. The contents of extracellular polymeric substances in the granules were decreased while the ratios of exopolysaccharide/exoprotein were increased (above 1.0). The granules cultivated at the low OLRs showed a smoother surface and more compact structure than the seeded granules. A significant shift in microbial community was observed but the microbial diversity remained relatively stable. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy observation showed that the live cells were spread throughout the whole granule, while the dead cells were mainly concentrated in the outer layer of the granule, and the proteins, polysaccharides and lipids were mainly located in the central regime of the granule. In conclusion, granules cultivated at high OLRs show potential for treating low-strength organic wastewater steadily under long-term operation.     

基于磷回收的低温微氧EBPR系统的表观与微观特性

在低溶解氧(DO=1mg/L)条件下启动2个厌氧/好氧交替运行的SBR(A/O-SBR),中温(22±1)℃SBR1和低温(14±1)℃SBR2,考察侧流磷回收工艺对低耗主流强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统污染物去除性能?微生物种群结构和磷回收潜能的影响.结果表明,SBR1和SBR2的脱氮及COD去除性能未受磷回收操作的影...     

长期低温对絮状-颗粒耦合CANON脱氮及菌群影响

在SBR反应器中探究长期低温对等污泥浓度比例絮状-颗粒(1:1～1:1.5)耦合CANON系统的脱氮效能和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,在经历长期低温(10℃)条件下运行并回温(10→30℃)后,等比例污泥CANON系统NH₄⁺-N、TN去除率及TN去除负荷与温度变化呈正相关性,在回温30℃下运行30d后分别达到72.4%、63.0%和0.094kgN/(m³·d).氨氧化菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(AAOB)活性与温度表现出正相关性,在回温后分别为0.025和0.049gN/(gVSS·d),分别为降温前(30℃)的83.3%和79.1%,NOB活性一直维持在较低水平(0.001gN/(gVSS·d)).高通量测序结果显示,长期低温对优势菌门无明显影响.回温后,颗粒和絮状污泥中的优势菌门分别为Ignavibacteriae和Proteobacteria;回温后系统颗粒污泥中功能菌Candidatus Brocadia、Candidatus Kuenenia(AAOB)相对丰度分别为6.017%、2.623%,其在絮状...     

包埋硫铁生物填料的制备及自养反硝化性能

采用包埋固定化技术制备了包埋硫铁生物填料(ESI Filler),基于升流式自养反硝化反应器开展动态实验研究,通过改变水力停留时间(HRT)、pH值、溶解氧(DO)等运行条件,探究ESI Filler反应器的脱氮效果及微生物群落结构组成。结果表明,当进水硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)浓度为30mg/L,HRT为10h时,NO₃^--N去除率不断上升至99.80%。当HRT缩短为2.5h时,NO₃^--N去除率降至61.35%。ESI Filler反应器对pH值和DO的改变具有较高的稳定性,NO₃^--N平去除率可维持在82.5%以上。但对低温的耐受性较差,当温度从35℃降低至15℃时,NO₃^--N平均去除率由90.12%降低至68.80%。运行164d后,球体未出现破裂散落的现象,表现出较长的使用寿命。通过扫描电镜发现,填料表面疏松多孔,附着大量杆状细菌,已成为微生物的良好载体。高通量测序结果表明,包埋颗粒中优势菌属为典型的自养反硝化功能菌Thiobacillus,丰度为80.79%。     

不同温度影响下除铀厌氧微生物群落结构特征解析

为了考察温度对除铀微生物群落结构的影响,通过高通量测序技术分析15℃、25℃和35℃三个温度条件下除铀厌氧微生物的群落组成及丰度.经过48h对7.2mg/L铀的去除试验,温度为35℃情况下厌氧微生物除铀率（99.1%±0.3%）显著高于15℃和25℃的情况.不同温度除铀厌氧菌群中共有菌属居多（43种）.在细菌门水平上,15℃和25℃条件下的厚壁门细菌（Firmicutes）丰度最高,比例分别为61.7%与63.3%,而35℃下变形菌门（Proteobacteria）丰度最高,比例为68.0%.在细菌属水平上,15℃和25℃样品中的第一大类菌属为Trichococcus;但在35℃样品中,Klebsiella丰度最高,比例达到52%,其他优势微生物有Proteiniclasticum（11%）、Clostridium（8%）、Acinetobacter（6%）、Enterobacteriaceae（5%）、Citrobacter（4）、Sedimentibacter（4%）、Desulfovibrio（3%）等.不同温度影响下,除铀厌氧菌群物种丰度差异极其显著.冗余分析发现温度作为环境因子与35℃样本群落结构为正相关关系.而温度对Klebsiella及Trichococcus影响程度最大,但分别为促进丰度增加（正相关）及显著降低丰度（负相关）.     

耐冷氨氧化功能菌群强化人工湿地低温脱氮

针对冬季低温条件下人工湿地脱氮效率低的问题,将富集得到的耐冷氨氧化功能菌群固定化后投加到人工湿地中,探究生物强化对低温下人工湿地脱氮的强化效果及其微生物作用机制.结果表明,5℃条件下,梯度降温（R1）和梯度降温耦合选择性抑制（R2）条件下富集培养的耐冷氨氧化功能菌群强化处理的人工湿地的氨氮平均去除率分别为84%和88%,比对照组湿地分别提高24%和28%.高通量测序分析表明,富集得到的耐冷氨氧化功能菌群中优势菌种（相对丰度高达19.2%）为具有氨氧化功能的硝化螺旋菌（Nitrospira sp.）,属于全程氨氧化菌,在氨氧化过程中起主要作用.微生物相对表达水平分析表明,两组生物强化人工湿地中氨氧化功能基因amoA的表达丰度分别为2.82×10⁸,8.22×10⁸拷贝数/克基质,显著高于对照组湿地的2.50×10⁷拷贝数/克基质.投加耐冷氨氧化功能菌群可以有效提高人工湿地脱氮效率.     

SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥的培养及脱氮除硫研究

采用SBR反应器进行了好氧颗粒污泥的培养和脱氮除硫研究.结果表明,以厌氧颗粒污泥为种泥,通过控制运行条件,在30d内可培养出好氧颗粒污泥.好氧颗粒污泥粒径以1~2mm为主, SVI为30~40mL/g,微生物组成以短杆菌为主,外部包裹大量丝状菌.当COD和NH4+-N负荷分别保持在1.65kg/(m3·d)和0.17kg/(m3·d),硫化物负荷从0.15kg/(m3·d)逐步提高到0.90kg/(m3·d)时,好氧颗粒污泥对硫化物、COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别>99%、>80%和>98%.在高硫化物浓度下,反应器仍然表现出良好的脱氮效果,可能是由好氧颗粒污泥的层状结构和硫化物能先于NH4+-N快速氧化的特点决定的.     

一体式厌氧氨氧化反应器常温运行与微生物群落研究

为明确温度对一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺的影响,本研究通过降温实现了一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺22℃下的常温运行,探究了微生物活性和群落结构随温度的变化.反应器采用自配进水、间歇曝气方式运行,进水NH₄⁺-N浓度约254mgN/L,试验过程出水NO₂^--N浓度稳定在在10mg/L以下,但NO₃^--N随着降温有升高的趋势;总氮容积负荷在1.0~1.2g/（L·d）之间,总氮去除负荷在0.7~0.9g/（L·d）;总氮去除率在62%~88%.反应器颗粒污泥中AOB活性始终最高,NOB活性远低于AOB和AnAOB;温度降低NOB活性增加;AnAOB到22℃时活性明显下降,因此需特别关注该温度下反应器的运行工况.Ca.Brocadia是反应器内丰度最高的AnAOB,相对丰度为2.7%~15.1%;Nitrosomonas是反应器内丰度最高的AOB,相对丰度为2.8%~11.5%.研究发现降温使AnAOB的优势属从Ca.Jettenia变为Ca.Brocadia;即后者较前者在低温条件下更具优势.     

温度对接种酵母菌和醋酸菌餐厨垃圾微氧发酵产乙酸的影响

通过间歇实验,探究了温度(25,35,45,55℃)对餐厨垃圾接种酵母菌和醋酸菌后产乙酸和挥发性脂肪酸的影响.结果表明,控制温度在25℃时,发酵液中乙酸浓度远高于35、45和55℃,发酵8d后,乙酸的产量最大,达到0.59g/L;最大的VFA浓度在25℃下获得,达34.49g/L.VFA中以乙酸为主,并有少量丙酸和丁酸产生.随温度的逐渐升高,TS和VS去除率先上升后下降,在35℃时,发酵底物餐厨垃圾的TS和VS去除率最高,为30%和60%左右.     

Monitoring microbial community structure and succession of an A/O SBR during start-up period using PCR-DGGE

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) protocol was employed for revealing microbial community structure and succession in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic reactor performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) during start-up period.High phosphorus removal was achieved after 15 d.On day 30, phosphorus removal efficiency reached to 83.2% and the start-up was finished.DGGE profiles of periodical sludge samples showed that dominant microbial species were 19 OTUs (operational taxonomy unit ).Unweighted pair-group method using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA clustering analysis revealed that rapid community succession correlated to lower phosphorus removal rate and higher phosphorus removal efficiency reflected on steady community structure.Sequencing results indicated that determined sequences (12 OTUs) belonged to proteobacterium, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadales and unaffiliate group.Proteobacterium, Tetrasphaera elongate and Gemmatimonas aurantiaca may act important roles in phosphorus removal.With little amount as known glycogen accumulating organisms, Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis still at accumulating-phase had limited influence on microbial community structure.When climax community was obtained, dominant microbes were 14 OTUs.Microbes in a large amount were uncultured bacterium, Thauera sp., uncultured γ-Proteobacterium and Tetrasphaera elongata.     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能及颗粒稳定性的影响

以乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质为碳源,采用间歇式气升内循环反应器(SBAR),以颗粒解体后含有大量丝状菌的污泥为接种污泥,考察了颗粒污泥反应器的启动及温度对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能与颗粒稳定性的影响.结果表明,在温度为20℃时,成功实现了颗粒污泥反应器的启动,形成的颗粒结构致密,表面光滑;污泥容积指数(SVI)为70mL/g,平均粒径为3.2mm,平均湿密度为1.029g/mL.当温度直接升高到26℃时,出水NH4+-N由10.6mg/L降为0.2mg/L,同时出现了出水亚硝酸盐的积累,积累率达到93.9%.但是,在温度升高后的47d中,由于胞外多聚物(EPS)中蛋白质与多糖比值的降低,导致颗粒表面的电负性的增加,最终使得颗粒逐渐解体.     

CANON生物膜载体储存及活性恢复研究

采用不同活性恢复手段研究了短期低温（20d,15℃）储存及常温（25℃）低负荷运行后,CANON-MBBR反应器的活性恢复效果.结果显示,CANON悬浮载体经短期低温储存后,通过先恢复温度后缓慢提高进水负荷的方式可使其TN去除负荷恢复率达到102%.若在温度未恢复的基础上直接将进水负荷提升至原水平运行,CANON悬浮载体生物膜将无法维持正常的EPS含量而易发生脱膜现象,致使TN去除负荷恢复率仅为84%.另外,系统有一定基质浓度的基础上,经过25d常温（25℃）低负荷SBR运行后,通过同样的恢复手段可使TN去除负荷恢复率达到96%.通过微生物菌群分析,确定CANON-MBBR系统中功能微生物优势菌属分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,采取合适的恢复手段使系统进入稳定运行阶段后,两者丰度均可分别达到11%以上及27%以上,且悬浮载体脱膜并未对微生物组成造成明显影响.     

好氧颗粒污泥吸附Cu2+的研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物,在序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中培养出沉淀性能较好的好氧颗粒污泥,研究了好氧颗粒污泥对Cu2+的吸附作用.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥主要由球状菌组成,具有明显的孔隙结构.在恒温水浴30℃、pH为7.5的条件下,Langmuir吸附等温模型较Freundlich等温吸附模型能更好的进行拟合(RL=0....     

芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理含铜废水研究

用芽孢杆菌干菌体生物吸附去除废水中的铜离子,试验了pH、接触时间、初始铜离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铜的影响,结果表明:在温度为25℃、pH值5.0、初始铜离子浓度200mg/L、吸附时间不超过30min有最大吸附量16.27mg/g;此时去除率为16.27%,且25℃吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温模型与Freundlich等温模型;因此用芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理低浓度含铜废水可行、经济。     

温度对活性污泥沉降性能与微生物种群结构的影响

为探究运行温度与活性污泥沉降性能之间的关系,采用5个带有自控设备的序批式反应器考察了不同的运行温度(15,20,25,30和35℃)对活性污泥沉降性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,采用短时进水,由于运行温度对污泥沉降性能的影响远远弱于底物浓度的影响,且系统中的优势丝状菌以Type 0041和Type 0092为主,所以5个系统均未发生污泥膨胀现象;采用长时进水,5个系统均发生了丝状膨胀现象,温度与低底物浓度的相互作用导致污泥的SVI值随运行温度(15~30℃)的增加而升高,而运行温度为35℃时污泥的SVI值要低于30℃的情况.同时不同的运行温度下污泥胞内胞外贮存特性及优势丝状菌的种类差异较大.     

亚硝化颗粒污泥对温度变化的响应特性研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR),以实验室已经培养好的具有良好亚硝化积累的颗粒污泥(短程硝化积累率90%以上)为接种污泥,考察了温度变化对亚硝化颗粒污泥特性、稳定性、氮转换性能及活性的影响.结果表明,温度对亚硝化颗粒污泥的结构和短程硝化性能都有着重要的影响.在30℃时,亚硝化颗粒污泥具有良好的絮凝和沉降性,污泥结构紧密,亚硝化积累率维持在96.17%,污泥容积指数(SVI)为39 mL.g-1,平均粒径为3.03 mm.当温度降至25℃时,由于胞外多聚物(EPS)浓度升高,蛋白质与多糖比值的下降,导致亚硝化颗粒污泥的电负性升高,同时污泥表面的疏水性减弱,结构变得松散,亚硝化颗粒污泥发生了解体,亚硝化积累率在35%以下,短程硝化被破坏.在15℃时,虽然亚硝化颗粒污泥也发生了解体,并且解体现象加剧,但是由于颗粒污泥表面氧气传质深度的增大,使得反应器中氨氧化菌(AOB)的数量相对增大,出水亚硝化积累率最终稳定在68%左右.     

好氧颗粒污泥形成过程与机理分析

以西安市第三污水处理厂氧化沟中的普通絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,人工配制的模拟生活废水为营养,表面气体上升流速为1.06~1.77 cm/s时,在SBR反应器中成功培养出了好氧颗粒污泥,SVI值由最初的168 mL/g逐渐降低至40 mL/g左右,污泥表现出了良好的沉降性能,同时,对COD、TN、TP的去除率分别达到了95%、96%和98%。研究认为,颗粒污泥的形成是一个微生态系统形成的过程,水力剪切力是其形成的一个重要影响因素,直接影响到好氧颗粒污泥微生物种群的结构和分布;从丝状微生物与微生态群落的关系分析,胶团菌与结构丝状菌之间相互依存,丝状微生物形成了絮体骨架,为絮体形成较大颗粒提供了必要条件。     

高效产絮凝剂荧光假单胞菌C-2培养条件优化应用

以筛选出的一株高效产絮凝剂荧光假单胞菌C-2为菌种,采用单因素试验方法确定最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为黄豆饼粉。采用正交试验设计方法,对该菌产絮凝剂的培养条件进行优化研究,结果表明:菌株产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件是碳源为葡萄糖(20.0g/L),氮源为黄豆饼粉(4.0g/L),培养温度为30℃,培养基初始pH值为8.0,通气量为160r/min,在此培养条件下,对高岭土悬浊液絮凝率达93.52%。最佳培养条件下产生的絮凝剂用于多种实际废水的净化,其中对色度和浊度的去除率均在80%以上,对COD的去除率为52.67%～85.22%。